Shijiazhuang ecological landscape planning and design comprehensive improvement program for the Hutuo River

International practice-led design research in landscape architecture has identified water quality and water availability as two of the most important environmental issues in developing countries. China is particularly focused on improving water supplies for its rural and urban populations. However a significant gap in knowledge exists between urban planning and environmental engineering in China as to how to design Chinese public open spaces to reduce water pollution in urban rivers. This project responded to traditional zoning methods in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, by proposing a range of water sensitive design innovations from lake construction to planting design to modify standardised engineering solutions in a Chinese context.

Influence of AlN buffer layer thickness on structural properties of GaN epilayer grown on Si (111) substrate with AlGaN interlayer

We present the growth of GaN epilayer on Si (111) substrate with a single AlGaN interlayer sandwiched between the GaN epilayer and AlN buffer layer by using the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition. The influence of the AlN buffer layer thickness on structural properties of the GaN epilayer has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. It is found that an AlN buffer layer with the appropriate thickness plays an important role in increasing compressive strain and improving crystal quality during the growth of AlGaN interlayer, which can introduce a more compressive strain into the subsequent grown GaN layer, and reduce the crack density and threading dislocation density in GaN film.

Au@Si-n: Growth behavior, stability and electronic structure

The configurations, stability, and electronic structure of AuSin (n = 1-16) clusters have been investigated within the framework of the density functional theory at the B3PW91/LanL2DZ and PW91/DNP levels. The results show that the Au atom begins to occupy the interior site for cages as small as Si-11 and for Si-12 the Au atom completely falls into the interior site forming Au@Si-12 cage. A relatively large embedding energy and small HOMO-LUMO gap are also found for this Au@Si-12 structure indicating enhanced chemical activity and good electronic transfer properties. All these make Au@Si-12 attractive for cluster-assembled materials.

Magnetic silicon fullerene

A metal-encapsulating silicon fullerene, Eu@Si-20, has been predicted by density functional theory to be by far the most stable fullerene-like silicon structure. The Eu@Si-20 structure is a dodecahedron with D-2h symmetry in which the europium atom occupies the center site. The calculated results show that the europium atom has a large magnetic moment of nearly 7.0 Bohr magnetons. In addition, it was found that a stable "pearl necklace" nanowire, constructed by concatenating a series of Eu@Si-20 units, with the central europium atom, retains the high spin moment. The magnetic structure of the nanowire indicates potential applications in the fields of spintronics and high-density magnetic storage.

The effect of single AlGaN interlayer on the structural properties of GaN epilayers grown on Si (111) substrates

High-quality and nearly crack-free GaN epitaxial layer was obtained by inserting a single AlGaN interlayer between GaN epilayer and high-temperature AlN buffer layer on Si (111) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This paper investigates the effect of AlGaN interlayer on the structural proper-ties of the resulting GaN epilayer. It confirms from the optical microscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy that the AlGaN interlayer has a remarkable effect on introducing relative compressive strain to the top GaN layer and preventing the formation of cracks. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis reveal that a significant reduction in both screw and edge threading dislocations is achieved in GaN epilayer by the insertion of AlGaN interlayer. The process of threading dislocation reduction in both AlGaN interlayer and GaN epilayer is demonstrated.

Blue Luminescent Properties of Silicon Nanowires Grown by a Solid-Liquid-Solid Method

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were grown directly from n-(111) single-crystal silicon (c-Si) substrate based on a solid-liquid-solid mechanism, and Au film was used as a metallic catalyst. The room temperature photoluminescence properties of SiNWs were observed by an Xe lamp with an exciting wavelength of 350 nm. The results show that the SiNWs exhibit a strongly blue luminescent band in the wavelength range 400-480 nm at an emission peak position of 420 nm. The luminescent mechanism of SiNWs indicates that the blue luminescence is attributed to the oxygen-related defects, which are in SiOx amorphous oxide shells around the crystalline core of SiNWs.

Quark distributions in nuclei and nuclear effects on nucleon structure functions

Extended quark distribution functions are presented obtained by fitting a large amount of experimental data of the l-A DIS process on the basis of an improved nuclear density model. The experimental data of l-A DIS processes with A >= 3 in the region 0.0010 <= x <= 0.9500 axe quite satisfactorily described by using the extended formulae. Our knowledge of the influence of nuclear matter on the quark distributions is deepened.

