954 resultados para Fungo
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1999
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar duas vantagens (bom espalhamento e eficiencia) do uso de formulacoes de fungo em oleos adjuvantes emulsionaveis (OAE) em relação a outras formulacoes utilizadas no controle biologico de pragas. O espalhamento de conidios do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae, formulados em diferentes concentracoes ( 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% e 25%) de OAE Codacide, foram comparados entre si, com uma formulacao-padrao de agua com 0,05% Tween 80, com uma formulacao em oleo puro de amedoim e formulacao da mistura de oleos minerais (50% Shellsol T e 50% Ondina EL) sobre superficie hidrofobica de papel siliconado. Em seguida, realizou-se um bioensaio para comparacao da eficiencia das diferentes formulacoes de fungo, exceto a mistura de oleos minerais sobre larvas do coleoptero Tenebrio molitor. Os resultados demonstraram que os primeiros 30 minutos são suficientes para que as formuladas atinjam o espalhamento maximo. Quando a concentracao de OAE aumenta, o espalhamento tambem melhora. As formulacoes oleosas espalham mais que as formulacoes a base de agua. Concentracoes de OAE entre 5% e 25% aumenta, a infectividade do fungo e são mais eficientes que o fungo em agua com Tween e tão eficientes quanto as oleosas.
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O fungo Pochonia chlamydospoia é um potencial agente de controlo biológico dos nemátodes-das-galhas-radiculares. Com este trabalho, pretendeu-se avaliar a eficácia de inoculações de clamidósporos no solo, no estabelecimento de uma população do fungo no solo e na raiz de tomateiro em estufa com níveis de densidade iguais ou superiores aos considerados como necessários para um eficaz controlo dos nematodes-das-galhas-radiculares. Ao longo de dois anos de ensaio, fórum efetuadas inoculações do isolado PcMR e avaliada a densidade de fungo no solo e na raiz, As inoculações efetuadas permitiram estabelecer uma população de P. chlamydosporia no solo e atingir os valores de densidade pretendidos. No entanto, os valores pretendidos para colonização da raiz pelo fungo foram atingidos apenas no primeiro ano. Foi igualmente demonstrada a capacidade do fungo em se manter no solo durante longos períodos de tempo mesmo na ausência de cultura e em condições adversas de humidade e temperatura. /ABSTRACT: Pochonia chlamydosporia is a potential root-knot nematode biological control agent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of chlamydospore inoculations at the soil, for the establishment at both soil and greenhouse tomato root, of a fungus population in density levels equal or superior to those considered as needed for an effective control of root-knot nematode. Along two years, several inoculations using the Portuguese isolate PcMR were made and the density of fungus at the soil and roots studied. These inoculations allowed the establishment of a population of P. chlamydosporia at the soil and achieve the desired density values. However, only in the first year of assay, the desired values of root colonization by fungus were achieved. lt was also demonstrated that P. chlamydosporia can survive for itself at the soil for a long period of time even in the absence of plant culture and in adverse moist and temperature conditions.
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Os Fungos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (FMAs) desempenham um papel importante na sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas, devido a importância da simbiose que formam com a maioria das plantas. A associação destes fungos com as raízes possibilita uma melhor nutrição das plantas, além de promover o crescimento e a resistência a fatores causadores de estresse. Desta forma, auxiliam no aumento da produtividade das mesmas, e na redução do uso de insumos químicos, como fertilizantes e agrotóxicos, na agricultura. Em função ao caráter de simbiontes obrigatórios, é de grande interesse o desenvolvimento de processos que permitam o isolamento, caracterização, manutenção de isolados e produção de inóculo desses fungos. Assim, com o objetivo de produzir um método de cultivo axênico, e que também possa auxiliar o estudo destes em áreas como a biologia molecular, testou-se protocolos de micropropagação para a produção in vitro de Glomus etunicatum W. N. Becker & Gerd., utilizando-se como hospedeiro raízes de tomateiro, videira e menta. Além destas culturas, que foram propagadas vegetativamente para a manutenção das culturas estoques e enraizadas in vitro com a aplicação exógena do regulador de crescimento ácido indolbutírico (AIB), trabalhou-se também com a cultura da menta, mas devido a problemas que ocorreram durante a etapa de enraizamento, não foi possível efetivar a associação do inóculo Na inoculação de esporos em raízes da videira cultivadas in vitro, não se obteve êxito. Com o cultivo in vitro de raízes de tomateiro foi possível conduzir os trabalhos até a etapa de colonização do FMA. No enraizamento in vitro das três culturas trabalhadas foi avaliado o número e o comprimento médio das raízes cultivadas nos meios de enraizamento nas doses de 0, 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 de AIB. Para o tomateiro e a menta, o número e o comprimento médio de raízes por explante foram significativamente maiores com a dose de 1,0 mg.L-1 de AIB. Entretanto, para a cultura da videira, embora o uso de AIB, em ambas as doses de 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 induziram um maior número de raízes, o comprimento médio de raízes foi maior quando AIB não foi adicionado no meio de enraizamento.
