Representaciones de la Guerra Civil en el diario El País : 1986, 1996, 2006

El lenguaje es siempre valorativo, aún cuando adopte formas aparentemente objetivas o neutras. Esta conjetura básica guía el análisis comparativo de diversos artículos aparecidos en el diario El País en los meses de julio de 1986, 1996 y 2006 en ocasión de los aniversarios del inicio de la Guerra Civil española (50, 60 y 70 años respectivamente). La intención es indagar qué versiones de la guerra ofrece cada uno y cuáles son las estrategias discursivas que utilizan para hacerlo. Es decir, cómo construyen una representación de ese acontecimiento fundamental en la historia de España y qué diferencias encontramos en el tratamiento discursivo que hacen de él. Se analizan algunas opciones discursivas que son claves en la construcción del referente: la selección temática y lexical, las expresiones que aluden a la guerra y la gramática particular que exhibe u oculta los participantes de las acciones. El hecho de que sea el mismo periódico nos autoriza a suponer que las diferencias lingüísticas e ideológicas que encontremos en la comparación responderán a cambios en las representaciones sociales de las cuales los medios son vehículos privilegiados. De este modo, el análisis luz sobre las transformaciones que la memoria de la Guerra Civil española sufrió en los últimos veinte años.

Representaciones de la Guerra Civil en el diario El País : 1986, 1996, 2006

El lenguaje es siempre valorativo, aún cuando adopte formas aparentemente objetivas o neutras. Esta conjetura básica guía el análisis comparativo de diversos artículos aparecidos en el diario El País en los meses de julio de 1986, 1996 y 2006 en ocasión de los aniversarios del inicio de la Guerra Civil española (50, 60 y 70 años respectivamente). La intención es indagar qué versiones de la guerra ofrece cada uno y cuáles son las estrategias discursivas que utilizan para hacerlo. Es decir, cómo construyen una representación de ese acontecimiento fundamental en la historia de España y qué diferencias encontramos en el tratamiento discursivo que hacen de él. Se analizan algunas opciones discursivas que son claves en la construcción del referente: la selección temática y lexical, las expresiones que aluden a la guerra y la gramática particular que exhibe u oculta los participantes de las acciones. El hecho de que sea el mismo periódico nos autoriza a suponer que las diferencias lingüísticas e ideológicas que encontremos en la comparación responderán a cambios en las representaciones sociales de las cuales los medios son vehículos privilegiados. De este modo, el análisis luz sobre las transformaciones que la memoria de la Guerra Civil española sufrió en los últimos veinte años.

Representaciones de la Guerra Civil en el diario El País : 1986, 1996, 2006

El lenguaje es siempre valorativo, aún cuando adopte formas aparentemente objetivas o neutras. Esta conjetura básica guía el análisis comparativo de diversos artículos aparecidos en el diario El País en los meses de julio de 1986, 1996 y 2006 en ocasión de los aniversarios del inicio de la Guerra Civil española (50, 60 y 70 años respectivamente). La intención es indagar qué versiones de la guerra ofrece cada uno y cuáles son las estrategias discursivas que utilizan para hacerlo. Es decir, cómo construyen una representación de ese acontecimiento fundamental en la historia de España y qué diferencias encontramos en el tratamiento discursivo que hacen de él. Se analizan algunas opciones discursivas que son claves en la construcción del referente: la selección temática y lexical, las expresiones que aluden a la guerra y la gramática particular que exhibe u oculta los participantes de las acciones. El hecho de que sea el mismo periódico nos autoriza a suponer que las diferencias lingüísticas e ideológicas que encontremos en la comparación responderán a cambios en las representaciones sociales de las cuales los medios son vehículos privilegiados. De este modo, el análisis luz sobre las transformaciones que la memoria de la Guerra Civil española sufrió en los últimos veinte años.