Morphological Adaptations to Drought and Reproductive Strategy of the Moss Syntrichia caninervis in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

The biological soil crusts (BSCs) in the Gurbantunggut Desert, the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, feature moss-dominated BSCs, which play an indispensable role in sand fixation. Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. (S. caninervis) serves as one of the most common species in BSCs in the desert. In this study we examined the morphological structure of S. caninervis from leafy gametophyte to protonema using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also examined the relationships between the morphological structure of S. caninervis and environmental factors. We found that: (1) this moss species is commonly tufted on the sand surface, and its leaves are folded upwards and twisted around the stem under dry conditions; (2) the cells on both upper and lower leaf surfaces have C-shaped dark papillae, which may reflect sunlight to reduce the damage from high temperature; (3) the leaf costa is excurrent, forming an awn with forked teeth; and (4) the protonema cells are small and thickset with thick cell walls and the cytoplasm is highly concentrated with a small vacuole. In addition, we also found that the protonema cells always form pouches on the tip of the mother cells during the process of cell polarization. Our results suggest that S. caninervis has, through its life cycle, several morphological and structural characteristics to adapt to dry environmental conditions. These morphological features of S. caninervis may also be found in other deserts in the world due to the world-wide distribution of the species.

Effects of inoculated Microcoleus vaginatus on the structure and function of biological soil crusts of desert

Microcoleus vaginatus Gom., the dominant species in biological soil crusts (BSCs) in desert regions, plays a significant role in maintaining the BSC structure and function. The BSC quality is commonly assessed by the chlorophyll a content, thickness, and compressive strength. Here, we have studied the effect of different proportions of M. vaginatus, collected from the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China, on the BSC structure and function under laboratory conditions. We found that when M. vaginatus was absent in the BSC, the BSC coverage, quantified by the percentage of BSC area to total land surface area, was low with a chlorophyll a content of 4.77 x 10(-2) mg g(-1) dry soil, a thickness of 0.86 mm, and a compressive strength of 12.21 Pa. By increasing the percentage of M. vaginatus in the BSC, the BSC coverage, chlorophyll a content, crust thickness, and compressive strength all significantly increased (P < 0.01). The maximum chlorophyll a content (13.12 mg g(-1)dry soil), the highest crust thickness, and the compressive strength (1.48 mm and 36.60 Pa, respectively) occurred when the percentage of inoculated M. vaginatus reached 80% with a complex network of filaments under scanning electron microscope. The BSC quality indicated by the above variables, however, declined when the BSC was composed of pure M. vaginatus (monoculture). In addition, we found that secretion of filaments and polymer, which stick sands together in the BSC, increased remarkably with the increase of the dominant species until the percentage of M. vaginatus reached 80%. Our results suggest that not only the dominant species but also the accompanying taxa are critical for maintaining the structure and functions of the BSC and thus the stability of the BSC ecosystems.

冀东油田柳南地区新近系油藏剩余油形成及分布规律研究

This thesis is based on the research project of Study on the Geological Characteristics and Remaining Oil Distribution Law of Neogene Reservoirs in Liunan Area, which is one of the key research projects set by PetroChina Jidong Oilfield Company in 2006. The determination of remaining oil distribution and its saturation changes are the most important research contents for the development and production modification of oilfields in high water-cut phases. Liunan oilfield, located in Tangshan of Hebei Province geographically and in Gaoliu structural belt of Nanpu sag in Bohai Bay Basin structurally, is one of the earliest fields put into production of Jidong oilfield. Focusing on the development problems encountered during the production of the field, this thesis establishes the fine geological reservoir model through the study of reservoir properties such as fine beds correlation, sedimentary facies, micro structures, micro reservoir architecture, flow units and fluid properties. Using routine method of reservoir engineering and technology of reservoir numerical modeling, remaining oil distribution in the target beds of Liunan area is predicted successfully, while the controling factors of remaining oil distribution are illustrated, and the model of remaining oil distribution for fault-block structure reservoirs is established. Using staged-subdivision reservoir correlation and FZI study, the Strata in Liunan Area is subdivided step by step; oil sand body data-list is recompiled; diagram databases are established; plane and section configuration of monolayer sandstone body, and combination pattern of sandstone bodys are summarized. The study of multi-level staged subdivision for sedimentary micro-facies shows that the Lower member of Minghuazhen formation and the whole Guantao formation in Liunan Area belong to meandering river and braided river sedimentary facies respectively, including 8 micro facies such as after point bar, channel bar, channel, natural levee, crevasse splay, abandoned channel, flood plain and flood basin. Fine 3D geological modeling is performed through the application of advanced software and integration of geological, seismic logging and reservoir engineering data. High resolution numerical simulation is performed with a reserve fitting error less than 3%, an average pressure fitting fluctuation range lower than 2Mpa and an accumulate water cut fitting error less than 5%. In this way, the distribution law of the target reservoir in the study area is basically recognized. Eight major remaining oil distribution models are established after analysis of production status and production features in different blocks and different layers. In addition, fuzzy mathematics method is used to the integreted evaluation and prediction of abundant remaining oil accumulation area in major production beds and key sedimentary time units of the shallow strata in Liunan Area and corresponding modification comments are put forward. In summary, the establishment of fine reservoir geological model, reservoir numerical simulation and distribution prediction of remaining oil make a sound foundation for further stimulation of oilfield development performance.