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A caracterização molecular e morfofisiológica de 28 isolados de Metarhizium ssp. foi avaliada por análises de seqüências do espaçador transcrito interno (ITS1 e ITS2), presença de elementos dsRNA e taxa de crescimento e esporulação em diferentes temperaturas e pH. A patogenicidade de 19 isolados do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium ssp. foi avaliada para fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato Boophilus microplus. As alterações cronológicas durante o processo de infecção Metarhizium anisopliae isolado E6 em B. microplus foi avaliada em detalhe por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. O seqüenciamento do espaçador transcrito interno confirmou a identidade taxonômica dos isolados avaliados como M. anisopliae var. anisopliae ou M. anisopliae var. majus e mostrou que dois isolados (CG291 e CG423), previamente classificados como Metarhizium flavoviride, são pertencentes a M. anisopliae var. anisopliae. Os testes sobre a influência da temperatura e pH no desenvolvimento e esporulação dos isolados evidenciaram que a melhor temperatura de crescimento para a maioria desses foi 28oC e que o crescimento foi ótimo na faixa de pH entre 4 a 9. Os bioensaios mostraram que três isolados (C14, CG47 e CG97) foram altamente patogênicos para fêmeas ingurgitadas de B. microplus sendo tão virulentos quanto o isolado E6, previamente analisado, causando cerca de 90-100% de mortalidade ao 4o dia de infecção. Outros isolados foram menos virulentos ou não mostraram virulência para o carrapato. A presença de dsRNA foi avaliada em 28 isolados e detectada em 21 isolados. Vários padrões de dsRNA foram observados baseados no tamanho molecular analisado por eletroforese em gel de agarose. Nenhuma correlação foi observada entre a presença de dsRNA e a virulência do fungo. As observações microscópicas evidenciaram que o fungo M. anisopliae isolado E6 invade seu hospedeiro por penetração direta da cutícula, sendo que este processo envolveu as etapas de adesão e germinação dos conídios, formação do apressório e penetração do fungo na cutícula do hospedeiro. A adesão e germinação dos conídios na superfície da cutícula se iniciou após 24 h de infecção. Neste mesmo tempo, ocorreu diferenciação do apressório, estrutura que exerce a pressão mecânica durante o processo de penetração, sendo que este processo é facilitado pela ação de enzimas hidrolíticas secretadas pelo fungo. A penetração de algumas hifas ocorreu até 24 h após a infecção do fungo, embora, neste mesmo tempo de infecção, a maioria dos conídios ainda estivesse em processo de germinação. A penetração em massa do fungo foi observada 72 h após a infecção e, após 96 h, as hifas emergiram na superfície da cutícula para originarem novos conídios e assegurarem a perpetuação do fungo. A intensa invasão das hifas nos tecidos adjacentes confirmou a eficácia do isolado E6 na infecção do carrapato B. microplus.
