Entre a capela e a catedral: tensões e reinvenções da identidade religiosa na experiência do protestantismo histórico atual

O trabalho analisa as transformações ocorridas nas igrejas protestantes históricas no campo religioso atual. A partir da análise de um estudo de caso feito em uma igreja histórica no Rio de Janeiro, a pesquisa busca compreender que elementos podem ser identificados na experiência religiosa desta comunidade, que indicam transformações em sua identidade religiosa. A reflexão parte de uma discussão sobre a própria noção de pentecostalização, que no contexto do campo religioso evangélico, tem sido utilizada como elemento que simboliza a disputa de identidade entre os grupos ligados ao protestantismo histórico e os movimentos pentecostais. O texto faz uma análise sobre as tensões existentes entre grupos tradicionais, ligados ao que foi chamado aqui de intelectualidade protestante, que faz uso do termo como categoria acusatória, ou seja, a pentecostalização para estes setores seria uma espécie de degeneração da tradição das igrejas históricas. A pesquisa visa repensar essa categoria que aparece no campo religioso, discutindo aspectos teóricos sobre a acusação aos pentecostais e sua influência no campo como uma religiosidade mágia que é enfrentada pela religiosidade intelectualizada presente na tradição histórica do protestantismo. A noção de pentecostalização utilizada na pesquisa aponta que para além dessa dicotomia magia (pentecostais) e religião (históricos), estão ocorrendo mudanças importantes na identidade religiosa evangélica, onde as igrejas históricas estão dialogando e resignificando elementos da matriz pentecostal com o objetivo de resignficar essas práticas a fim de dialogar com as mudanças ocorridas no campo evangélico atual, principalmente diante do crescimento do movimento pentecostal.

LAS CALEÑAS SON COMO LAS FLORES ? TENSÃO DISCURSIVA SOBRE OS CORPOS DAS MULHERES PROTESTANTES DE CALI

As mulheres protestantes da cidade de Cali-Colômbia, ao reproduzir nos seus corpos os princípios da tradição religiosa, se deparam hoje com discursos e exigências que não conseguem ou aceitam articular na sua prática cotidiana. Assistimos na atualidade a uma tensão evidente entre a ortodoxia cristã e o imaginário e prática das mulheres cristãs a respeito da corporeidade. Nas últimas décadas a forma de assumir o corpo por parte das mulheres reflete incongruências em relação à matriz doutrinaria do sistema religioso protestante, o que é decorrente, por um lado, da influência cultural e midiática na promoção de uma nova representação do corpo feminino, baseada na beleza e na juventude, e por outro lado a cada vez maior relativização do poder religioso numa sociedade secularizada. As mulheres cristãs acham-se em meio aos ideais do corpo puro e regrado da sua instituição religiosa assim como às cobranças midiáticas, valores e padrões estabelecidos pela sociedade moderna. Neste sentido, a dissertação analisa as interfaces desta tensão discursiva que tem lugar nos corpos, através do próprio discurso das mulheres protestantes assim como das suas práticas cotidianas em relação à corporeidade.

NOVAS CONFIGURAÇÕES DAS FAMÍLIAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS: RUPTURAS E/OU CONTINUIDADES NOS DISCURSOS E PRÁTICAS DE METODISTAS E LUTERANOS ACERCA DO DIVÓRCIO E NOVOS CASAMENTOS

Na contemporaneidade, a família tradicional (pai, mãe, filhos) passou por mudanças de paradigmas, gerando novas configurações familiares, mais flexíveis e plurais. Nas novas configurações, o elemento de constituição não é só a partir dos laços de parentesco de nature-za biológica e civil, mas, principalmente, o da afetividade. Nesta dissertação, analisamos as rupturas e/ou continuidades dos discursos institucionais religiosos no protestantismo histórico, mais especificamente nas Igrejas Metodista e Luterana, acerca dos divórcios e novos casa-mentos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de identificar em que medida o posicionamento institu-cional religioso e a prática das comunidades de fé são coerentes e/ou dissonantes em relação às transformações experimentadas pela instituição família na contemporaneidade. Os docu-mentos utilizados para as análises foram: pastorais, jornais oficiais, atas, e demais documentos que foram pesquisados nos acervos da biblioteca da UMESP e no Portal Luteranos. A pesqui-sa de campo foi realizada através da aplicação de questionários e entrevistas aos sujeitos reli-giosos no município de Ferraz de Vasconcelos, nas Igrejas Metodista e Luterana. Através da análise documental e da pesquisa de campo, buscamos identificar o impacto que as novas con-figurações familiares causaram sobre o discurso institucional e sobre a prática eclesial.

