Evaluación de seis fungicidas in vitro para el manejo de tres patógenos del cafeto (Coffea arabica L.) Región sexta

Con el propósito de evaluar la efectividad "in vitro'' de algunos fungicidas usados para el manejo de patógenos causantes de enfermedades del cafeto y reducir sus dosis, se condujo el presente trabajo que se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal del Centro Experimental de la Comisión Nacional del Café (CONCAFE) ubicado en el Km. 7, empalme San Francisco Carretera a San Ramón-Matagalpa y en el Laboratorio de Micología del Centro Nacional de Protección Vegetal (CENAPROVE) que está ubicado en el Km. 12.5 Carretera Sur, San José de la Cañada, Managua, a partir de Mayo a Diciembre de 1991. Se probaron seis fungicidas: Benomyl, Fermate, Propiconazol, Cupravit, Propineb y Captafol, evaluándose en cada uno cuatro dosis que se escogieron partiendo de la dosis comercial recomendada por las casas distribuidoras, la que tomamos como dosis alta, de la cual se derivaron las subsiguientes dosis, para él manejo de: Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn y Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Se usó un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA) con cuatro repeticiones, 24 tratamientos y 1 testigo absoluto sin tratamiento. Se midió el crecimiento del hongo en medio de cultivo PDA, (Papa-Dextrosa-Agar} con los fungicidas, encontrándose que el Propiconazol fue el que mayor efectividad tuvo aún en la dosis más baja, en cualquiera de los patógenos. El Fermate en su dosis media a baja y el Captafol en su dosis media son los productos que lograron en los 3 patógenos ejercer un buen control. Cupravit no mostró ninguna efectividad sobre R. solani y F oxysporum, pero si sobre C.coffeanum. Benomyl ejercio un buen efecto para R. solani y f. oxysporum pero no para C. coffeanum. Propineb mostro su efectividad en R. solani y C. coffeanum pero no ejerció ningun efecto en F. oxysporum.

Evaluación de siete fungicidas para el control in vitro de cuatro aislados de fusarium orysporum (SCH) Synder et hansen

Con el objetivo de evaluar siete fungicidas in vitro para el control de fusarius oxysporum (Sch.) Snyder et Hansen fueron realizados dos experimentos durante Julio de 1995 a abril de 1996, en el laboratorio de fitopatologia del Centro Experimental de Café del Norte (UNICAFE). En el primer experimento se evaluaron los fungicidas: oxicloruro de cobre 7.5 g/m2 de i.a; oxido de cobre 7.5 g/m2 de i.a.; clorotalonil 4g/m2 de i.a; fluazinan 3 g i.a/m2; hexaconazol 0.26 g/m2 de i.a; benomil 3.5 g/m2 de a.i; captan 4.5 g/m2 de a.i + carboxin 4.5 g/m de i.a, contra cuatro aislados de F. oxysporum con dos metos de aplicacion, (protectivo y erradicativo), y un testigo absoluto. Se uso un diseño de Bloque Completos al Azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones. Se encontró que los fungicidas fluzinam, benomil y captan + carboxin proporcionaron los mayores valores de conttrol (protectivo y erradicativo), de los fungicidas promisorios, utilizándose las siguientes dosis: fluazinam (0,5,1,5,4,5 y 6g/m2 de a.i.) benomil (0,5,1,2,3, y 5 g/m2 de i.a.), y captan + carboxin (1,3,5,7 y 9 g/m2 de i.a. mas un testigo absoluto para conformar un total de 31 tratamientos.

Avaliação da sensibilidade in vitro de isolados de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum a fungicidas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação in vitro de diferentes métodos de análises de fungitoxicidade de óleos essenciais

Environmental problems caused by synthetic fungicides have increased the search for alternative methods of control of plant diseases. The objective was to evaluate the effect of essential oil of citronella grass, on the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, in different methods of in vitro fungitoxicity. We used a randomized design in a factorial design with four replications, where the factors were composed of four methods for assessing the in vitro fungitoxicity of the essential oil of citronella grass (essential oil diluted in Tween 80 (0.5%) and embedded in the culture medium PDA (potato dextrose agar) still melting, essential oil diluted in Tween 80 (0.5%) and distributed on the surface of the PDA; oil essential diluted in Tween 80 (0.5%) and distributed on filter paper attached to the inner surface of the lid of the Petri dish, pure essential oil and distributed on the surface of the culture medium, and control) and five evaluation periods (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of incubation). Was used 0.25μL mL-1 of citronella oil in all treatments. Of the treatments evaluated the use of pure oil distributed on the surface of the culture medium was more effective in reducing the mycelial diameter in all evaluations. In this method the rate of mycelial growth was 9,02 mm day-1, reaching in last evaluation 79,77 mm.

Síntese, caraterização e estudo de derivados anfifílicos de quitosana: estudo in vitro contra os fungos Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus

Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE

Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo

The use of polycaprolactone (PCL) as a biomaterial, especially in the fields of drug delivery and tissue engineering, has enjoyed significant growth. Understanding how such a device or scaffold eventually degrades in vivo is paramount as the defect site regenerates and remodels. Degradation studies of three-dimensional PCL and PCL-based composite scaffolds were conducted in vitro (in phosphate buffered saline) and in vivo (rabbit model). Results up to 6 months are reported. All samples recorded virtually no molecular weight changes after 6 months, with a maximum mass loss of only about 7% from the PCL-composite scaffolds degraded in vivo, and a minimum of 1% from PCL scaffolds. Overall, crystallinity increased slightly because of the effects of polymer recrystallization. This was also a contributory factor for the observed stiffness increment in some of the samples, while only the PCL-composite scaffold registered a decrease. Histological examination of the in vivo samples revealed good biocompatibility, with no adverse host tissue reactions up to 6 months. Preliminary results of medical-grade PCL scaffolds, which were implanted for 2 years in a critical-sized rabbit calvarial defect site, are also reported here and support our scaffold design goal for gradual and late molecular weight decreases combined with excellent long-term biocompatibility and bone regeneration. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 90A: 906-919, 2009

