When drugs disappear from the patient: elimination of intravenous medication by hemodiafiltration

Twenty-three hours after heart transplantation, life-threatening acute right heart failure was diagnosed in a patient requiring continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Increasing doses of catecholamines, sedatives, and muscle relaxants administered through a central venous catheter were ineffective. However, a bolus of epinephrine injected through an alternative catheter provoked a hypertensive crisis. Thus, interference with the central venous infusion by the dialysis catheter was suspected. The catheters were changed, and hemodynamics stabilized at lower catecholamine doses. When the effects of IV drugs are inadequate in patients receiving CVVHDF, interference with adjacent catheters resulting in elimination of the drug by CVVHDF should be suspected.

Treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: lower costs by intermittent dialysis than continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration

Intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapies (RRTs) are available for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although at present there are no adequately powered survival studies, available data suggest that both methods are equal with respect to patient outcome. Therefore, cost comparison between techniques is important for selecting the modality. Expenditures were prospectively assessed as a secondary end point during a controlled, randomized trial comparing intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). The outcome of the primary end points of this trial, that is, ICU and in-hospital mortality, has been previously published. One hundred twenty-five patients from a Swiss university hospital ICU were randomized either to CVVHDF or IHD. Out of these, 42 (CVVHDF) and 34 (IHD) were available for cost analysis. Patients' characteristics, delivered dialysis dose, duration of stay in the ICU or hospital, mortality rates, and recovery of renal function were not different between the two groups. Detailed 24-h time and material consumption protocols were available for 369 (CVVHDF) and 195 (IHD) treatment days. The mean daily duration of CVVHDF was 19.5 +/- 3.2 h/day, resulting in total expenditures of Euro 436 +/- 21 (21% for human resources and 79% for technical devices). For IHD (mean 3.0 +/- 0.4 h/treatment), the costs were lower (Euro 268 +/- 26), with a larger proportion for human resources (45%). Nursing time spent for CVVHDF was 113 +/- 50 min, and 198 +/- 63 min per IHD treatment. Total costs for RRT in ICU patients with ARF were lower when treated with IHD than with CVVHDF, and have to be taken into account for the selection of the method of RRT in ARF on the ICU.

Pharmacokinetics of meprobamate in overdose treated with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF)

We report a case of massive suicidal overdose of meprobamate leading to cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure, and severe central nervous system depression. We observed first-order elimination kinetics despite significant overdose, and demonstrated effectiveness of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) for extracorporeal removal of meprobamate in this patient. Total body clearance was calculated to be 87 mL/minute, with 64 mL/minute (74%) due to CVVHDF. CVVHDF was stopped after 36 hours, and the patient made an uneventful recovery.

Effect of Aging in the Perception of Health-Related Quality of Life in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients under Online-Hemodiafiltration

This work aimed to evaluate how aging could influence patients' perception of health quality of life (HRQOL), as well as, the effect of aging on dialysis adequacy and in hematological, iron status, inflammatory and nutritional markers. In this transversal study were enrolled 305 ESRD patients under online-hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) (59.67% males; 64.9 ± 14.3 years old). Data about comorbidities, hematological data, iron status, dialysis adequacy, nutritional and inflammatory markers were collected from patient's records. Moreover, HRQOL score, by using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form (KDQOL-SF), was assessed. Analyzing the results according to quartiles of age, significant differences were found for some parameters evaluated by the KDQOL-SF instrument, namely for work status, physical functioning and role-physical, which decreased with increasing age. We also found a higher proportion of diabetic patients, a decrease in creatinine, iron, albumin serum levels, transferrin saturation and nPCR, with increasing age. Moreover, significant negative correlations were found between age and mean cell hemoglobin concentration, iron, transferrin saturation, albumin, nPCR, work status, physical functioning and role-physical. In conclusion, our results showed that aging is associated with a decreased work status, physical functioning and role-physical, with a decreased dialysis adequacy, iron availability and nutritional status, and with an increased proportion of diabetic patients and of patients using central venous catheter, as the vascular access. The knowledge of these changes associated with aging, which have impact in the quality of life of the patients, could be useful in their management.