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Os objectivos deste trabalho consistiram em desenvolver um método de separação eficaz e reprodutível de modo a isolar as lactonas sesquiterpénicas - dehidrocostus e costunolida - de extractos do fungo parasita da espécie Laurus novocanariensis - Laurobasidium lauri; em testar os compostos relativamente às suas capacidades antioxidantes e bioactivas - citotoxicidade e alelopatia - e em obter uma quantidade considerável destas lactonas de modo a enviar para laboratórios em parceria para realização de testes de actividade anticancerígena in vitro (Instituto Canário de Investigação em Cancro), de antituberculose in vivo (Instituto politécnico Nacional, México), de actividade anti-inflamatória in vivo (UNIVALI, Brasil) e de actividade anti-ulcerativa in vivo. Neste trabalho foi possível isolar 116 mg de lactona costunolida com 97% de pureza através do fraccionamento do extracto de Madre de Louro em hexano pela técnica de cromatografia em coluna aberta com sistema de eluentes Hexano:Acetato de etilo (50:0 – 43:7 mL), procedendo à sua identificação por HPLC-MS e RMN 13C, não tendo sido possível atingir o mesmo objectivo para a lactona dehidrocostus. O extracto de Madre de Louro em Metanol demonstrou ser a amostra com maior poder antioxidante relativamente aos teste de ABTS, DPPH e FRAP, enquanto o extracto em Diclorometano apresentou maior poder antioxidante no teste do β-caroteno/ácido linoléico. No que toca aos ensaios biológicos, o extracto de madre de louro em hexano foi o que apresentou um valor de DL50 mais baixo (0,1mg/mL) representando assim maior poder de toxicidade perante as larvas de camarão (Artemia salina).
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The mushrooms have been object of intense research in view of its potential raising of application in different sectors of the pharmacology and alimentary industry. Among diverse bioactive composites of polyssacharides nature that exist in the fungus the glucans are much searched. These are polymers of glucose and classified as the type of glicosidic linking [α, β]. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), ranscription factors belonging to the family of nuclear receptors that bind themselves o specific agonists, have shown their importance in controlling the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to perform a chemical characterization of extract rom the mushroom Caripia montagnei, assess its antiinflammatory and antibacterial effect and determine if this effect occurs via PPAR. This mushroom is composed of carbohydrates (63.3±4.1%), lipids (21.4l±0.9%) and proteins (2.2± 0.3%). The aqueous solution resulting from the fractionation contained carbohydrates (98.7±3.3%) and protein (1.3±0.25%). Analyses of infrared spectrophotometry and of nuclear magnetic esonance demonstrated that the extract of mushroom C. montagnei is rich in β-glucans. In hioglycolate-induced peritonitis, the C. montagnei glucans (50 mg/kg) educed the inflammatory process in 65.5±5.2% and agonists, pharmacological igands, for PPAR: Wy-14643 (49.3±6.1%), PFOA (48.9±3.8%) and clofibrate in 45.2±3.2%. Sodium diclofenac showed a reduction of 81.65±0.6%. In the plantar edema, the glucans from C. montagnei (50 mg/kg) and L-NAME reduced the edema to a similar degree 91.4±0.3% and 92.8±0,5 %, respectively. In all the groups tested, nitric oxide (NO), an inflammation mediator, showed a significant reduction in the nitrate/nitrite levels when compared to the positive control (P<0.001). The C. montagnei glucans did not show cytotoxicity in the concentrations tested (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 µg/100 µL). Antibacterial activity demonstrated that, unlike total extract, there was no inhibition of bacterial growth. The C. montagnei glucans show great potential for antiinflammatory applications. This effect suggests that it is mediated by PPAR activation and by COX and iNOS inhibition
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Several pharmacological properties have been attributed to isolated compounds from mushroom. Recently, have these compounds, especially the polysaccharides derived from mushrooms, modulate the immune system, and its antitumor, antiviral, antibiotic and antiinflammatory activities. This study assesses the possible pharmacological properties of the polysaccharides from Scleroderma nitidum mushroom. The centesimal composition of the tissue showed that this fungus is composed mainly of fibers (35.61%), ash (33.69%) and carbohydrates (25.31%). The chemical analysis of the polysaccharide fraction showed high levels of carbohydrates (94.71%) and low content of protein (5.29%). These polysaccharides are composed of glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose in the following molar ratios 0.156, 0.044, 0.025, 0.066 and the infrared analysis showed a possible polysaccharide-protein complex. The polysaccharides from Scleroderma nitidum showed antioxidant potential with concentration-dependent antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. The analysis scavenging of superoxide radical and inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed that the polysaccharides from S. nitidum have an IC50 of 12.70 mg/ml and EC50 10.4 μg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activity was confirmed by the presence of reducing potential of these polysaccharides. The effect of these polymers on the inflammatory process was tested using the carrageenan or histamine-induced paw edema model and the sodium thioglycolate or zymosan-induced model. The polysaccharides were effective in reducing edema (73% at 50 mg/kg) and cell infiltrate (37% at 10 mg/kg) in both inflammation models tested. Nitric oxide, a mediator in the inflammatory process, showed a reduction of around 26% at 10 mg/kg of body weight. Analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines showed that in the groups treated with polysaccharides from S. nitidum there was an increase in cytokines such as IL-1ra, IL-10, and MIP-1β concomitant with the decrease in INF-γ (75%) and IL-2 (22%). We observed the influence of polysaccharides on the modulation of the expression of nuclear factor κB. Thus, polysaccharides from S. nitidum reduced the expression of NF-κB by up to 64%. The results obtained suggest that NF-κB modulation is one of the possible mechanisms that explain the anti-inflammatory effect of polysaccharides from the fungus S. nitidum.
