Mosaic image of the artificial light produced by Berlin on the night of September 11, 2010 observed from an altitude of 10,000 ft

Aerial observations of light pollution can fill an important gap between ground based surveys and nighttime satellite data. Terrestrially bound surveys are labor intensive and are generally limited to a small spatial extent, and while existing satellite data cover the whole world, they are limited to coarse resolution. This paper describes the production of a high resolution (1 m) mosaic image of the city of Berlin, Germany at night. The dataset is spatially analyzed to identify themajor sources of light pollution in the city based on urban land use data. An area-independent 'brightness factor' is introduced that allows direct comparison of the light emission from differently sized land use classes, and the percentage area with values above average brightness is calculated for each class. Using this methodology, lighting associated with streets has been found to be the dominant source of zenith directed light pollution (31.6%), although other land use classes have much higher average brightness. These results are compared with other urban light pollution quantification studies. The minimum resolution required for an analysis of this type is found to be near 10 m. Future applications of high resolution datasets such as this one could include: studies of the efficacy of light pollution mitigation measures, improved light pollution simulations, economic and energy use, the relationship between artificial light and ecological parameters (e.g. circadian rhythm, fitness, mate selection, species distributions, migration barriers and seasonal behavior), or the management of nightscapes. To encourage further scientific inquiry, the mosaic data is freely available at Pangaea.

Blueprint (inverted image) of the plan of the City of Toronto

Blueprint (inverted image) of the plan of the City of Toronto (85 cm. x 140 cm.), 1857.

Plano general de la ciudad de Murviedro [ [Material gráfico]= Plan géneral de la ville de Murviedro et de l'antique Sagonte = General plan of the city of Murviedro and of the antique Sagunro

Escala expresada en pies castellanos.

Chinese plan of the city of Peking

T.B. Jervis; the chinese characters and explanations rendered into English were furnished by Mr. Samuel Birch, from a comparison of the above documents and the notes appended to the original by the students in the Missionary College at Naples.

Panoramic view of the city of Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. Michigan, 1880

Publication information: Madison, Wis. : J.J. Stoner [1880}

Panoramic view of the city of Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. Michigan, 1880

not drawn to scale; Oriented with north to the upper right.

Ann Arbor Mayor William E. Brown & members of the City Council, 1957 (inc. Towsley, Maslon, Burns, Menafee)

2 scans - 1of 2 includes inscriptions in margins, 2o2 detail of photo alone

Map of the city of Brooklyn.

General-content double-line street map of Brooklyn city (Kings County, N.Y.) showing municipal ward numbers and horsecar lines.

Map of the city of Brooklyn.

General-content double-line street map of Brooklyn city (Kings County, N.Y.) showing municipal ward numbers and horsecar lines.

Map of valuable property in the 6th ward of the city of Brooklyn belonging to John Dikeman & others to be sold by Franklin & Jenkins on Monday, 29th August, 1836 at 12 o'colck at their sales room, 15 Broad St.

Scale not given.

Map of Elizabeth Town, N.J. at the time of the Revolutionary War, 1775-1783. Showing that part of the free borough and town of Elizabeth, which is now the site of the city of Elizabeth.

Scale ca. 1:7,300.

Map of the city of New Brunswick, New Jersey /

General city street map also showing principal buildings, ward names, city block dimensions in feet (some blocks), and the Raritan terminus of the Delaware and Raritan Canal.