Guta-lagh, das ist : Der insel Gothland altes rechtsbuch : In der ursprache und einer wiederaufgefundenen altdeutschen uebersetzung hrsg. /

"Alte erzạhlung [i.e. Guta saga]": p. [106]-115.

The Hindraf saga : media and citizenship in Malaysia

In the early part of 2008, a major political upset was pulled off in the Southeast Asian nation of Malaysia when the ruling coalition, Barisan Nasional (National Front), lost its long-held parliamentary majority after the general elections. Given the astonishingly high profile of political bloggers and relatively well established alternative online new sites within the nation, it was not surprising that many new media proponents saw the result as a major triumph of the medium. Through a brief account of the Hindraf (Hindu Rights Action Force) saga and the socio-political dissent nursed, in part, through new media in contemporary Malaysia, this paper seeks to lend context to the events that precede and surround the election as an example of the relationship between media and citizenship in praxis. In so doing it argues that the political turnaround, if indeed it proves to be, cannot be considered the consequence of new media alone. Rather, that to comprehensively assess the implications of new media for citizenship is to take into account the specific histories, conditions and actions (or lack of) of the various social actors involved.

The aftermath of the Lehman Brothers collapse in Hong Kong : the saga, regulatory deficiencies and government responses

The paper examines the fallout of the Lehman Brothers collapse in Hong Kong. As an international financial hub in Asia, Hong Kong was profoundly affected by the collapse of this company. As a result, it impacted negatively on the public’s confidence in the Hong Kong’s banking sector. Furthermore, this event has exposed a number of regulatory deficiencies in Hong Kong. In response to this financial crisis, the Hong Kong government had made an unprecedented move to negotiate with local banks to refund the investors. In addition, the government has also sought public consultation on proposal to enhance the regulation of the sale of financial products. This paper argues that there needs to be amendments to the prevailing laws and the inclusions of legal rules to back up those proposed measures so that the disclosed information from the financial institution will not mislead the investors or misrepresent the products offered.

Narratives of possession : reading for saga authorship

The aim of this thesis is to show how character analysis can be used to approach conceptions of saga authorship in medieval Iceland. The idea of possession is a metaphor that is adopted early in the thesis, and is used to describe Icelandic sagas as works in which traditional material is subtly interpreted by medieval authors. For example, we can say that if authors claim greater possession of the sagas, they interpret, and not merely record, the sagas' historical information. On the other hand, tradition holds onto its possession of the narrative whenever it is not possible for an author to develop his own creative and historical interests. The metaphor of possession also underpins the character analysis in the thesis, which is based on the idea that saga authors used characters as a vehicle by which to possess saga narratives and so develop their own historical interests. The idea of possession signals the kinds of problems of authorship study which are addressed here, in particular, the question of the authors' sense of saga writing as an act either of preservation or of creation. While, in that sense, the thesis represents an additional voice in a long-standing debate about the saga writers' relation to their source materials, I argue against a clear-cut distinction between creative and non-creative authors, and focus instead on the wide variation in authorial control over saga materials. This variation suggests that saga authorship is a multi-functional activity, or one which co-exists with tradition. Further, by emphasising characterisation as a method, I am adding to the weight of scholarship that seeks to understand the sagas in terms of their literary effects. The Introduction and chapter one lay out the theoretical scope of this thesis. My aim in these first two sections is to inform the reader of the type of critical questions that arise when authorship is approached in relation to characterisation, and to suggest an interpretive framework with which to approach these questions. In the Introduction this aim manifests as a brief discussion of the application of the term "authorship" to the medieval Icelandic corpus, a definition of the scope of this study, and an introduction to the connections, made throughout this thesis, between saga authors, the sagas' narrative style, and the style of characterisation in the sagas. Chapter one is a far more detailed discussion of our ability to make these connections. In particular, the chapter develops the definition of the analytical term "secondary authorship" that I introduce in order to delineate the type of characterisation that is of most interest in this thesis. "Secondary authorship" is a literary term that aims to sharpen our approach to saga authors' relationship to their characters by focusing on characters who make representations about the events of the saga. The term refers to any instance in which characters behave in a manner that resembles the creativity, interpretation, and understanding associated with authorship more generally. Character analysis cannot, however, be divorced from socio-historical approaches to the saga corpus. Most importantly, the sagas themselves are socio-historical representations that claim some degree of truth value. This claim that the sagas make by implication about their historicity is the starting point of a discussion of authorship in medieval Iceland. Therefore, at the beginning of chapter one I discuss some of the approaches to the social context of saga writing. This discussion serves as an introduction to both the culture of saga writing in medieval Iceland and to the nature of the sagas' historical perspective, and reflects my sense that literary interpretations of the sagas cannot be isolated from the historical discourses that frame them. The chapter also discusses possession, which, as I note above, is used alongside the concept of secondary authorship to describe the saga authors' relationship with the stories and characters of the past. At the close of chapter one, I offer a preliminary list the various functions of saga authorship, and give some examples of secondary authorship. From this point I am able to tie my argument about secondary authorship to specific examples from the sagas. Chapter two examines the effect of family obligations and domestic points of view in the depiction of characters' choices and conception of themselves. The examples that are given in that chapter - from Gisla saga Súrssonar and Íslendinga saga - are the first of a number of textual analyses that demonstrate the application of the concepts of secondary authorship and possession of saga narratives. The relationship between narratives about national and domestic matters shows how authorial creativity in the area of kinship obligation provides the basis for the saga's development of historical themes. Thus, the two major case studies given in chapter two tie authorial engagement with characters to the most influential social institution in early and medieval Iceland, the family. The remaining chapters represent similar attempts to relate authorial possession of saga characters to central socio-historical themes in the sagas, such as the settlement process in early Iceland and its influence on the development of regional political life (chapter three). Likewise, the strong authorial interest in an Icelander's journey to Norway in Heimskringla is presented as evidence of the author's use of a saga character to express an Icelandic interpretation of Norwegian history and to promote a sense that Iceland shared the ownership of regal history with Norway (chapter four). In that authorial engagement with the Icelander abroad, we witness saga characterisation being used as a basis for historical interpretation and the means by which foreign traditions and influence, not least the narratives of royal lives and of the Christianisation, are claimed as part of medieval Icelanders' self-conception. While saga authors observe the conventions of saga narration, characters are often subtly positioned as the authors' interpretive mirrors, especially clear than when they act as secondary authors. Nowhere is this more apparent than in Brennu- Njáls saga, which contains many characters who voice the author's claim to interpret the past. Even Hrútr Herjólfsson, through his remarkable perception of events and his conspicuous comments about them, acts as a secondary author by enabling the author to emphasise the importance of the disposition of characters. In Laxdœla saga and Þorgils saga ok Hafliða, authorial interest in characters' perception is matched by the thematising of learning, from the inception of knowledge as prophecy or advice to complete understanding by saga characters (chapter six). In Þorgils saga skarða, a character's inner development from an excessively ambitious and politically ruthless youth to a Christian leader killed by his kinsman allows the author to shape a political life into a lesson about leadership and the community's ability to moderate and contain the behaviour of extraordinary individuals. The portrayal draws on methods of characterisation that we can identify in Grettis saga Ásmundarson, Fóstbrœðra saga, and Orkneyinga saga. A comparison of the characterisation of figures with intense political or military ambitions suggests that saga authors were interested in the community's ability to balance their strength and ability with a degree of social moderation. The discussion of these sagas shows that character study can be used to analyse how the saga authors added their own voice to the voices passed down to medieval Icelanders in traditional narratives. Authorial engagement with characters allowed inherited traditions about early Norway and Iceland and records of thirteenth century events to be transformed into sophisticated historical works with highly creative elements. Through secondary authorship, saga authors took joint-possession of narratives and contested the power of tradition in setting the interpretive framework of a saga.

