Modeling geometric rules in object based models:an XML / GML approach

Most object-based approaches to Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have concentrated on the representation of geometric properties of objects in terms of fixed geometry. In our road traffic marking application domain we have a requirement to represent the static locations of the road markings but also enforce the associated regulations, which are typically geometric in nature. For example a give way line of a pedestrian crossing in the UK must be within 1100-3000 mm of the edge of the crossing pattern. In previous studies of the application of spatial rules (often called 'business logic') in GIS emphasis has been placed on the representation of topological constraints and data integrity checks. There is very little GIS literature that describes models for geometric rules, although there are some examples in the Computer Aided Design (CAD) literature. This paper introduces some of the ideas from so called variational CAD models to the GIS application domain, and extends these using a Geography Markup Language (GML) based representation. In our application we have an additional requirement; the geometric rules are often changed and vary from country to country so should be represented in a flexible manner. In this paper we describe an elegant solution to the representation of geometric rules, such as requiring lines to be offset from other objects. The method uses a feature-property model embraced in GML 3.1 and extends the possible relationships in feature collections to permit the application of parameterized geometric constraints to sub features. We show the parametric rule model we have developed and discuss the advantage of using simple parametric expressions in the rule base. We discuss the possibilities and limitations of our approach and relate our data model to GML 3.1. © 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Anti-HIV-1 Activities of Hemslecins A and B

目的:研究从药用植物金佛山雪胆分离的雪胆素A和雪胆素B两个三萜类化合物的体外抗HIV活性.方法:应用合胞体抑制实验、p24抗原产生的抑制实验、慢性感染细胞和正常细胞间的细胞融合抑制实验等技术检测化合物的体外抗HIV-l活性;利用HIV-l逆转录酶、蛋白酶抑制实验,NCp7锌离子逐出实验探讨化合物的作用机制.结果:雪胆素A和雪胆素B在体外有较好的抑制HIV-l活性,其活性主要表现为:(1)抑制HIV-l诱导合胞体形成,EC50值分别为3.09 μg·mL-1和2.53μg·mL-1;(2)抑制HIV- 急性感染的C8106细胞p24抗原产生,EC50值分别为3.97μg·mL-1和18.90μg·mL-1;(3)抑制HIV-1 慢性感染H9与正常C8166细胞间融合,EC50分别为1.76μg·mL-1和11.95μg·mL-1.雪胆素A和雪胆素B对HIV-l逆转录酶、蛋白酶、NCp7锌离子逐出均没有抑制作用.雪胆素A对HIV-1整合酶有微弱的结合活性,而雪胆素B对HIV-1整合酶没有结合活性.在共培养实验中,雪胆素A和雪胆素B预处理C8166细胞组比未经预处理细胞组能够更有效的抑制HIV-l活性.结论:化合物雪胆素A和雪胆素B体外有较好的抗HIV-1活性,可能主要作用于HIV-1病毒进入细胞阶段.

四个小檗碱类化合物的体外抗HIV-1活性

目的:研究小檗碱和巴马汀母核上己基的引入对化合物抗HIV-1活性的影响,并比较结构相似的小檗碱和巴马汀抗HIV-1活性的差异.方法:考察4个化合物对重组HIV-1 RT活性、HIV-1复制和细胞毒性的影响.结果:小檗碱和巴马汀有较强的体外抑制HIV-1重组逆转录酶活性, EC50分别是63.1和44.52 μg·mL-1;己基巴马汀有一定的抗HIV-1活性,合胞体抑制的EC50是0.08 μg·mL-1,治疗指数为11.38;巴马汀对各种细胞系的细胞毒性较其他3种化合物小.结论:己基巴马汀有一定的抗HIV-1活性,己基的引入可能改变了其作用机制,提示构效关系的研究将为寻找高效低毒的天然化合物提供实验依据.