华北克拉通新生代玄武岩携带的地幔橄榄岩Fe同位素地球化学及含金云母地幔岩岩石学研究

In recent years, thanks to the improvement of analytical methods and the use of MC-ICP-MS, Fe isotope can be measured precisely. Fe isotope shows considerable variation both in biological and inorganic processes (from low T to high T) in nature, Therefore, Fe isotope has become one of the exciting frontier sciences and has favorable prospects of the application to the geosciences and life sciences. Based on a comprehensive review of available references in the related field, this study focuses on the development of techniques for high-precision measurement of iron isotope using MC-ICP-MS, and application of the techniques developed to study the Fe isotopes as well as major and trace element compositions of minerals (Ol, Opx, Cpx and Sp) from spinel peridotitic xenoliths from Cenozoic alkaline basalts to investigate Fe isotopic features of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. The minerals from these xenoliths are similar to those off-cratonic peridotites world-wide, but are remarkably different from those on-cratonic peridotites and clinopyroxenes from these spinel lherzolites exhibit two types of chondrite-normalized REE patterns i.e. LREE-depleted and flat or spoon-shaped. It is noted that total abundances of REE in clinopyroxenes from these peridotites show a broad negative correlation with Cr# numbers of Cpx and Sp. The Fe isotope results show that the spinel peridotitic xenoliths have small but distinguishable Fe isotopic variations in minerals (generally Ol < Opx < Cpx) and samples, and the isotopic range in spinel is relatively large. Positive linear relationship with the ε57Fecpx/ε57Feopx ratio close to one unit has been observed between Fe isotopes of coexistent Opx and Cpx, indicating that the Cpx and Opx have generally reached Fe isotopic equilibrium. However, Fe isotopes between the Ol and Sp show apparent disequilibrium. The broadly negative correlation between mineral Fe isotopes and oxygen fugacity (fo2), metasomatic indexes such as spinel Cr#, (La/Yb) N and (La/Sm) N ratios of clinopyroxenes suggest that Fe isotopic variations in different minerals and peridotites were probably produced by melt-peridotite interaction. This study further confirms the previous observation that the lithospheric mantle has distinguishable and heterogeneous Fe isotopic variations at a scale of xenoliths. Mantle metasomatism that induces the interaction of the lithospheric mantle peridotite with metasomatic agent is a most potential mechanism for the Fe isotope fractionation in mantle peridotites. Therefore, Fe isotope could be a new and powerful tool to probe the evolution of the lithospheric mantle. We also report mineral compositions, clinopyroxene trace element concentrations and Sr-Nd isotopes for newly-discovered phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite and olivine clinopyroxenite xenoliths from three different localities （Hannuoba, Hebei Province; Jining Sangyitang, Inner Mongolia; Hebi, Henan Province）of the North China Craton. Systematic comparisons with phlogopite-free spinel lherzolite xenolith from the same locality reveals that the phlogopite-bearing peridotitic xenoliths have relatively higher Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2 contents and lower MgO contents than those phogopite-free counterparts. The former also has higher LREE concentrations, but relatively less radiogenic Sr-Nd isotopic ratios. This demonstrates that mantle metasomatism can not only enrich the basaltic components and trace element concentrations, but also make a decrease in Mg# of the peridotites and olivines and a relative depletion in Sr-Nd isotopes. 87Rb/86Sr-87Sr/86Sr isochrons of the phlogopite-bearing xenoliths indicate that mantle metasomatism happened in the Mesozoic and/or Cenozoic time. The metasomatic agent was derived from the asthenosphere. The result also manifests that the widespread similarity of the geochemical features such as major and trace elements and isotopic compositions in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton to those “oceanic” lithospheric mantle could be as a result of the ubiquitous presence of the interaction between the old refractory peridotites and the infiltrated asthenospheric melt, rather than the actually newly-accreted lithospheric mantle.