Work ethic, protestantism and human capital

Weber's contribution on Protestant work ethic has stimulated numerous social scientists. However, the question whether a Protestant specific work ethic exists at all is still rarely analysed. Our results indicate that work ethic is influenced by denomination-based religiosity and education.

Influence of historic land use change on the biosphere-atmosphere-exchange of C and N trace gases in the humid, subtropical region of Queensland

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) due to human activities have been linked to climate change. GHG emissions from land use change and agriculture have been identified as significant contributors to both Australia’s and the global GHG budget. This is expected to increase over the coming decades as rates of agriculture intensification and land use change accelerate to support population growth and food production. Limited data exists on CO2, CH4 and N2O trace gas fluxes from subtropical or tropical soils and land uses. To develop effective mitigation strategies a full global warming potential (GWP) accounting methodology is required that includes emissions of the three primary greenhouse gases. Mitigation strategies that focus on one gas only can inadvertently increase emissions of another. For this reason, detailed inventories of GHGs from soils and vegetation under individual land uses are urgently required for subtropical Australia. This study aimed to quantify GHG emissions over two consecutive years from three major land uses; a well-established, unfertilized subtropical grass-legume pasture, a 30 year (lychee) orchard and a remnant subtropical Gallery rainforest, all located near Mooloolah, Queensland. GHG fluxes were measured using a combination of high resolution automated sampling, coarser spatial manual sampling and laboratory incubations. Comparison between the land uses revealed that land use change can have a substantial impact on the GWP on a landscape long after the deforestation event. The conversion of rainforest to agricultural land resulted in as much as a 17 fold increase in GWP, from 251 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the rainforest to 889 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the pasture to 2538 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the lychee plantation. This increase resulted from altered N cycling and a reduction in the aerobic capacity of the soil in the pasture and lychee systems, enhancing denitrification and nitrification events, and reducing atmospheric CH4 uptake in the soil. High infiltration, drainage and subsequent soil aeration under the rainforest limited N2O loss, as well as promoting CH4 uptake of 11.2 g CH4-C ha-1 day-1. This was among the highest reported for rainforest systems, indicating that aerated subtropical rainforests can act as substantial sink of CH4. Interannual climatic variation resulted in significantly higher N2O emission from the pasture during 2008 (5.7 g N2O-N ha day) compared to 2007 (3.9 g N2O-N ha day), despite receiving nearly 500 mm less rainfall. Nitrous oxide emissions from the pasture were highest during the summer months and were highly episodic, related more to the magnitude and distribution of rain events rather than soil moisture alone. Mean N2O emissions from the lychee plantation increased from an average of 4.0 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1, to 19.8 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1 following a split application of N fertilizer (560 kg N ha-1, equivalent to 1 kg N tree-1). The timing of the split application was found to be critical to N2O emissions, with over twice as much lost following an application in spring (emission factor (EF): 1.79%) compared to autumn (EF: 0.91%). This was attributed to the hot and moist climatic conditions and a reduction in plant N uptake during the spring creating conditions conducive to N2O loss. These findings demonstrate that land use change in subtropical Australia can be a significant source of GHGs. Moreover, the study shows that modifying the timing of fertilizer application can be an efficient way of reducing GHG emissions from subtropical horticulture.

An investigation of unique challenges in National Historic relics and scenic sites (NHRSSs) in Chinese research literature 1982-2008 using co-word analysis

National Housing Relics and Scenic Sites (NHRSSs) in China are the equivalent of National Parks in the West but have contrasting features and broader roles when compared to their Western counterparts. By reviewing and analysing more than 370 academic sources, this paper identifies 6 major issue clusters and future challenges that will influence the management of NHRSSs over time. It also provides a number of cases to illustrate the particular features of NHRSSs. Identifying the hot issues and important challenges in Chinese NHRSSs will provide valuable insights into priorities now being discussed in highly populated areas of the World.

Comparison of historic exploration with contemporary space policy suggests a retheorisation of settings

The 2008 NASA Astrobiology Roadmap provides one way of theorising this developing field, a way which has become the normative model for the discipline: science-and scholarship-driven funding for space. By contrast, a novel re-evaluation of funding policies is undertaken in this article to reframe astrobiology, terraforming and associated space travel and research. Textual visualisation, discourse and numeric analytical methods, and value theory are applied to historical data and contemporary sources to re-investigate significant drivers and constraints on the mechanisms of enabling space exploration. Two data sets are identified and compared: the business objectives and outcomes of major 15th-17th century European joint-stock exploration and trading companies and a case study of a current space industry entrepreneur company. Comparison of these analyses suggests that viable funding policy drivers can exist outside the normative science and scholarship-driven roadmap. The two drivers identified in this study are (1) the intrinsic value of space as a territory to be experienced and enjoyed, not just studied, and (2) the instrumental, commercial value of exploiting these experiences by developing infrastructure and retail revenues. Filtering of these results also offers an investment rationale for companies operating in, or about to enter, the space business marketplace.