卵叶槲寄生化学成分体外抗HIV活性的初步研究

　目的: 探讨卵叶槲寄生化学成分的体外抗人免疫缺陷病毒(H IV)活性。方法:采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法测定化合物的细胞毒性;细胞病变法检测化合物对H IV急性感染的抑制活性; H IV21 p24抗原EL ISA方法检测化合物对慢性感染细胞中H IV复制的影响。计算化合物的抑制率和半数抑制浓度(EC50 )。结果:多种卵叶槲寄生的化学成分具有体外抑制H IV复制的作用,特别是3, 5, 7, 4′2 四羟基23′2 甲氧基黄烷酮和圣草酚。3,5, 7, 4′2 四羟基23′2 甲氧基黄烷酮在2～3μg·mL- 1的浓度范围内对H IV21和H IV22复制的抑制率均≥50%,而对 C8166细胞的半数细胞毒性浓度(CC50 ) >200μg·mL - 1。圣草酚在低浓度(1. 5～2. 5μg·mL- 1 )时,对H IV21和H IV22复制的抑制率达50%,其对C8166细胞的CC50为43. 40μg·mL - 1。结论:卵叶槲寄生化学成分3, 5, 7, 4′2四羟基23′2 甲氧基黄烷酮和圣草酚对H IV21和H IV22的体外复制均有不同程度的抑制作用。

三个非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂S-DABO类衍生物的体外抗HIV作用(英文)

本文对3个新S-DABO类衍合物(RZK-4、RZK-5、RZK-6)的体外抗HIV活性进行了研究。化合物RZK-4、RZK-5和RZK-6在200μg·mL-1的浓度下均能完全抑制HIV-1逆转录酶的活性。3个化合物对多种细胞均呈现出低毒性,且均在较低浓度下具有抑制HIV-1病毒实验株、临床株和耐药株的作用,治疗指数为3704～38462。其中,化合物RZK-6对HIV-1耐药株HIV-1IIIBA17具有非常显著的抑制作用。结果表明,这3种S-DABO类衍生物有良好的体外抗HIV-1作用,具有开发成为抗HIV-1药物的前景。

7 种蛇毒小肽对临床分离耐(多) 药结核分枝杆菌的体外活性研究

目的　检测7 种从蛇毒分离的小肽是否对临床分离的耐药性结核分枝杆菌菌株具有活性。方法　放射性方法检测蛇毒 小肽对结核分枝杆菌的最小抑制浓度,细菌存活计数确证放射性方法的结果。结果　7 种蛇毒小肽对耐药性结核分枝杆菌菌 株都有活性。其MIC 值分别为(μg·mL - 1) : Opiophagus hannah 5. 4 , Naja at ra 8. 6 , B ungarus f asciatus 6. 4 , Trimeresurus ste2 jnegri 12. 6 , Protobothrops mucrosquamatus 11. 8 , Protobothrops jerdonii 7 , A gksist rodon halys 4. 2 。结论　这些结果是首次报 道,为进一步设计和开发新来源的抗结核病新药提供了依据。

温带森林土壤溶液溶解性N_2O和CO_2含量特征及其影响机制

利用陶瓷头土壤溶液收集器采集2006年7月～2007年8月间长白山阔叶红松天然林不同深度(15cm和60 cm)土壤溶液,探讨应用气液萃取平衡-气相色谱法测定森林土壤溶液中溶解性气体N_2O和CO_2浓度的可行性,并利用此方法研究林地不同深度土壤溶液中两种气体含量特征及其影响机理。研究结果显示观测期内林地15 cm和60 cm深度土壤溶液中溶解性CO_2浓度的变化范围分别为5.26～10.71μg·mL~(-1)(C)和3.13～6.16μg·mL~(-1)(C),溶解性N_2O浓度的变化范围分别为2.44～13.40 ng·mL~(-1)(N)和3.23～27.98 ng·mL~(-1)(N)。阔叶红松天然林土壤溶液中溶解性CO_2和N_2O浓度均呈现出明显的季节性变化。春融后的降水促进了土壤溶液中溶解性N_2O产生,尤其在60 cm深度。与60 cm深度相比,林地15 cm深度溶液中溶解性CO_2浓度的季节性变化更明显,尤其在植物生长旺季。逐步回归分析显示,水溶性有机碳含量可以解释林地不同深度溶液中溶解性CO_2浓度变化的29%;水溶性有机氮含量可以解释林地60 cm深度溶解性N_2O浓度变化的34%。因此,水溶性有机碳和有机氮分别是长白山阔叶红松林土壤溶液溶解性CO_2和N_2O形成的重要因子。同时研究结果表明本文实验方法对于测定林地不同深度土壤溶液中溶解性N_2O和CO_2含量均有较好的适用性,连续三次萃取后所获得的气体浓度可有效反映溶液中的实际气体浓度。