Evaluation of the in vitro bioactivity of bioceramics

Two common methods have been used to evaluate the in vitro bioactivity of bioceramics for the application of bone repair. One is to evaluate the ability of apatite formation by soaking ceramics in simulated body fluids (SBF); the other method is to evaluate the effect of ceramics on osteogenic differentiation using cell experiments. Both methods have their own drawbacks in evaluating the in vitro bioactivity of bioceramics. In this commentary paper we review the application of both methods in bioactivity of bioceramics and conclude that (i) SBF method is an efficient method to investigate the in vitro bioactivity of silicate-based bioceramics, (ii) cellular bioactivity of bioceramics should be investigated by evaluating their stimulatory ability using standard bioceramics as controls; and (iii) the combination of these two methods to evaluate the in vitro bioactivity of bioceramics can improve the screening efficiency for the selection of bioactive ceramics for bone regeneration.

Mathematical models for describing the shape of the in vitro unstretched human crystalline lens

We developed orthogonal least-squares techniques for fitting crystalline lens shapes, and used the bootstrap method to determine uncertainties associated with the estimated vertex radii of curvature and asphericities of five different models. Three existing models were investigated including one that uses two separate conics for the anterior and posterior surfaces, and two whole lens models based on a modulated hyperbolic cosine function and on a generalized conic function. Two new models were proposed including one that uses two interdependent conics and a polynomial based whole lens model. The models were used to describe the in vitro shape for a data set of twenty human lenses with ages 7–82 years. The two-conic-surface model (7 mm zone diameter) and the interdependent surfaces model had significantly lower merit functions than the other three models for the data set, indicating that most likely they can describe human lens shape over a wide age range better than the other models (although with the two-conic-surfaces model being unable to describe the lens equatorial region). Considerable differences were found between some models regarding estimates of radii of curvature and surface asphericities. The hyperbolic cosine model and the new polynomial based whole lens model had the best precision in determining the radii of curvature and surface asphericities across the five considered models. Most models found significant increase in anterior, but not posterior, radius of curvature with age. Most models found a wide scatter of asphericities, but with the asphericities usually being positive and not significantly related to age. As the interdependent surfaces model had lower merit function than three whole lens models, there is further scope to develop an accurate model of the complete shape of human lenses of all ages. The results highlight the continued difficulty in selecting an appropriate model for the crystalline lens shape.

In vitro and in vivo analysis of co-electrospun scaffolds made of medical grade poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and porcine collagen

In this study, a nanofiber mesh made by co-electrospinning medical grade poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and collagen (mPCL/Col) was fabricated and studied. Its mechanical properties and characteristics were analyzed and compared to mPCL meshes. mPCL/Col meshes showed a reduction in strength but an increase in ductility when compared to PCL meshes. In vitro assays revealed that mPCL/Col supported the attachment and proliferation of smooth muscle cells on both sides of the mesh. In vivo studies in the corpus cavernosa of rabbits revealed that the mPCL/Col scaffold used in conjunction with autologous smooth muscle cells resulted in better integration with host tissue when compared to cell free scaffolds. On a cellular level preseeded scaffolds showed a minimized foreign body reaction.

Elucidating the links between UV radiation and vitamin D synthesis : using an in vitro model

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is the carcinogen that causes the most common malignancy in humans – skin cancer. However, moderate UV exposure is essential for producing vitaminDin our skin. VitaminDincreases the absorption of calcium from the diet, and adequate calcium is necessary for the building and maintenance of bones. Thus, low levels of vitamin D can cause osteomalacia and rickets and contribute to osteoporosis. Emerging evidence also suggests vitamin D may protect against falls, internal cancers, psychiatric conditions, autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Since the dominant source of vitamin D is sunlight exposure, there is a need to understand what is a “balanced” level of sun exposure to maintain an adequate level of vitamin D but minimise the risks of eye damage, skin damage and skin cancer resulting from excessive UV exposure. There are many steps in the pathway from incoming solar UV to the eventual vitamin D status of humans (measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood), and our knowledge about many of these steps is currently incomplete. This project begins by investigating the levels of UV available for synthesising vitamin D, and how these levels vary across seasons, latitudes and times of the day. The thesis then covers experiments conducted with an in vitro model, which was developed to study several aspects of vitamin D synthesis. Results from the model suggest the relationship between UV dose and vitamin D is not linear. This is an important input into public health messages regarding ‘safe’ UV exposure: larger doses of UV, beyond a certain limit, may not continue to produce vitamin D; however, they will increase the risk of skin cancers and eye damage. The model also showed that, when given identical doses of UV, the amount of vitamin D produced was impacted by temperature. In humans, a temperature-dependent reaction must occur in the top layers of human skin, prior to vitamin D entering the bloodstream. The hypothesis will be raised that cooler temperatures (occurring in winter and at high latitudes) may reduce vitamin D production in humans. Finally, the model has also been used to study the wavelengths of UV thought to be responsible for producing vitamin D. It appears that vitamin D production is limited to a small range of UV wavelengths, which may be narrower than previously thought. Together, these results suggest that further research is needed into the ability of humans to synthesise vitamin D from sunlight. In particular, more information is needed about the dose-response relationship in humans and to investigate the proposed impact of temperature. Having an accurate action spectrum will also be essential for measuring the available levels of vitamin D-effective UV. As this research continues, it will contribute to the scientific evidence-base needed for devising a public health message that will balance the risks of excessive UV exposure with maintaining adequate vitamin D.