成矿流体构造动力学研究—以冀西北后沟金矿和山东七宝山金矿为例

Tectonic dynamics of metallogenetic fluids is a new crossed subjects among fluid geology, mineral deposit geology and structural geology, and is one of the major current projects of geosciences. It is mainly focused on structures and tectonic dynamic induced by fluid motion, variation of physical condition of fluids (such as temperature and pressure), and interaction between chemical component of fluids and wall rocks in the crust. It takes features of deformation and metamorphysim, which formed during interaction between fluids and rocks and have been perserved in rocks, as basic research objects. After studying types, orders, distributions and fabrics of these features, and analyzing and testing physical and chemical information from these features by some techniques, it is intended to reconstruct moving process of fluids, dynamics of interaction between fluids and rocks, and dynamics of mineralizations. Three problems of tectonic dynamics of metallogenetic fluids, which have not been paid much attentions before, have been studied and discussed in this report. Three relative topics are including: 1)Double-fracturing induced by thermal stress and pressure of fluids and mineralization of Gold-copper in Breccia Pipe at the Qibaoshan in Shandong Province; 2)Parting structures induced by K-metasomatism in the Hougou area, northwestern Heibei province; 3)Migration mechanism of dissolved mass in Fe&S-rich fluids in Hougou gold deposit in Heibei province. After a synthetical study of two years, the author has made some new processes and progresses. The main new advances can be summaried as the following: 1)Thermal stress of fluids formed by temperature difference between fluids and country rock, during upword migration process of fluids with high temperature and pressure, can make rock to break, and some new fractures, which surfaces were uasally dry, formed. The breccia pipe at the Qibaoshan area in Shandong province has some distinct texture of fluidogenous tectonics, the breccia pipe is caused by double-fracturing induced by thermal stress and pressure, distribution of gold-corpper ore bodies are controlled powerfully by fluidogenous tectonics in the breccia pipe. 2)The author discovered a new kind of parting structures in K-alterated rocks in the northwestern part of Hebei province. The parting structures have some distinct geometry and fabrics, it is originated from the acting and reacting fores caused by K-metasomatism. Namely, the crystallizations of metasomatic K-feldspars are a volume expansion process, it would compress the relict fluid bodies, and the pressures in the relict fluid bodies gathered and increased, when the increased pressure of the fluid relict bodies is bigger than the strength of K-feldspars, the K-feldspars were broken with the strong compression, and the parting structures formed. 3)Space position replacing is a important transport pattern of dissolved mass in Fe&S-rich fluid. In addition, basing on views of tectonic dynamics of metallogenic fluids, and time-space texture of fluid-tectonic-lithogenetic-mineralization of the known gold-corpper mineral deposit and the subvolcanic complex at Qibaoshan area in Shandong province, this report does a detail prodict of position-shape-size of two concealed ore-bearing breccia pipe.

宣龙式赤铁矿含矿岩系的成矿过程研究

Xuanlong-type Hematite Deposits, distributed in Xuanhua and Longguang area in Hebei province and hosted in the Changchengian Chuanlinggou Formation of Mesoproterozoic, is an oldest depositional iron deposit characterized by oolitic and stromatolitic hematite and siderite. This thesis made an systematic study of its sedimentary, sedimentology, geochemistry, mineralogy and sequence stratigraphy. Based on above, the mechanism and background of biomineralization are discussed. There are four types of hematite ores including stromatolite, algal oolite, algal pisolite and oncolite. Based on detailed study on ore texture, the authors think both algal oolite and algal pisolite ores are organic texture ores, and related to the role of microorganisms. The process of blue-green algae and bacteria in the Xuanlong basin absorbing, adsorbing and sticking iron to build up stromatolite is the formation process of Xuanlong-type hematite deposit. Researches on ore-bearing series and ore geochemistry show that the enrichment of elements is closely related to the microorganism activities. Fe_2O_3 is enriched in dark laminations of stromatolite with much organic matter and SiO_2 in light laminations with detrital matters. The trace elements, especially biogenic elements, including V, P, Mo are enriched in ores but relatively low in country rocks. The paper also demonstrates on the sequence stratigraphy of hematite deposits and five sequences and twelve systems are divided. The characteristics of sequence stratigraphy show that the deposit-forming location has obviously selectivity and always exists under a transgressive setting. The oxygen isotope in hematite is about -2.2～5.7‰, which is similar to that of Hamlys iron formation of Australia but more negative than that of volcanic or hydrothermal iron deposits characterized by high positive values. The calculation by the result of oxygen isotope analysis shows that the temperature of ancient sea water was 48.53℃. The negative value of carbon isotope from siderite indicates its biogenic carbon source. Meanwhile, the occurrence of seismite in the ore-beds, which indicates the formation of hematite deposits is associated with frequent shock caused by structural movement such as distal volcano or ocean-bottom earthquake etc, show the occurrence of hematite deposits is eventual, not gradual. In shorts, Xuanlong-type hematite deposits were the result of interaction among geological setting of semi-isolated Xuanglong basin, favorable hot and humid climate condition, abundant iron source, microorganism such as algae and bateria as well as the fluctuation of the sea level.