时间分辨激光荧光光谱技术在免疫分析中的应用

本研究以时间分辨激发荧光光谱分析技术为基础,进行稀土离子标记的激光激发的时间分辨荧光免疫分析(TRFIA)研究.实验以自行合成的二乙三胺五醋酸酐(DTPAA)为双功能螯合剂.用Eu3+标记兔抗人(RAH)IgG抗体,依据解离增强原理(DELFIA),研究了Eu3+-β萘甲酰三氟丙酮(β-NTA)的荧光分辨体系,测定了荧光光谱和荧光寿命,建立了铕离子分析检出方法,其工作曲线范围为1×10-7～1×10-11 g·mL-1,检测限为1×10-13 g·mL-1,相对标准偏差为6.4%.结合TRFIA方法学研究,进行了人血清丙型肝炎病毒抗体(Anti-HCV)检测.并同酶联免疫法(ELISA)对比.取得TRFIA法阳性检测率明显高于ELISA法的结果.

藏药二十五味鬼臼丸定性定量方法研究

目的：建立藏药二十五味鬼臼丸的定性定量方法。方法：采用TLC法对二十五味鬼臼丸中的沉香、诃子进行鉴别；采用RP—HPLC法，Symmetry C_(18)色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，50μm），以甲醇-水（60：40）为流动相，流速1．0mL•min~(-1)，检测波长为343nm，柱温30℃，进样量10μL，对二十五味鬼臼丸中的胡椒碱进行含量测定。结果：薄层斑点清晰，专属性强；胡椒碱浓度在2．24—11．20μg•mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9991），平均回收率（n=6）为97．4％（RSD为1．7％）。结论：该方法快速、简单、准确，重复性好，可有效控制二十五味鬼臼丸的质量。

Usando o Google Earth para publicar dados proprietários.

Geography markup language - GML. Keyhole markup language - KML. Google earth. Google earth client.

FASCIOLA-HEPATICA - ULTRASTRUCTURAL-CHANGES TO THE TEGUMENT OF JUVENILE FLUKES FOLLOWING INCUBATION IN-VITRO WITH THE DEACETYLATED (AMINE) METABOLITE OF DIAMPHENETHIDE

Ultrastructural changes to the tegument of 5-week-old, 3-week-old and freshly-excysted Fasciola hepatica following in vitro incubation with the deacetylated (amine) metabolite of diamphenethide (DAMD, 10 mu gml(-1)) were examined by transmission electron microscopy, A similar sequence of tegumental changes occurred in all three age groups of fluke, although, with increasing fluke age, the time before onset increased and the damage became more extensive. The 5-week-old flukes showed an initial stress response after 3 h, typified by blebbing of the apical plasma membrane, formation of microvilli and an accumulation and accelerated release of secretory bodies at the tegumental apex, as well as swelling of the basal infolds, The swelling increased in extent with progressively longer periods of incubation in DAMD, leading to extreme edema and sloughing of the tegument after 9 h. The 3-week-old flukes showed a stress response and swelling of the basal infolds after only 1.5 h, although sloughing of the tegument did not occur until after 9 h. In the freshly-excysted metacercaria, a stress response and some sloughing of the tegument were evident after only 0.5 h. At all stages of development, the ventral tegument was more severely affected than the dorsal, Changes also occurred to the tegumental cells which were indicative of a disruption in the synthesis and release of tegumental secretory bodies: the amount of GER became reduced, the cisternae became swollen and their ribosomal covering decreased, the Golgi complexes disappeared from the cells and the numbers of secretory bodies in the cells also decreased, The heterochromatin content of the nuclei increased and eventually the tegumental cells began to break down, Again, the changes became apparent more rapidly at the earlier stages of development. The ultrastructural changes to the tegument are linked to a possible mode of action for diamphenethide as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. In turn, the results may help to explain the drug's high efficacy against juvenile stages of F. hepatica.