Processos metafóricos no desenvolvimento da escrita em aprendentes chineses de PLE

Esta é uma investigação em linguística aplicada que, ao procurar perceber melhor o modo como o processo de aprendizagem do aprendente chinês de português como língua estrangeira(PLE)pode ser afetado pela aquisição do significado metafórico, assume um pendor linguístico, não deixando de se situar no âmago do ato pedagógico. Admitindo a hipótese da existência de uma correlação positiva entre a frequência do uso da metáfora gramatical e o nível de proficiência dos aprendentes na expressão escrita, esta dissertação pretende aprofundar a compreensão dos mecanismos de aquisição do Português por aprendentes (PLE/PL2) que têm como língua materna o Chinês, designadamente os que se prendem com a aquisição de processos metafóricos. Neste estudo, teremos como referência a teorização sobre o significado metafórico proposto por Halliday (1985, 1994, 2004). A ocorrência de metáforas gramaticais foi escrutinada emdois manuais de ensino de PLE concebidos para os níveis A2 e B1 do QECR, de forma a poder identificar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, os padrões textuais metafóricos com que os aprendentes têm que lidar nestes momentos específicos do processo de aprendizagem. Para compreender a produção escrita de pendor metafórico dos aprendentes, é realizada análise sistemática de amostras da expressão escrita de alunos de PLE chineses dos mesmos dois níveis, constantes no Corpus de Português Língua Estrangeira/Língua Segunda, COPLE2. Do confronto dos dados dos dois planos de análise, foi possível confirmar que a transição entre os dois níveis subsequentes escolhidos (A2 e B1) representa uma mudança crucial no padrão metafórico, quer dos textos propostos aos aprendentes, quer dos textos por estes produzidos, mudança esta que pode explicar alguns dos bloqueios de aprendizagem associados ao nível B1 e seguintes. Foi possível, entre outros aspetos, identificar a primazia da metáfora ideacional na acomodação da expressão metafórica, compreender como o aprendente evita o recurso metafórico, tornando a sua escrita menos abstrata e densa, como o aprendente aborda a metáfora interpessoal, restringindo o seu uso a géneros discursivos muito específicos. Sendo, embora, um estudo exploratório, permite confirmar que esta linha de investigação oferece dados inestimáveis aos professores de PLE e agentes de ensino, em geral.

Technologizing inhumanity: A discursive practice

A political interview intended to justify refugee detention in Australia is analysed using an interdisciplinary critical discourse method. Barthesian semiotic theory in which the 'Other' is the foundation of national myth provides a context for a close textual analysis using Hallidayan linguistics. The lexico-grammatical analysis identifies features associated with processes (verbs), grammatical metaphors, and nominals. Essentially, the effect is to blunt agency and distance the speaker, but, more importantly, create a classificatory system that allows humans to be treated in certain ways according to bureaucratic procedures. The discursive strategy is labelled technologizing the inhumane because it objectifies the subjective, turning profound human issues into technical issues. Analysed discursively, the interview reveals how discursive control is established and how democracy is represented as impeding the orderly procedure of 'objective' procedures.

How is a fruit tree like you? Using artistic metaphors to explore and develop emotional competence in children

Counselling children often requires the use of supplementary strategies in order to interest and engage the child in the therapeutic process. One such strategy is the Metaphorical Fruit Tree (MFT); an art metaphor suited to exploring and developing self-concept. Quantitative and qualitative data was used to explore the relationships between children’s ability to use metaphor, age, gender, and level of emotional competence (N = 58). Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed a significant negative relationship between self-reported emotional competence and ability to use the MFT. It is proposed that children rely on different processes to understand self and as children’s ability to cognitively report on their emotional capabilities via the Emotional Competence Questionnaire (ECQ) increases, their ability to report creatively on those capabilities via the MFT is undermined. It is suggested that the MFT may be used, via creative processes and as an alternative to cognitive processes, to increase understanding and awareness of intrapersonal and interpersonal concepts of self in the child during counselling.

Literacy and identity : examining the metaphors in history and contemporary research

In this review, the authors interrogate the recent identity turn in literacy studies by asking the following: How do particular views of identity shape how researchers think about literacy and, conversely, how does the view of literacy taken by a researcher shape meanings made about identity? To address this question, the authors review various ways of conceptualizing identity by using five metaphors for identity documented in the identity literature: identity as (1) difference, (2) sense of self/subjectivity, (3) mind or consciousness, (4) narrative, and (5) position. Few literacy studies have acknowledged this range of perspectives on and views for conceptualizing identity and yet, subtle differences in identity theories have widely different implications for how one thinks about both how literacy matters to identity and how identity matters to literacy. The authors offer this review to encourage more theorizing of both literacy and identity as social practices and, most important, of how the two breathe life into each other.