河北寿王坟铜矿成矿定年及同位素地球化学特征

Samples from carbonate wall-rocks, skarn, ore of skarn type, later calcite vein, and ore of porphyry type in Shouwangfen copper deposit district were collected. Systematic study was carried out on carbon, oxygen, rubidium, strontium and sulfur isotope compositions of carbonates and sulfides in these samples. The first Isochron dating by the Rb-Sr isotopes in chalcopyrite of ore sub-sample was done as well. The following conclusions were obtained. The age (113.6±4.3Ma), obtained by Rb-Sr isotope isochron dating of chalcopyrite and pyrite from sub-sample of skarn ores, probably represents the true mineralization age of skarn ores. That demonstrates the genetic relationship between granodiorite in Shouwangfen complex and skarn copper ores. On the other hand, the Rb-Sr isochron age (73±15Ma) of chalcopyrite from porphyry ores is a little incredible because of bad synthesizing evaluation. But combined with other age data of igneous rocks, it implies the possibility of hydrothermal mineralization in connection with magma activity during the fourth period of Yanshanian in Hebei Province, even in the whole northern edge of Huabei continental block. Together from structure analysis of sulfide sub-samples, from pretreating preccedure of Rb-Sr isotope isochron and its' valuating, we found out that Rb-Sr isotope isochron of sulfide sub-samples is influenced by the crystal structure of sulfides. That is, sulfide ores with very big crystals are not suitable for sub-sample isochron. Carbon, oxygen, sulfur and strontium compositions, of different minerals in these two kinds of ores, imply that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids were probably derived from magma deep under the crust. The calcite ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios from the porphyry are consistent to the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the Rb-Sr isochron of chalcopyrite and pyrite in the skarn ore, indicating that these two kinds of ores have the same source characteristic, although the porphyry deposit was formed probably 40 million years later than the skarn one according to our dating results. Skarn and skarn ores are usually considered as interaction product between carbonate wall-rocks and magmatic fluids, but the carbon of the sedimentary carbonate seems not involved in the skarn ores. Considering the connection of magmatic processes and hydrothermal ore formation in the Shouwangfen district, particularly, the spatial distribution of skarn-type and porphyry-type ores, it is possible that the Shouwangfen ore district corresponds to a hydrothermal ore-forming system, which was promoted by high-intruding magmatic rocks. Systematic stable isotopic research can help to reveal the upper part of this hydrothermal ore-forming system, which mainly related to heated and circulating meteoric water, and the lower part principally related to ascending magmatic fluids. Both skarn and porphyry ore-bodies are formed by up-intruding magmatic fluids (even more deep mantle-derived fluids).

浑善达克沙地与河北沽源地区土地沙漠化研究

The Otindag sandy land and the Guyuan region of Hebei Province lie in the agro-pastoral zone, where sandy desertification is serious. So they are typical for us to study on. In this paper, detail investigation were made on the Remote Sensing, Hydrochemistry, Chronology, grain size analyzing of research region to monitor sandy desertification and environmental background. The main conclusions are presented as following: 1. According to the diverse natural condition, the research area is divided into three types as sandy land desertification, cultivated land desertification and desertification reflected by lake change. The monitoring result of the first type shows that the main performance way of the sandy desertification in Otindag sandy land is that (1) the expansion of both the shifting dune and the half fixed sandy dune, (2) the reduce of the fixed sandy dune. While the result of the second type shows (1) the desertification land in the Guyuan region has first increasing then reducing change for about 30 years. (2) The sand mainly concentrates west of the research area and small part of wind-drift sand distributes northeast the research area with the spot shape. (3) The meadow area increases obviously. As far as the third type, the Dalai Nur lake area occurs first expanding then reducing change and the wind-drift sand around the lake first reduces then increases. 2. The land cover of the different types change with the same law. It is worth notice that the lake area changes oppositely with that of the wind-drift sand. 3. For about 5,000 a B.P. -2800 a B.P., the well developed palaeosols emerged. After that, three layer palaeosols were founded in the profile of Otindag sandy land. The analyses of grain size show that the sand grains of the south were coarser than that of the north. The sand in the north and middle were well sorted, while the south poor sorted. 4. Both the natural and human impact on the process of sandy desertification. On this research result, different regions have different influences. So the measures to improve sandy desertification should be choosed respectively.