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Polymers of mushroom cellular wall are recognized for presenting a lot of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumoral action. Polysaccharides from mushrooms of different molecular mass obtained mushrooms can activate leucocytes, stimulate fagocitic, citotoxic and antimicrobial activity including oxygen reactive species production. In this study were investigated chemical characteristics, in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory action in an acute inflammation model of the polysaccharides extracted from Tylopilus ballouii. Results showed that were mainly extracted polysaccharides and that it primarily consisted of mannose and galactose with variable amounts of xylose and fucose. Infrared analysis showed a possible interation between this polysaccharides and proteins. In addition, molecular mass was about 140KDa. Antioxidant activity was tested by superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation assay. For superoxide and hydroxyl radical generation inhibition, polysaccharides have an IC50 of 2.36 and 0.36 mg/mL, respectively. Lipid peroxidation assay results showed that polysaccharides from Tylopilus ballouii present an IC50 of 3.42 mg/mL. Futhermore, anti-inflammatory assay showed that polysaccharides cause an paw edema decreasing in 32.8, 42 and 56% in 30, 50 and 70 mg/Kg dose, respectively. Thus, these results can indicate a possible use for these polysaccharides from Tylopilus ballouii as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.
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The exopolysaccharides are extracellular compounds produced by some species of fungi and bacteria. It is suggested that these molecules, even when in the form of complex polysaccharide-peptide, are the main bioactive molecules of many fungus. Some of the biological activities displayed by these compounds can be accentuated and others may arise when you add chemically polar or nonpolar groups to polysaccharides. The fruiting body of Pleurotus sajor-caju produces a heteropolysaccharide with antineoplastic and antimicrobial activity, but other biological activities of this polymer have not been evaluated. In this work the exopolysaccharide of Pleurotus sajor-caju was sulfated chemically and structurally characterized. We also evaluated the antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticoagulant activities from native exopolysaccharide (PN) and its sulfated derivated (PS). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C) proved successful in sulfation of PN to obtain PS. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy showed that PN and PS are composed of mannose, galactose, 3-O-methyl-galactose and glucose in proportion percentage of 44,9:16,3:19,8:19 and 49, 7:14,4:17,7:18,2, respectively. The percentage of sulfate found in PS was 22.5%. Antioxidants assays revealed that the sulfation procedure affects differently the activities of exopolysaccharides, while the total antioxidant capacity, the scavenging activity of superoxide radical and ferric chelating were not affected by sulfation, on the other hand the chemical modification of PN enhanced the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical and reducing power. PS also showed anticoagulant activity in a dose-dependent manner and clotting time was 3.0 times higher than the baseline value in APTT at 2 mg/mL. The exopolysaccharide not presented antiproliferative activity against HeLa tumor cells, but PS affects the cellular proliferation in a time-dependent manner. After 72 h, the inhibition rate of PS (2.0 mg/mL) on HeLa cells was about 60%. The results showed that PN sulfation increase some of their activities.