Ezine and iRadio as knowledge creation metaphors for scaffolding learning in physical and virtual learning spaces

eZine and iRadio represent metaphors for multimedia communication on the Internet. Participating students experience a simulated Internet publishing environment in both their classroom and virtual learning environment. This chapter presents an autoethnographic account highlighting the voices of the learning designer and the teacher and provides evidence of the planning and implementation of two tertiary music elective courses over three iterations of each course. A blended learning environment was incorporated within each elective music course and a collaborative approach to development between lecturers, tutors, learning and technological designers using an iterative research design. The research suggests that learning design which provides real world examples and resources integrating authentic task design into their unit can provide meaningful and engaging experiences for students. The dialogue between learning designers and teachers and iterative review of the learning process and student outcomes, we believe, has engaged students meaningfully to achieve transferable learning outcomes.

Unlocking black box models of leadership effectiveness: Exploring alternative research and policy metaphors

There is an intimate interconnectivity between policy guidelines defining reform and the delineation of what research methods would be subsequently applied to determine reform success. Research is guided as much by the metaphors describing it as by the ensuing empirical definition of actions of results obtained from it. In a call for different reform policy metaphors Lumby and English (2010) note, “The primary responsibility for the parlous state of education... lies with the policy makers that have racked our schools with reductive and dehumanizing processes, following the metaphors of market efficiency, and leadership models based on accounting and the characteristics of machine bureaucracy” (p. 127)

Shifting meanings : The role of metaphors in collective meaning–making in complex project leadership

This paper examines the use of metaphors in collective meaning-making in the work of managers and leaders of megaprojects, drawing on interviews with thirty-three leaders of complex projects in a case study organisation responsible for the delivery of major acquisitions. Recognising the notion of both contextualised and decontextualised approaches to either seeking to elicit or project metaphors, the paper describes the various ways in practising project leaders describe their work and the synergies these metaphors have with the broader social discourse and theorisation around complexity and the language of complex adaptive systems. The paper presents our case study findings where we outline our typology of meta-metaphors describing project leaders’ multiple roles and our interpretation of the significance of these choices.

Metaphors of big data

Metaphors are a common instrument of human cognition, activated when seeking to make sense of novel and abstract phenomena. In this article we assess some of the values and assumptions encoded in the framing of the term big data, drawing on the framework of conceptual metaphor. We first discuss the terms data and big data and the meanings historically attached to them by different usage communities and then proceed with a discourse analysis of Internet news items about big data. We conclude by characterizing two recurrent framings of the concept: as a natural force to be controlled and as a resource to be consumed.

Learning through feedback loop metaphors

The metaphor of a feedback loop underpinned a significant curriculum change in a first year teacher-education unit. Assessment for Learning (AfL) practices such as discussing examples of previous student work and giving peer feedback were embedded within the curriculum design. The metaphor of a feedback loop connected these AfL practices into a purposeful process that informed student learning as well as tutor learning about student understanding, that then informed the next teaching episode. Student teachers (n=350) in twelve tutorial groups taught by eight university tutors were able to develop a shared understanding of quality performances before completing each assessment task. As well as providing ongoing insights to improve teaching, data from this action research project enabled the participant tutor-researchers to interrogate the concept of feedback loops. The researchers theorised sociocultural feedback loops as emergent, entangled and dynamic moves in a dance of knowing during which participants negotiated meaning and identities of capability.

Probabilistic orthographic cues to grammatical category in the brain

What helps us determine whether a word is a noun or a verb, without conscious awareness? We report on cues in the way individual English words are spelled, and, for the first time, identify their neural correlates via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used a lexical decision task with trisyllabic nouns and verbs containing orthographic cues that are either consistent or inconsistent with the spelling patterns of words from that grammatical category. Significant linear increases in response times and error rates were observed as orthography became less consistent, paralleled by significant linear decreases in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the left supramarginal gyrus of the left inferior parietal lobule, a brain region implicated in visual word recognition. A similar pattern was observed in the left superior parietal lobule. These findings align with an emergentist view of grammatical category processing which results from sensitivity to multiple probabilistic cues.