Evidence for a reference frame transformation of vestibular contributions to voluntary reaching movements

Les estimations des mouvements de soi provenant des signaux vestibulaires contribuent à la planification et l’exécution des mouvements volontaires du bras lorsque le corps se déplace. Cependant, comme les senseurs vestibulaires sont fixés à la tête alors que le bras est fixé au corps, les signaux vestibulaires doivent être transformés d’un système de référence centré sur la tête à un système centré sur le corps pour pouvoir contribuer de façon appropriée au contrôle moteur du bras. Le but premier de ce travail était d’étudier l’évidence d’une telle transformation. La stimulation galvanique vestibulaire (SGV) a été utilisée pour activer les afférences vestibulaires et simuler une rotation autour d’un axe naso-occipital fixe pendant que des sujets humains faisaient des mouvements du bras dans le plan horizontal, avec la tête dans différentes orientations. Une transformation des signaux vestibulaires implique que la SVG devrait simuler une rotation autour d’un axe horizontal lorsque la tête est droite et autour d’un axe vertical lorsque la tête est en flexion antérieure. La SGV devrait ainsi perturber les mouvements du bras en fonction de l’orientation de la tête. Nos résultats démontrent que les signaux vestibulaires contribuant aux mouvements d’atteinte sont effectivement transformés en un système de référence centrée sur le corps. Le deuxième but de ce travail était d’explorer les mécanismes utilisant ces signaux vestibulaires transformés. En comparant les effets de la SGV appliquée avant ou pendant les mouvements d’atteinte nous avons montré que les signaux vestibulaires transformés contribuent à des mécanismes de compensation distincts durant la planification des mouvements d’atteinte comparativement à l’exécution.

Hand somatosensory subcortical and cortical sources assessed by functional source separation:an EEG study

We propose a novel electroencephalographic application of a recently developed cerebral source extraction method (Functional Source Separation, FSS), which starts from extracranial signals and adds a functional constraint to the cost function of a basic independent component analysis model without requiring solutions to be independent. Five ad-hoc functional constraints were used to extract the activity reflecting the temporal sequence of sensory information processing along the somatosensory pathway in response to the separate left and right median nerve galvanic stimulation. Constraints required only the maximization of the responsiveness at specific latencies following sensory stimulation, without taking into account that any frequency or spatial information. After source extraction, the reliability of identified FS was assessed based on the position of single dipoles fitted on its retroprojected signals and on a discrepancy measure. The FS positions were consistent with previously reported data (two early subcortical sources localized in the brain stem and thalamus, the three later sources in cortical areas), leaving negligible residual activity at the corresponding latencies. The high-frequency component of the oscillatory activity (HFO) of the extracted component was analyzed. The integrity of the low amplitude HFOs was preserved for each FS. On the basis of our data, we suggest that FSS can be an effective tool to investigate the HFO behavior of the different neuronal pools, recruited at successive times after median nerve galvanic stimulation. As FSs are reconstructed along the entire experimental session, directional and dynamic HFO synchronization phenomena can be studied.

Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Induces a Spatial Bias in Whole-body Position Estimates

Letter to the Editor

Évaluation du contrôle sensorimoteur chez les patients ayant une scoliose idiopathique de l'adolescent - Vers un biomarqueur des troubles sensorimoteur basé sur la stimulation vestibulaire galvanique

La scoliose est la pathologie déformante du rachis la plus courante de l’adolescence. Dans 80 % des cas, elle est idiopathique, signifiant qu’aucune cause n’a été associée. Les scolioses idiopathiques répondent à un modèle multifactoriel incluant des facteurs génétiques, environnementaux, neurologiques, hormonaux, biomécaniques et de croissance squelettique. Comme hypothèse neurologique, une anomalie vestibulaire provoquerait une asymétrie d’activation des voies vestibulospinales et des muscles paravertébraux commandés par cette voie, engendrant la déformation scoliotique. Certains modèles animaux permettent de reproduire ce mécanisme. De plus, des anomalies liées au système vestibulaire, comme des troubles de l’équilibre, sont observées chez les patients avec une scoliose. La stimulation vestibulaire galvanique permet d’explorer le contrôle sensorimoteur de l’équilibre puisqu’elle permet d’altérer les afférences vestibulaires. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer le contrôle sensorimoteur en évaluant la réaction posturale provoquée par cette stimulation chez les patients et les participants contrôle. Dans la première étude, les patients sont plus déstabilisés que les contrôles et il n’y a pas de lien entre l’ampleur de l’instabilité et la sévérité de la scoliose. Dans la deuxième étude, à l’aide d’un modèle neuromécanique, un poids plus grand aux signaux vestibulaires a été attribué aux patients. Dans la troisième étude, un problème sensorimoteur est également observé chez les jeunes adultes ayant une scoliose, excluant ainsi que le problème soit dû à la maturation du système nerveux. Dans une étude subséquente, des patients opérés pour réduire leur déformation du rachis, montrent également une réaction posturale de plus grande amplitude à la stimulation comparativement à des participants contrôle. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’anomalie sensorimotrice ne serait pas secondaire à la déformation. Finalement, un algorithme a été développé pour identifier les patients ayant un problème sensorimoteur. Les patients montrant un contrôle sensorimoteur anormal ont également une réponse vestibulomotrice plus grande et attribuent plus de poids aux informations vestibulaires. Globalement, les résultats de cette thèse montrent qu’un déficit sensorimoteur expliquerait l’apparition de la scoliose mais pas sa progression. Le dysfonctionnement sensorimoteur n’est pas présent chez tous les patients. L’algorithme permettant une classification de la performance sensorimotrice pourrait être utile pour de futures études cliniques.