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A 140,0 kDa lectin was purified and characterized from the mushroom Clavaria cristata. The purification procedures from the crude extract of the mushroom comprised gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl s200 and ion exchange on Resource Q column. The purified lectin agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for trypsinized type O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is dependent of Ca 2+ ions and was strongly inhibited by the glycoprotein bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) up to the concentration of 0, 125 mg/mL. The C. cristata lectin (CcL) was stable in the pH range of 2,5-11,5 and termostable up to 80 °C. CcL molecular mass determined by gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column was approximately 140,3 kDa. SDS polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single band with a molecular mass of approximately 14,5 kDa, when the lectin was heated at 100 ⁰C in the presence or absence of β-mercaptoethanol. CcL induced activation of murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro resulting in the release of nitric oxide (NO), reaching the maximum production at 24 h. In experimental paw oedema model in mice, CcL showed proinflammatory activity being able to induce oedema formation. Cell viability of HepG2, MDA 435 e 3T3 cell lines was examined after 72 h of incubation with CcL in different concentrations (0,5-50 μg/mL). CcL inhibited HepG2 cells growth with an IC50 value of 50 μg/mL. In the present work, the observed immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects indicate CcL as a possible immunomodulator compound, interfering in the macrophages immune response, taking possible anti-parasitic, anti-tumoral effects or diagnostic and/or therapeutic
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Compounds derived from fungi has been the subject of many studies in order to broaden the knowledge of their bioactive potential. Polysaccharides from Caripia montagnei have been described to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, glucans extracted from Caripia montagnei mushroom were chemically characterized and their effects evaluated at different doses and intervals of treatment. It was also described their action on colonic injury in the model of colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and its action on cells of the human colon carcinoma (HT-29). Compounds extracted of C. montagnei contain high level of carbohydrates (96%), low content of phenolic compounds (1.5%) and low contamination with proteins (2.5%). The (FT-IR) and (NMR) analysis showed that polysaccharides from this species of mushroom are composed of α- and β-glucans. The colonic damage was evaluated by macroscopic, histological, biochemical and immunologic analyses. The results showed a reduction of colonic lesions in all groups treated with the glucans of Caripia montagnei (GCM). GCM significantly reduced the levels of IL-6 (50 and 75 mg/kg, p < 0.05), a major inflammatory cytokine. Biochemical analyses showed that such glucans acted on reducing levels of alkaline phosphatase (75 mg/kg, p < 0.01), nitric oxide (p < 0.001), and myeloperoxidase (p < 0.001). These results were confirmed microscopically by the reduction of cellular infiltration. The increase of catalase activity suggest a protective effect of GCM on colonic tissue, confirming their anti-inflammatory potential. GCM displayed cytostatic activity against HT-29 cells, causing accumulation of cells in G1 phase, blocking the cycle cell progression. Those glucans also showed ability to modulate the adhesion of HT-29 cells to Matrigel® and reduced the oxidative stress. The antiproliferative activity against HT-29 cells displayed by GCM (p <0.001) can be attributed to its cytostatic activity and induction of apoptosis by GCM
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Chitosan is a natural polymer, biodegradable, nontoxic, high molecular weight derived from marine animals, insects and microorganisms. Oligomers of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) have interesting biological activities, including antitumor effects, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant and others. The alternative proposed by this work was to study the viability of producing chitooligosaccharides using a crude enzymes extract produced by the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Hydrolysis of chitosan was carried out at different times, from 10 to 60 minutes to produce chitooligosaccharides with detection and quantification performed by High Performace Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The evaluation of cytotoxicity of chitosan oligomers was carried out in tumor cells (HepG2 and HeLa) and non-tumor (3T3). The cells were treated for 72 hours with the oligomers and cell viability investigated using the method of MTT. The production of chitosan oligomers was higher for 10 minutes of hydrolysis, with pentamers concentration of 0.15 mg/mL, but the hexamers, the molecules showing greater interest in biological properties, were observed only with 30 minutes of hydrolysis with a concentration of 0.004 mg/mL. A study to evaluate the biological activities of COS including cytotoxicity in tumor and normal cells and various tests in vitro antioxidant activity of pure chitosan oligomers and the mixture of oligomers produced by the crude enzyme was performed. Moreover, the compound with the highest cytotoxicity among the oligomers was pure glucosamine, with IC50 values of 0.30; 0.49; 0.44 mg/mL for HepG2 cells, HeLa and 3T3, respectively. Superoxide anion scavenging was the mainly antioxidant activity showed by the COS and oligomers. This activity was also depending on the oligomer composition in the chitosan hydrolysates. The oligomers produced by hydrolysis for 20 minutes was analyzed for the ability to inhibit tumor cells showing inhibition of proliferation only in HeLa cells, did not show any effect in HepG2 cells and fibroblast cells (3T3)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)