Análise bioética do Processo Transexualizador no Brasil à luz da perspectiva dos Funcionamentos.

Esta tese tem como proposta realizar um estudo da política pública do campo da saúde, conhecido no Brasil como Processo Transexualizador, baseado em uma análise bioética. Pode-se afirmar que o termo Processo começa a ser usado quando, em 2008, foi promulgada a Portaria 1707, pelo Ministério da Saúde (portaria mais tarde atualizada, e ainda em vigor, sob o numero 2803, de 2013). Inserida no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), essa política tem como pilares a integralidade e a humanização da atenção a pessoas transexuais. O objetivo da tese é: identificar o conjunto de Funcionamentos considerados básicos, tanto pela ótica dos transexuais, quanto pela ótica dos profissionais de saúde. Simultaneamente, em diálogo paralelo, a tese busca cotejar a contribuição, através da perspectiva dos Funcionamentos, para a avaliação do próprio Processo Transexualizador e vice-versa. No plano teórico-conceitual, o trabalho se norteia pelo princípio bioético da justiça em saúde, tal como trabalhado por Sen, Nussbaum, Dias e Ribeiro, autores que abordaram a justiça, associando-a ao que eles próprios cunharam conceitualmente como Funcionamentos básicos. No plano metodológico, a forma monográfica de apresentação dos resultados valoriza tanto os dados primários coletados em entrevistas (gravadas, transcritas e sistematizadas em ferramenta de informática Programa NVIVO), quanto documentos oficiais e, ainda, a leitura crítica e discussão dos autores mencionados, acrescidos de outros como Cecilio, Buber, Bento e Arán. Com relação ao material primário, o campo de estudo foi um hospital universitário do município do Rio de Janeiro, que possui Unidade de Atenção Especializada a Transexuais, referência no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O material empírico primário foi coletado por meio de técnica de entrevista semi aberta, orientada por roteiro. O universo de sujeitos de pesquisa é composto por dez mulheres transexuais e quatro profissionais da área de saúde que também participam da política. Os resultados apontam a necessidade do estabelecimento, por parte do Ministério da Saúde, de instrumentos avaliativos que tenham atuação para além dos trâmites burocráticos institucionais. Devem-se incluir, entre seus tópicos, a Rede de Atenção à saúde estabelecida, o atendimento das necessidades de saúde e a oferta da tecnologia em saúde, os quais comprometem a integralidade da atenção à saúde e, consequentemente, a realização do projeto de vida das mulheres transexuais por não possibilitarem o florescimento de seus Funcionamentos básicos.

Deprivation and Social Exclusion

Social exclusion manifests itself in the lack of an individual’s access to functionings as compared to other members of society. Thus, the concept is closely related to deprivation. We view deprivation as having two basic determinants: the lack of identification with other members of society and the aggregate alienation experienced by an agent with respect to those with fewer functioning failures. We use an axiomatic approach to characterize classes of deprivation and exclusion measures and apply some of them to EU data for the period from 1994 to 2000.

Development, capabilities and technology : an evaluative framework

In this paper we present a framework to be used for evaluation of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) projects. The framework is based on Sen´s notion of development as freedom where human capabilities and functionings are seen as key aspects to development. Sen´s capability approach presents an alternative way of seeing and evaluating development (alternative to more traditional ways of measuring development). The approach is based on expanding freedoms, or eliminating unfreedoms, for people so that they can live a life that they have reason to value. Even though Sen is referenced a lot in ICT4D literature the analysis rarely goes further then stating that Sen presents an alternative to traditional ways of development. Reasons can be that the capability approach does not specifically mention technology, in addition to the lack of guidelines presented by Sen on how to use the framework. The aim of this paper is to operationalize the evaluation process and to include a clear role for technology in Sen´s capability framework. The framework is validated with a case on distance education from Bangladesh. 

O uso pedagógico das TIC como expansão das capacidades : o ProInfo Natal/RN

The broad objective of the research The pedagogic use of ICT as development of teaching capacity: the case of ProInfo Natal/RN was to realize an evaluation of this program effectiveness in public schools. Specifically, we ve tried to observe if the program: a) succeeded by promoting the pedagogical use of new ICTs, b) stimulated the improvement of teaching and learning using ICT, and c) performed functionings and expanding its capabilities. The methodology consisted of literature revision; realization of half-structured interviews with administrators and teachers, and leading four focal groups with students in 9th grade of elementary school, were also made observations and analysis about the official documents which regulates the program. Our results showed that ProInfo presents various interferences in its effectiveness, causing a gap between its marks and the actual results of its use in everyday life of schools. We ve concluded that the program needs to challenge these weaknesses in order to contribute to the promotion of functionings and expanding its capabilities

Approaching Migrant Youth Marginalization through the Capabilities Approach: Methodological Proposals

Adopting the capabilities approach and the terminology that has been respectively developed, we could assume that Amartya Sen’s “capabilities” consist in the actual living that people manage to achieve (“functionings”) as a result of actual free will. Sen’s freedom does not “only [depend on the] mere degree of the presence or absence of coercion or interference (from others)” (Otto and Ziegler 2006) but also on “the range of options a person has in deciding what kind of life to lead” (Dreze and Sen 1995, 10). In his book, Identity and Violence, Sen, without explicitly connecting the capabilities approach with his views on “genuine multiculturalis” (Sen 2007), in fact, introduces this extended conception of freedom in the way we examine identity matters. Since freedom becomes perceptible as the range of options a person has, concerning the kind of life he wishes to live, cultural freedom can be defined through the concept of the multiplicity of belonging. In other words, cultural freedom constitutes itself a capability, which is realized when nothing and no one, not even myself, can tie me down to a kind of cultural rigidity that tends to exclude and marginalize me. This latent connection of “capabilities” with “multiple identities” (Sen 2007) challenges us to search for the contribution Sen’s approach could have in the understanding and confrontation of issues concerning migrants, away from theoretical patterns that overemphasize the cultural otherness as an impediment to inclusion. Besides, Sen himself, without of course focusing exclusively on migrants, has already approached the matter of social exclusion with terms of his capabilities approach (Sen 2000).

Strategic planning in a decentralised industrial group : a process-action study

The research was carried out within a major public company. It sought to implement an approach to strategic planning which accounted for organisational values as well as employing a holistic value-free analysis of the firm and its environment. To this end, an 'ecological' model of the firm was formulated. A series of value-free strategic policies for its development were generated. These policies were validated by the company's top-management.They compared favourably with their own planning outcomes. The approach appeared to be diagnostically strong but lacked sufficient depth in the context of finding realistic corrective measures. However, feedback from the company showed it to be a useful complementary process to conventional procedures, in providing an explicitly different perspective. The research empirically evaluated the company's value-systems and their influence on strategy. It introduced the idea of an organisational 'self-concept' pre-determining the acceptability of various strategies.The values and the "self-concept' of the company were identified and validated, They appeared to have considerable influence on strategy. In addition, tho company's planning process within the decentralised structure was shown to be sub-optimal. This resulted from the variety of value systems maintained by different parts of the organisation. Proposals attempting to redress this situation were ofJered and several accepted. The study was postured as process-action research and the chosen perspective could be succinctly described as a 'worm's-eye view', akin to that of many real planners operating at some distance from the decision-making body. In this way, the normal strategic functionings of the firm and any changes resulting from the researcher's intervention were observed and recorded. Recurrent difficulties of the planning process resulting from the decentralised structure were identified. The overall procedure suggested as a result of the research aimed to increase the viabiIity of planning and the efficiency of the process. It is considered to be flexible enough to be applicable in a broader context.