Take a journey to saga country, Reykjavik, Iceland

A travel article about a journey to Reykholt in Western Iceland, once the farm of saga author Snorri Sturluson. A TRIP back into snowbound Iceland's past in search of a famed warrior-poet throws up some old memories and fresh revelations for Kari Gislason "The fish must sing." An odd idea, I know - one uttered by a merchant in a novel by Halldor Laxness. But it said no more than what every Icelander since the settlement had known. If you were going to live on the edge of the world, it paid to do something to remind the rest of the world you were still here...

The fantastic in the family sagas : implications for saga authorship

There is increasing acceptance that characterisation in the family sagas is complex enough to include the subtle incorporation of protagonists’ inner lives. Thus, despite saga authors’ apparent desire to pass on traditional stories, saga characterization brings with it the possibility of a connection between the medieval author and the early Icelandic community represented in the sagas, a break in the saga code of objective narration that adds further weight to recent arguments that saga authorship was conceived in broader terms than merely the preservation of oral tales. One such break in objectivity occurs in the range of responses to the fantastic, when characters are forced to interpret the supernatural or strange events in their lives. At such times, the author allows glimpses of the inner lives of characters, focussing our attention on the way in which characters perceived and dealt with extraordinary occurrences, but also highlighting and thematising the distinctive social context of the early Icelandic community.

Selma's saga [1916-1948]

The memoirs were written in 1982 in Sydney, Australia and include excerpts of letters from various relatives during the years 1938-1941. Early childhood recollections of World War One. The family was living in the 6th district of Vienna. Description of domestic life with maids, laundresses and a French governess. Death of her mother in 1918. Trip with her stepmother Ida Plohn to Prague. Recollections of a stay in the countryside at their maid's family, where Selma and her older sister Martha awaited the birth of their younger sister Trude. Memories of Christmas celebrations. Summer vacations in the mountains. Description of the extended family. Inflation and economic depression in the 1920s. Strict upbringing by her stepmother. Children recreation trip to Grado, Italy in 1925. Selma was accepted at the "Bundeserziehungsanstalt" for gifted students. Only few fellow Jewish students. Religious education with beloved rabbi Diamant. Recovery from tonsilitis in a senatorium in Aflenz, Austria. Celebration of Jewish holidays and visits at the Synagogue on Yom Kippur. Transfer to Realschule. Due to a sudden onset of various illnesses Selma was unable to continue school and had put an end to her father's dream of an university education for her. Difficult to find a position in the depression times of the early 1930s. Only few working options for a Jewish woman. Position as a secretary in a Jewish firm. Outings in the Vienna Woods. Membership in the Zionist group Betar.