Electrically-responsive anti-adherent hydrogels for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy

The loading of the photosensitisers meso-Tetra (N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate (TMP), methylene blue (MB) and IMP with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) into and release from hydrogels composed of the polyelectrolyte poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) crosslinked in a 2:1 ratio with PEG 10,000 were investigated as a potential rapid photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) treatment for infected wounds using iontophoresis as a novel delivery method. Photosensitiser uptake was very high; (% TMP uptake; 95.53-96.72%) (% MB uptake; 90.58-93.26%) and was PMVE/MA concentration independent, whilst SDS severely limited TMP uptake (5.93-8.75%). Hydrogel hardness, compressibility and adhesiveness on the dermal surface of neonate porcine skin increased with PMVE/MA concentration and were significantly increased with SDS.

The ionic conductivities of the hydrogels increased with PMVE/MA concentration. Drug release was PMVE/MA concentration independent, except for drug release under iontophoteric conditions for MB and TMP (without SDS). In just 15 min, the mean% drug concentrations released of TMP, TMP (with SDS) and MB using an electric current ranged from 22.30 to 64.72 mu gml(-1), 6.37-4.59 mu gml(-1) and 11.73-36.57 mu gml(-1) respectively. These concentrations were in excess of those required to induce complete kill of clinical strains of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Burkholderia cepacia. Thus these results support our contention that the iontophoteric delivery of IMP and MB using anti-adherent, electrically-responsive, PEG-crosslinked PMVE/MA hydrogels are a potential option in the rapid PACT treatment of infected wounds. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Design and physicochemical characterisation of novel dissolving polymeric microneedle arrays for transdermal delivery of high dose, low molecular weight drugs

We describe formulation and evaluation of novel dissolving polymeric microneedle (MN) arrays for the facilitated delivery of low molecular weight, high dose drugs. Ibuprofen sodium was used as the model here and was successfully formulated at approximately 50% w/w in the dry state using the copolymer poly(methylvinylether/maleic acid). These MNs were robust and effectively penetrated skin in vitro, dissolving rapidly to deliver the incorporated drug. The delivery of 1.5mg ibuprofen sodium, the theoretical mass of ibuprofen sodium contained within the dry MN alone, was vastly exceeded, indicating extensive delivery of the drug loaded into the baseplates. Indeed in in vitro transdermal delivery studies, approximately 33mg (90%) of the drug initially loaded into the arrays was delivered over 24h. Iontophoresis produced no meaningful increase in delivery. Biocompatibility studies and in vivo rat skin tolerance experiments raised no concerns. The blood plasma ibuprofen sodium concentrations achieved in rats (263μgml(-1) at the 24h time point) were approximately 20 times greater than the human therapeutic plasma level. By simplistic extrapolation of average weights from rats to humans, a MN patch design of no greater than 10cm(2) could cautiously be estimated to deliver therapeutically-relevant concentrations of ibuprofen sodium in humans. This work, therefore, represents a significant progression in exploitation of MN for successful transdermal delivery of a much wider range of drugs.

Biomimetic norfloxacin sensors made of molecularly-imprinted materials for potentiometric transduction

A biomimetic sensor for norfloxacin is presented that is based on host-guest interactions and potentiometric transduction. The artificial host was imprinted into polymers made from methacrylic acid and/or 2-vinyl pyridine. The resulting particles were entrapped in a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix. The sensors exhibit near-Nernstian response in steady state evaluations, and detection limits range from 0.40 to 1.0 μgmL−1, respectively, and are independent of pH values at between 2 and 6, and 8 and 11, respectively. Good selectivity was observed over several potential interferents. In flowing media, the sensors exhibit fast response, a sensitivity of 68.2 mV per decade, a linear range from 79 μM to 2.5 mM, a detection limit of 20 μgmL−1, and a stable baseline. The sensors were successfully applied to field monitoring of norfloxacin in fish samples, biological samples, and pharmaceutical products