„They can be responsible leaders, they can also be housewives…“: ein Mädcheninternat in Nordghana /// Arbeitspapiere / Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien ; 104

Diese Arbeit analysiert, welche Erziehungsziele ein gymnasiales Mädcheninternat in der Upper West Region in Ghana verfolgt und wie diese Erziehungsziele im Schulalltag praktisch umsetzt werden. Angeregt durch das Goffmansche Konzept der „totalen Institution“ untersucht die Arbeit den umfassenden Einfluss der katholischen Internatsschule auf die Schülerinnen, die mit dem Eintritt in die Schule ihre dörfliche Herkunftswelt verlassen und ein Übergangsstadium durchlaufen. Die Schülerinnen werden nicht nur im Unterricht erzogen, sondern der gesamte Schulalltag wird von Regeln bestimmt, die aus den Schülerinnen gute Staatsbürgerinnen machen sollen. Dabei entwickelte sich die 1959 gegründete St. Francis Girls’ Secondary School im Lauf der Zeit von einer Institution, die vor allem christliche Haus- und Ehefrauen produzieren wollte, zu einer Schule, die die Mädchen auch akademisch gut ausbilden will und ihnen vermittelt, dass sie künftig zu einer „Elite“ gehören werden. Dass der Einfluss des Internats aber weder „total“ ist, noch die Schülerinnen passiv sind, zeigt sich daran, dass die Schülerinnen zum einen die Schulregeln nicht immer befolgen und sich zum anderen auch gegenseitig, und dies nicht immer im Sinne der Regeln, disziplinieren.

Metropolitan housewives' attitudes toward solid waste disposal.

"Contract no. 68-03-0059, program element 1D1312."

The ethics of the dust; ten lectures to little housewives on the elements of crystallization,

The valley of diamonds.--The pyramid builders.--The crystal life.--The crystal orders.--Crystal virtues.--Crystal quarrels.--Home virtues.--Crystal caprice.--Crystal sorrows.--The crystal rest.--Notes.

Impact of Tobacco Control Policy on Smoking and Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the Finnish tobacco control measures for reduction of smoking. First, the trends and patterns in ever smoking among adult Finns in 1978 2001 as well as the associations of trends with the Tobacco Control Act in 1976 were examined. Secondly, the impact of the 1976 TCA on the proportion of ever daily smokers in different socioeconomic groups was studied. Thirdly, the impact of the 1995 TCAA on recent trends in the prevalence of daily smoking was evaluated by gender and employment status. Fourthly, the trends of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at workplaces and homes were investigated. The study is based on data of the Health Behaviour among the Finnish Adult Population surveys. Among Finnish men smoking initiation declined from earlier to later cohorts, whereas among women it increased in successive birth cohorts born before 1956. The lasting differences between birth cohorts as regards ever daily smoking reflected well the impact of measures to reduce smoking in Finland in 1976. Smoking initiation in the birth cohorts (born in 1961 or later) which were in critical age as regards the risk of smoking initiation when the TCA came into force was less common than could be expected according to the trends seen in the earlier birth cohorts. Marked socioeconomic differences were found in smoking in the different birth cohorts. Smoking was more prevalent in the lower socioeconomic groups than in the higher ones, and the differences were larger in the later birth cohorts compared to the earlier ones. The differences between the birth cohorts in ever daily smoking were compatible with the hypothetical impact of the TCA in almost all socioeconomic groups, except farmers. Among men the 1976 TCA appears to have had the greatest impact on white-collar employees. Among women the effect of the act was highly significant in all socioeconomic groups. However, female smoking prevalence continues to show wide socioeconomic disparities. Daily smoking decreased among employees after the 1995 TCAA, supporting the hypothesis of the lowering impact of the amendment on daily smoking due to increased smoking cessation. No parallel change in daily smoking was found in the population without direct expose to ETS legislation (farmers, students, housewives, pensioners or unemployed). Exposure to ETS decreased markedly among non-smokers at work after the 1995 TCAA. The 1976 TCA and the 1995 TCAA were useful in controlling smoking initiation and cessation, but their impact was not equal across the population groups. The results of this study strongly suggested that tobacco control policies markedly contribute to the decrease in smoking and in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Siirtonaisena Singaporessa : Ulkomaantyökomennuksille mukaan muuttaneet suomalaisnaiset kertovat kokemuksistaan