Saga land: Richard Fidler and Kári Gíslason in Iceland

This is a four-part radio documentary produced for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National. Richard Fidler and Kári Gíslason travel to Iceland to tell the stories of the ancient Vikings, and to settle a longstanding family mystery.

Quantificação da área ocupada pela guta-percha e pelo Resilon em canais achatados após termoplastificação

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar, comparativamente, a área de preenchimento de dois materiais obturadores sólidos, cones de guta-percha (GP) e cones de Resilon (R), no terço apical de incisivos inferiores humanos, ex vivo, obturados pela técnica da onda contínua de condensação. Os espécimes foram submetidos a um protocolo, desde a cirurgia de acesso até o final do preparo químico-mecânico e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, de 21 dentes cada, de acordo com o material utilizado. Não foi utilizado cimento endodôntico em nenhuma das amostras. Após a obturação, as amostras foram seccionadas transversalmente em dois níveis, a 3 e a 5mm do ápice, e subdivididas em grupos de acordo com a altura de corte e do material obturador, sendo estabelecido: GP3 (guta-percha com corte a 3mm), GP5 (guta-percha com corte a 5mm), R3 (Resilon com corte a 3mm) e R5 (Resilon com corte a 5mm). Posteriormente, as amostras foram submetidas a um processo de lixamento e polimento e examinadas em microscópio óptico por reflexão com aumento de 50x a 100x. Para a análise e processamento digital das imagens, foi utilizado o sistema de imagens Axio Vision 4.6 para Windows, sendo obtidas as medidas para cada área observada em micrômetros (μm); uma da área da cavidade, e outra da área de material obturador. Foi aferido o grau de circularidade de cada amostra, por uma fórmula matemática utilizada automaticamente pelo programa, onde 1 (um) é considerado o círculo perfeito e, quanto mais achatado o canal, mais tendente a 0 (zero) nesta escala. Obteve-se a área do canal, a circularidade de 0 a 1, a área preenchida pelo material obturador e, a porcentagem da área de preenchimento do material obturador em relação à área do canal. Foi realizado o cruzamento dos grupos dois a dois pelo teste t de Student, sendo verificada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos GP3 e R3, tendo o grupo R3 apresentado maior porcentagem de área do canal radicular preenchida pelo material obturador em suas amostras (p<0,05). Na relação da circularidade com a quantidade de preenchimento, com o teste de Correlação de Pearson, não foi observada forte correlação entre a forma final do canal (relação de circularidade) e a quantidade de preenchimento do canal radicular pelos materiais obturadores testados. Conclui-se que houve grande variação de preenchimento mínimo e máximo em todos os grupos testados e o Resilon apresentou maior porcentagem de preenchimento de área do canal radicular em suas amostras.

Biocompatibilidade de um material a base de guta-percha autoadesiva (Bio-Gutta)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade de um material a base de guta-percha autoadesiva (Bio-Gutta) em tecido subcutâneo de camundongos. A guta-percha convencional foi utilizada como referência para comparação. Para isso, foram utilizados 30 camundongos, os quais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (Bio-Gutta e guta-percha convencional). Os materiais avaliados foram implantados na região dorsal dos camundongos. Após 7, 21 e 63 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e 5 amostras por grupo por tempo experimental foram obtidas. As amostras histológicas foram seccionadas em 5 m de espessura e coradas convencionalmente com hematoxilina e eosina. Um escore de I-IV foi utilizado para graduar a reação inflamatória. O teste U de Mann-Whitney com correção de Bonferroni foi utilizado para análise estatística (p < 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que, após 7 dias, a Bio-Gutta induziu uma reação tecidual de leve a moderada (II) e a guta-percha convencional apresentou uma resposta inflamatória de moderada a intensa (III). Após 21 dias, a Bio-Gutta induziu uma leve reação tecidual (I), enquanto que a guta-percha convencional ainda apresentava uma resposta inflamatória moderada (III). Uma reação tecidual de leve a ausente (I) foi observada na Bio-Gutta após 63 dias, ao passo que na guta-percha convencional observou-se uma resposta inflamatória de leve a moderada (II). Houve diferença significativa na mediana do grau de inflamação entre os grupos em cada tempo experimental (p = 0,005, aos 7 dias; p = 0,011, aos 21 dias; e p = 0,003, aos 63 dias). Concluiu-se então que a Bio-Gutta foi mais biocompatível que a guta-percha convencional em tecido subcutâneo de camundongos apresentando uma boa resposta tecidual.