The stimulation of healing within a rat calvarial defect by mPCL–TCP/collagen scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been widely investigated for their clinical use in bone repair and it is known that a suitable carrier matrix to deliver them is essential for optimal bone regeneration within a specific defect site. Fused deposited modeling (FDM) allows for the fabrication of medical grade poly 3-caprolactone/tricalcium phosphate (mPCL–TCP) scaffolds with high reproducibility and tailor designed dimensions. Here we loaded FDM fabricated mPCL–TCP/collagen scaffolds with 5 mg recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 and evaluated bone healing within a rat calvarial critical-sized defect. Using a comprehensive approach, this study assessed the newly regenerated bone employing microcomputed tomography (mCT), histology/histomorphometry, and mechanical assessments. By 15 weeks, mPCL–TCP/collagen/rhBMP-2 defects exhibited complete healing of the calvarium whereas the non- BMP-2-loaded scaffolds showed significant less bone ingrowth, as confirmed by mCT. Histomorphometry revealed significantly increased bone healing amongst the rhBMP-2 groups compared to non-treated scaffolds at 4 and 15 weeks, although the % BV/TV did not indicate complete mineralisation of the entire defect site. Hence, our study confirms that it is important to combine microCt and histomorphometry to be able to study bone regeneration comprehensively in 3D. A significant up-regulation of the osteogenic proteins, type I collagen and osteocalcin, was evident at both time points in rhBMP-2 groups. Although mineral apposition rates at 15 weeks were statistically equivalent amongst treatment groups, microcompression and push-out strengths indicated superior bone quality at 15 weeks for defects treated with mPCL–TCP/collagen/rhBMP-2. Consistently over all modalities, the progression of healing was from empty defect < mPCL–TCP/collagen < mPCL–TCP/collagen/rhBMP-2, providing substantiating data to support the hypothesis that the release of rhBMP-2 from FDM-created mPCL–TCP/collagen scaffolds is a clinically relevant approach to repair and regenerate critically-sized craniofacial bone defects. Crown Copyright 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biceps brachii muscle oxygenation in electrical muscle stimulation

The purpose of this study was to compare between electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and maximal voluntary (VOL) isometric contractions of the elbow flexors for changes in biceps brachii muscle oxygenation (tissue oxygenation index, TOI) and haemodynamics (total haemoglobin volume, tHb = oxygenated-Hb + deoxygenated-Hb) determined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The biceps brachii muscle of 10 healthy men (23–39 years) was electrically stimulated at high frequency (75 Hz) via surface electrodes to evoke 50 intermittent (4-s contraction, 15-s relaxation) isometric contractions at maximum tolerated current level (EMS session). The contralateral arm performed 50 intermittent (4-s contraction, 15-s relaxation) maximal voluntary isometric contractions (VOL session) in a counterbalanced order separated by 2–3 weeks. Results indicated that although the torque produced during EMS was approximately 50% of VOL (P<0Æ05), there was no significant difference in the changes in TOI amplitude or TOI slope between EMS and VOL over the 50 contractions. However, the TOI amplitude divided by peak torque was approximately 50% lower for EMS than VOL (P<0Æ05), which indicates EMS was less efficient than VOL. This seems likely because of the difference in the muscles involved in the force production between conditions. Mean decrease in tHb amplitude during the contraction phases was significantly (P<0Æ05) greater for EMS than VOL from the 10th contraction onwards, suggesting that the muscle blood volume was lower in EMS than VOL. It is concluded that local oxygen demand of the biceps brachii sampled by NIRS is similar between VOL and EMS.

Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation produces sustained improvement in primary progressive freezing of gait

Objective: To assess the efficacy of bilateral pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a treatment for primary progressive freezing of gait (PPFG). ------ ----- Methods: A patient with PPFG underwent bilateral PPN-DBS and was followed clinically for over 14 months. ------ ----- Results: The PPFG patient exhibited a robust improvement in gait and posture following PPN-DBS. When PPN stimulation was deactivated, postural stability and gait skills declined to pre-DBS levels, and fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography revealed hypoactive cerebellar and brainstem regions, which significantly normalised when PPN stimulation was reactivated. ------ ----- Conclusions: This case demonstrates that the advantages of PPN-DBS may not be limited to addressing freezing of gait (FOG) in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The PPN may also be an effective DBS target to address other forms of central gait failure.

Biaxial cell stimulation : a mechanical validation

To analyse mechanotransduction resulting from tensile loading under defined conditions, various devices for in vitro cell stimulation have been developed. This work aimed to determine the strain distribution on the membrane of a commercially available device and its consistency with rising cycle numbers, as well as the amount of strain transferred to adherent cells. The strains and their behaviour within the stimulation device were determined using digital image correlation (DIC). The strain transferred to cells was measured on eGFP-transfected bone marrow-derived cells imaged with a fluorescence microscope. The analysis was performed by determining the coordinates of prominent positions on the cells, calculating vectors between the coordinates and their length changes with increasing applied tensile strain. The stimulation device was found to apply homogeneous (mean of standard deviations approx. 2% of mean strain) and reproducible strains in the central well area. However, on average, only half of the applied strain was transferred to the bone marrow-derived cells. Furthermore, the strain measured within the device increased significantly with an increasing number of cycles while the membrane's Young's modulus decreased, indicating permanent changes in the material during extended use. Thus, strain magnitudes do not match the system readout and results require careful interpretation, especially at high cycle numbers.