The objective of this qualitative study is to reveal the discursive reality of Finnish women, who have chosen to follow their husbands to expatriate assignments. The research material includes interviews of seventeen (17) Finnish housewives who lived in Singapore in 1999. The primary theoretical framework of the study is a social-constructive view, in which the reality is seen to have been constructed through meanings that create and maintain cultural practices, social roles and institutions. Gender is interpreted as produced socially, politically and in language. Human beings in the study exist as cultural and social beings with sex. An underlying assumption of the analysis is that the women in the study do not recognize their experience from their position that has been located to the prompt box in a play of expatriate assignment a role that is offered to them by the business sciences. Referring to Somers (1994) these women suffer of narrative silence as they lack public narratives that correspond to their circumstances. According to Williams (1983), an experience is an evidence of conditions. Therefore, the experiences of the women, who have followed their husbands to expatriate assignments, include information of their conditions. The analysis of the interview material has been performed in two phases: First, the women's experiences are identified from the research material. Thereafter, by means of discourse analysis the experiences are revealed analytically. This revealing process can also be regarded as an articulation of a counter-narrative. The research results can be found from three such discursive interpretations that are offered to the women and from eight such discursive interpretations that can be drawn from the women's own experiences. One of the discursive interpretations, which came out from the women's own experiences, is named as cultural dysphasia. In the study, cultural dysphasia is defined as a condition, in which the women have a difficulty in making their lived reality understood by others outside the sphere of their situation. Finnish women do not only lack public narrative, but the absence of a housewife-culture in Finland prevents them from any public narrative that would have a positive tone. To avoid dependence on the housewife concept, a woman's decision to follow her husband to an expatriate assignment is interpreted as a demonstration of solidarity to the relationship. In this connection, these Finnish women are re-named as 'siirtonainen' (Finnish, literally 'transfer woman'). This is the first scientific study to make visible the lived reality of Finnish women who have followed their husbands to expatriate assignments. The study will help the women in similar circumstances to find their marks among the current narratives. By reducing dichotomy between housewives and career women, which is damaging to women, and by creating the concept of 'siirtonainen' it will be possible to expand the cultural space of Finnish women. Finally, the study argues that a Finnish career woman, grown together with the imperative of self-support, has been lifted up as one symbol of modern Finland. Key words: expatriate research, experience, public narrative, narrative silence, cultural dysphasia, siirtonainen - transfer woman

Domestic labour relations in India : Vulnerability and gendered life courses in Jaipur

This study explores labour relations between domestic workers and employers in India. It is based on interviews with both employers and workers, and ethnographically oriented field work in Jaipur, carried out in 2004-2007. Combining development studies with gender studies, labour studies, and childhood studies, it asks how labour relations between domestic workers and employers are formed in Jaipur, and how female domestic workers trajectories are created. Focusing on female part-time maids and live-in work arrangements, the study analyses children s work in the context of overall work force, not in isolation from it. Drawing on feminist Marxism, domestic labour relations are seen as an arena of struggle. The study takes an empirical approach, showing class through empiria and shows how paid domestic work is structured and stratified through intersecting hierarchies of class, caste, gender, age, ethnicity and religion. The importance of class in domestic labour relations is reiterated, but that of caste, so often downplayed by employers, is also emphasized. Domestic workers are crucial to the functioning of middle and upper middle class households, but their function is not just utilitarian. Through them working women and housewives are able to maintain purity and reproduce class disctinctions, both between poor and middle classes and lower and upper middle classes. Despite commodification of work relations, traditional elements of service relationships have been retained, particularly through maternalist practices such as gift giving, creating a peculiar blend of traditional and market practices. Whilst employers of part-time workers purchase services in a segmented market from a range of workers for specific, traditional live-in workers are also hired to serve employers round the clock. Employers and workers grudgingly acknowledged their dependence on one another, employers seeking various strategies to manage fear of servant crime, such as the hiring of children or not employing live-in workers in dual-earning households. Paid domestic work carries a heavy stigma and provide no entry to other jobs. It is transmitted from mothers to daughters and working girls were often the main income providers in their families. The diversity of working conditions is analysed through a continuum of vulnerability, generic live-in workers, particularly children and unmarried young women with no close family in Jaipur, being the most vulnerable and experienced part-time workers the least vulnerable. Whilst terms of employment are negotiated informally and individually, some informal standards regarding salary and days off existed for maids. However, employers maintain that workings conditions are a matter of individual, moral choice. Their reluctance to view their role as that of employers and the workers as their employees is one of the main stumbling blocks in the way of improved working conditions. Key words: paid domestic work, India, children s work, class, caste, gender, life course