Acute renal failure in critically ill patients : With special reference to prediction of outcome

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by rapidly decreasing glomerular filtration rate, which results in disturbances in electrolyte- and acid-base homeostasis, derangement of extracellular fluid volume, and retention of nitrogenous waste products, and is often associated with decreased urine output. ARF affects about 5-25% of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), and is linked to high mortality and morbidity rates. In this thesis outcome of critically ill patients with ARF and factors related to outcome were evaluated. A total of 1662 patients from two ICUs and one acute dialysis unit in Helsinki University Hospital were included. In study I the prevalence of ARF was calculated and classified according to two ARF-specific scoring methods, the RIFLE classification and the classification created by Bellomo et al. (2001). Study II evaluated monocyte human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression and plasma levels of one proinflammatory (interleukin (IL) 6) and two anti-inflammatory (IL-8 and IL-10) cytokines in predicting survival of critically ill ARF patients. Study III investigated serum cystatin C as a marker of renal function in ARF and its power in predicting survival of critically ill ARF patients. Study IV evaluated the effect of intermittent hemodiafiltration (HDF) on myoglobin elimination from plasma in severe rhabdomyolysis. Study V assessed long-term survival and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in ARF patients. Neither of the ARF-specific scoring methods presented good discriminative power regarding hospital mortality. The maximum RIFLE score for the first three days in the ICU was an independent predictor of hospital mortality. As a marker of renal dysfunction, serum cystatin C failed to show benefit compared with plasma creatinine in detecting ARF or predicting patient survival. Neither cystatin C nor plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, nor monocyte HLA-DR expression were clinically useful in predicting mortality in ARF patients. HDF may be used to clear myoglobin from plasma in rhabdomyolysis, especially if the alkalization of diuresis does not succeed. The long-term survival of patients with ARF was found to be poor. The HRQoL of those who survive is lower than that of the age- and gender-matched general population.

Accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis, cuál es el más costo efectivo?

Marco conceptual: La enfermedad renal crónica es un serio problema de salud pública en nuestro país por la gran cantidad de recursos económicos que requiere su atención. La hemodiálisis es el tratamiento más usado en nuestro medio; el acceso vascular y sus complicaciones derivadas son el principal aspecto que incrementa los costos de atención en éstos pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio económico de los accesos vasculares en pacientes incidentes de hemodiálisis en el año 2012 en la agencia RTS-Fundación Cardio Infantil. Se estableció el costo de creación y mantenimiento del acceso con catéter central, fístula arteriovenosa nativa, fístula arteriovenosa con injerto; y el costo de atención de las complicaciones para cada acceso. Se determinó la probabilidad de ocurrencia de complicaciones. Mediante un árbol de decisiones se trazó el comportamiento de cada acceso en un período de 5 años. Se establecieron los años de vida ajustados por calidad (QALY) en cada acceso y el costo para cada uno de éstos QALY. Resultados: de 36 pacientes incidentes de hemodiálisis en 2012 el 100% inició con catéter central, 16 pacientes cambiaron a fístula arteriovenosa nativa, 1 a fístula arteriovenosa con injerto que posteriormente pasó a CAPD, 15 continuaron su acceso con catéter y 4 pacientes fallecieron. En 5 años se obtuvieron 2,36 QALY para los pacientes con catéter central que costarían $ 24.813.036,39/QALY y 2,535 QALY para los pacientes con fístula nativa que costarían $ 6.634.870,64/QALY. Conclusiones: el presente estudio muestra que el acceso vascular mediante fístula arteriovenosa nativa es el más costo-efectivo que mediante catéter

Prevention of Intradialytic Hypotension in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Submitted to Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of a protocol aiming to reduce hypotension in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients submitted to sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED). Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to two SLED prescriptions-control group, dialysate temperature was 37.0 degrees C with a fixed sodium concentration [138 mEq/L] and ultrafiltration (UF) rate; and profiling group, dialysate temperature was 35.5 degrees C with a variable sodium concentration [150-138 mEq/L] and UF rate. Results: Sixty-two SLED sessions were evaluated (34 in profiling and 28 in control). Patients (n = 31) were similar in terms of gender, age, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Dialysis time, dialysis dose, and post-dialysis serum sodium were similar in both groups. The profiling group had significantly less hypotension episodes (23% vs. 57% in control, p = 0.009) and achieved higher UF volume (2.23 +/- 1.25 L vs. 1.59 +/- 1.03 L in control, p = 0.04) when compared with control group. Conclusions: SLED protocol with modulation of dialysate temperature, sodium, and UF profiling showed similar efficacy but less intradialytic hypotension when compared with a standard SLED prescription.

