Dépistage du cancer de la prostate: partager avec le patient les incertitudes [Sharing uncertainties of prostate cancer screening].

The decision of whether our patients should undergo prostate cancer screening with the prostate specifc antigen (PSA) test remains daunting. The role of the primary care doctor is to help men decide between a potential decrease in mortality from a slow evolving but sometimes lethal cancer, and the risk of diagnosing and treating cancers that would have otherwise been indolent and asymptomatic. We can structure our discussions with three steps: choice, option, and decision making. A decision aid, such as the one that we have adapted and simplifed from the Collège des médecins du Québec, can help with this complex decision.

Géopolitique de l’énergie en Amérique latine. Le temps des incertitudes

Aujourd’hui, l’Amérique latine est appelée à jouer un rôle croissant sur la scène énergétique internationale. La problématique énergétique latino-américaine a changé de dimension du fait de changements majeurs du contexte économique international. L’approche de l’énergie dans cette région du monde ne relève plus seulement de considérations internes au sous-continent. Globalement, la région est passée en trente ans d’une approche locale à une intégration dans les marchés internationaux de l’énergie, parallèlement à l’ouverture économique internationale de l’Amérique Latine et à son ancrage dans les grands flux commerciaux internationaux. L’énergie latino-américaine est donc devenue un enjeu géopolitique et stratégique tout à fait majeur.-----Hoy en día, Latinoamérica está llamada a jugar un papel cada vez más preponderante en el escenario energético mundial. La dimensión del problema energético latinoamericano se ha visto afectada por los cambios del contexto económico intrnacional. El problema de la energía en esta región del mundo ya no refleja únicamente las consideraciones internas del subcontinente. En general, y en un lapso de treinta años, la región ha pasado de un enfoque local a una integración en los mercados energéticos internacionales, paralelamente a la apertura económica internacional de América Latina y a su participación en los grandes flujos comerciales del mundo. La energía latinoamericana, por lo tanto, se ha convertido en una apuesta geopolítica y estratégica absolutamente crucial.

El ni??o exp??sito en el Despotismo Ilustrado : su crianza y su educaci??n

Resumen tomado de la revista

Age analysis, aragonite and high magnesium calcite content from different IODP Holes from Exp 310

The widespread occurrence of microbialites in the last deglacial reef frameworks (16-6 Ka BP) implies that the accurate study of their development patterns is of prime importance to unravel the evolution of reef architecture through time and to reconstruct the reef response to sea-level variations and environmental changes. The present study is based on the sedimentological and chronological analysis (14C AMS dating) of drill cores obtained during the IODP Expedition #310 "Tahiti Sea Level" on the successive terraces which typify the modern reef slopes from Tahiti. It provides a comprehensive data base to investigate the microbialite growth patterns (i.e. growth rates and habitats), to analyze their roles in reef frameworks and to reconstruct the evolution of the reef framework architecture during sea-level rise. The last deglacial reefs from Tahiti are composed of two distinctive biological communities: (1) the coralgal communities including seven assemblages characterized by various growth forms (branching, robust branching, massive, tabular and encrusting) that form the initial frameworks and (2) the microbial communities developed in the primary cavities of those frameworks, a few meters (1.5 to 6 m) below the living coral reef surface, where they heavily encrusted the coralgal assemblages to form microbialite crusts. The dating results demonstrate the occurrence of two distinctive generations of microbialites: the "reefal microbialites" which developed a few hundred years after coralgal communities in shallow-water environments, whereas the "slope microbialites" grew a few thousands of years later in significantly deeper water conditions after the demise of coralgal communities. The development of microbialites was controlled by the volume and the shape of the primary cavities of the initial reef frameworks determined by the morphology and the packing of coral colonies. The most widespread microbialite development occurred in frameworks dominated by branching, thin encrusting, tabular and robust branching coral colonies which built loose and open frameworks typified by a high porosity (> 50%). In contrast, their growth was minimal in compact coral frameworks formed by massive and thick encrusting corals where primary cavities yielded a low porosity (~ 30%) and could not host a significant microbialite expansion.