Diagnóstico de um grupo de familiares em risco para o câncer de mama: contribuição para a assistência de enfermagem

Devido a sua alta incidência, mortalidade e custos elevados, o câncer de mama feminino é considerado um problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Sua etiologia envolve uma interação de diversos fatores denominados de risco os quais podem ser ambientais e genéticos. A história familiar positiva para câncer de mama é um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento dessa patologia. Conhecer esses fatores e as medidas de proteção permite que mulheres com risco elevado possam criar estratégias pessoais que venham minimizar os danos causados pela doença. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo tem como objetivos avaliar o nível de conhecimento de mulheres acerca do risco de desenvolverem câncer de mama em decorrência do vínculo familiar com a população portadora desta neoplasia matriculada no Hospital do Câncer III, unidade do Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) especializada no tratamento e controle do câncer de mama, localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; descrever as características sociodemográficas das mulheres familiares de pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama e descrever a história reprodutiva e hormonal, bem como seus hábitos de cuidado com a saúde. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo exploratório sob a perspectiva quantitativa, transversal e descritiva com 52 mulheres que acompanhavam suas familiares internadas em unidade clínica e cirúrgica do Hospital do Câncer III. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período entre julho e agosto de 2011. A técnica de amostragem adotada foi a não probabilística, intencional Para o cálculo amostral aplicou-se a fórmula de população infinita. Foram selecionadas as seguintes variáveis para compor o estudo: aspectos sociodemográficos, aspectos da vida reprodutiva e hormonal, aspectos de cuidados com a saúde e aspectos de esclarecimento relacionados à patologia/doença. Realizou-se entrevista estruturada com utilização de um formulário composto por 63 questões. A descrição das variáveis foi feita através de frequência simples e porcentagem. Resultados: 61,5% eram filhas, 34,6% eram irmãs e 3,8% eram mães, 40,4% moram no município do Rio de Janeiro, 86,4% encontram-se na faixa etária entre 29 e acima de 51 anos de idade, 32% são pardas, 46,1% apresentavam 2 grau completo, 46,2% são do lar, 15,4% tiveram menarca precoce, 7,7 % tiveram na menopausa tardia, 7,7% fizeram Terapia de Reposição Hormonal, 38,5% nunca engravidaram, 3,8% engravidaram após 30 anos, 3,8% não amamentaram, 42,4% usam anticoncepcional hormonal por mais de 5 anos e 40,4% nunca fizeram descanso ou faz por tempo inferior a 6 meses, 7,7% e 7,6% nunca fizeram e apresenta mais de 24 meses que fizeram exame ginecológico. Quanto ao grau de esclarecimento 34% concordaram com as afirmativas sobre fatores de risco, 65% concordaram com medidas preventivas e os profissionais de saúde foram os que mais transmitiram informação sobre o câncer de mama. Conclusão: ser familiar de primeiro grau associado à falta de esclarecimento sobre a doença torna essas mulheres mais vulneráveis em relação à população geral feminina. Torna-se oportuno para a enfermagem estratégias educativas que visem à promoção da saúde e que contribuam para a modificação do panorama da doença, em razão da detecção mais precoce.

Keeping their heads down: Shame and pride in the stories of Protestants in the Irish Republic

This study draws on a number of in-depth interviews to explore the ethnic aspect of Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland. We explore themes of shame and pride around issues of identity, together with a sense of loss of a minority rapidly losing cultural distinctiveness. Following Ireland‘s division, the ordinary Protestants of the south, comprising a range of religious denominations bound by history, intermarriage and culture, found themselves in a society in which their story was rarely told. The dominant narrative was one of a Catholic people, long oppressed by a wealthy Protestant minority. The story of ordinary Protestants, including those in rural and urban poverty, went largely unheard. Today, ordinary Protestants – small farmers, shop keepers, housewives – tell the story of Ireland as seen through their family‘s narratives. Themes of pride and shame, often intertwined, form a thread that binds their testimony, drawing on family, personal and local history, folklore and statements of identity.