Untersuchung der Pharmakokinetik von Ciprofloxacin und Piperacillin bei Intensivpatienten mit kontinuierlichen Hämodialyseverfahren

Infektionen zählen bei hämodialysepflichtigen Intensivpatienten zu den häufigsten Todesursachen. Um die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit der Antibiotikatherapie zu verbessern, müssen verschiedene Faktoren, zum Beispiel die Pharmakodynamik und Pharmakokinetik des Antibiotikums, die Art des Hämodialyseverfahrens, die Art des Dialysefilters und der Zustand des Patienten berücksichtigt werden. Im Rahmen einer klinischen Studie wurde die antibiotische Wirkung von Piperacillin und Ciprofloxacin bei kontinuierlichen Hämodialyseverfahren mittels pharmakokinetischer Methoden bestimmt.Für die klinische Studie wurde eine HPLC-Methode mit kombinierter Festphasenextraktion (SPE) entwickelt und nach den Grenzwerten der EMA Guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation validiert. Die Methode erwies sich für die gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Piperacillin und Ciprofloxacin in Plasma- und Dialysatproben als valide und zuverlässig. Die ermittelten Konzentrationen der beiden Antibiotika wurden für die Berechnung der pharmakokinetischen Parameter verwendet.In der klinischen Studie wurden bei 24 Intensivpatienten mit kontinuierlicher venovenöser Hämodialyse (CVVHD) bzw. kontinuierlicher venovenöser Hämodiafiltration (CVVHDF), bei denen Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Ciprofloxacin oder eine Kombination dieser Antibiotika indiziert war, die Antibiotikakonzentrationen im Plasma und Dialysat im Steady State gemessen. Unmittelbar vor einer Antibiotikainfusion (0 min) wurde ein Volumen von sechs Milliliter Blut entnommen. Weitere Blutentnahmen erfolgten 30 Minuten nach der Infusion sowie nach 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 und 24 Stunden. Sobald ein Filtratbeutel ausgetauscht wurde, wurden parallel zu den Blutproben Dialysatproben entnommen. Die Konzentrationen von Piperacillin und Ciprofloxacin wurden nach der Festphasenextraktion aus den Plasmaproben mit der validierten HPLC-Methode innerhalb von 15 Minuten zuverlässig bestimmt. Neben den gemessenen Plasmakonzentrationen (Cmax, Cmin) wurden pharmakokinetische Parameter wie t0,5, VdSS, AUC, Cltot, ClCRRT und Clextrarenal berechnet. Für Piperacillin wurde untersucht, ob die Plasmaspiegel der Patienten für das gesamte Dosierungsintervall oberhalb der geforderten vierfachen MHK von 64 mg/l liegen. Für Ciprofloxacin wurde untersucht, ob die aus gemessenen Plasmaspiegeln berechnete AUC den Quotienten aus AUC und MHK (=AUIC) ≥ 125 h erfüllt.Bei zehn der 21 mit Piperacillin behandelten Patienten lagen die Plasmaspiegel unterhalb der angestrebten Konzentration von 64 mg/l für das gesamte Dosierungsintervall. Das Patientenkollektiv wies eine große interindividuelle Variabilität auf. Mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 95 % waren 26 - 70 % der Patienten unterdosiert. In der Gruppe der mit Ciprofloxacin behandelten Patienten wurde die angestrebte AUIC von 125 h nur bei neun der 20 Patienten erreicht. Mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 95 % waren 29 - 76 % der Patienten unterdosiert. Die kontinuierlichen Nierenersatzverfahren hatten nur einen geringen Anteil an der totalen Clearance der untersuchten Antibiotika. Während die Clearance des kontinuierlichen Nierenersatzverfahren bei Piperacillin für ein Drittel der Arzneistoffelimination verantwortlich war, trug diese im Fall von Ciprofloxacin lediglich zu 16 % zur Arzneistoffelimination bei.Die Dosierung von Piperacillin/Tazobactam bzw. Ciprofloxacin sollte bei kritisch kranken Intensivpatienten mit kontinuierlicher Hämodialyse mindestens 4 mal 4/0,5 g pro Tag bzw. 2 mal 400 mg pro Tag betragen. Diese Empfehlungen sind insbesondere für die verwendeten Dialyseverfahren und -bedingungen zutreffend. Zur weiteren Optimierung der Antibiotikatherapie ist ein Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring empfehlenswert.