Suicide and religion : new evidence on the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism

Suicide has remained a persistent social phenomenon and now accounts for more deaths than motor vehicle accidents. There has been much debate, however, over which religious constructs might best explain the variation in suicide rates. Our empirical analysis reveals that even though theological and social differences between Catholicism and Protestantism have decreased, Catholics are still less likely than Protestants to commit or accept suicide. This difference holds even after we control for such confounding factors as social and religious networks. In addition, although religious networks do mitigate suicides among Protestants, the influence of church attendance is more dominant among Catholics. Our analysis also indicates that alternative concepts such as religious commitment and religiosity strongly reduce suicide acceptance.

Deciphering historic landscapes: A case study of slender West Lake in Yangzhou, China

Historic landscapes today are changing gradually or abruptly, and the abrupt changes have caused the loss of much historic information. How to identify and protect the significant evidence of dynamic landscapes is a question that must be answered by each cultural community. This paper establishes a decipherment process – an operational guide for landscape assessment in China. This is a methodology using European methods integrated with traditional Chinese ways of landscape appreciation, providing an effective approach to translate the cultural landscape framework into the conservation inventory. Using Slender West Lake as a case study, the decipherment process has expanded the existing landscape investigation theory using the factor of artistic conception to integrate intangible values into the assessment process. It has also established a unit-based method to classify and represent historic landscapes.

Representation and authenticity of historic landscapes in Australia and China

Histories of past communities are embedded in landscapes around the world but many are suffering from material change or neglect of their fabric. This study was aimed at discovering and representing the authentic intangible experience of two historic landscapes for conservation purposes. A 2500 year old site in Yangzhou, China and a 2000 year old site on St Helena Island in Moreton Bay were found to be managed under two culturally different regimes of authenticity. This research has contributed to challenging the notion that there is only one way to conserve authenticity in historic landscapes of the Asia Pacific.

Public Open Spaces in Kathmandu Valley: A Review of Contemporary Problems and Historic Precedents

The current growth of Kathmandu Valley has been malignant in many ways which suggests a decline of public realm in the city. As the current efforts for planning and design of public open space exhibit numerous problems related to both physical and social aspects of city building, this book examines the shortcomings with contemporary urban development from urban planning and design point of view and attempts to suggest methods to overcome such shortcomings based on the study of historic urban squares. This book identifies the inherent urban design qualities of the historic urban squares in order to learn from them and also attempts to put forward the principles and guidelines for contemporary public space design based on such findings.

Nineteenth century narratives reveal historic catch rates for Australian snapper (Pagrus auratus)

Snapper (Pagrus auratus) is widely distributed throughout subtropical and temperate southern oceans and forms a significant recreational and commercial fishery in Queensland, Australia. Using data from government reports, media sources, popular publications and a government fisheries survey carried out in 1910, we compiled information on individual snapper fishing trips that took place prior to the commencement of fisherywide organized data collection, from 1871 to 1939. In addition to extracting all available quantitative data, we translated qualitative information into bounded estimates and used multiple imputation to handle missing values, forming 287 records for which catch rate (snapper fisher−1 h−1) could be derived. Uncertainty was handled through a parametric maximum likelihood framework (a transformed trivariate Gaussian), which facilitated statistical comparisons between data sources. No statistically significant differences in catch rates were found among media sources and the government fisheries survey. Catch rates remained stable throughout the time series, averaging 3.75 snapper fisher−1 h−1 (95% confidence interval, 3.42–4.09) as the fishery expanded into new grounds. In comparison, a contemporary (1993–2002) south-east Queensland charter fishery produced an average catch rate of 0.4 snapper fisher−1 h−1 (95% confidence interval, 0.31–0.58). These data illustrate the productivity of a fishery during its earliest years of development and represent the earliest catch rate data globally for this species. By adopting a formalized approach to address issues common to many historical records – missing data, a lack of quantitative information and reporting bias – our analysis demonstrates the potential for historical narratives to contribute to contemporary fisheries management.

Geomagnetic Storms Over India: A Close Look at Historic Space Weather at Mumbai

The swirling colors of aurorae, familiar to many in polar communities, can occasionally be seen at middle latitudes in locations such as southern Canada and central Europe. But in rare instances, aurorae can even be seen in the tropics. On 6 February 1872, news of the sighting of one such aurora was carried by the Times of India newspaper. The aurora occurred on 4 February 1872 and, as noted, was also observed over the Middle East.