一种空间飞行器编队重组的轨道优化方法

现有的空间飞行器编队重组的轨道规划方法在求解能量最优策略时,都预先给定了变轨花费的时间,但没有说明给定的时间是怎么选择的。将空间飞行器主从编队重组的轨道规划视为一个多目标优化问题,提出了一种小生境进化算法。该方法通过使用特定的染色体表示方法和进化算子,能有效的搜索到飞行器编队重组轨道规划问题的时间-能量前沿,并引入等值分享法保证优秀个体具有较大的选中概率和前沿的多样性。该方法能同时提供多种变轨方案,编队飞行的任务制定者从而可以根据实际应用情况选择最合适的方案。仿真结果表明了该方法的正确性。

一种基于进化计算的空间飞行器编队重构轨道规划方法

基于进化算法提出了一种两层结构的空间飞行器编队重构的轨道规划算法,高层算法通过优化构型映射来优化编队的总燃耗,实现全局规划并确保飞行器之间保持一定的安全距离以避免相互碰撞;低层规划算法采用Chebyshev多项式逼近控制变量空间,为每颗飞行器规划满足约束条件的最优轨道。该方法充分利用了编队的分布式结构,由各飞行器并行实现各自的轨道规划,能有效解决大型编队的轨道规划问题。仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。

带燃料均衡的空间多飞行器编队重构的轨道规划方法

航天任务需求的多样化对空间多飞行器编队重构的轨道规划问题不仅提出了燃料或时间最优的要求,还提出了燃料和时间最优以及燃料均衡的要求。将带燃料均衡的多飞行器编队重构的轨道规划建模为一个多目标优化问题,通过将进化计算与问题领域的知识相结合,提出了一种基于小生境进化算法的最优轨道规划方法。该方法能从变轨时间、燃料消耗和燃料消耗方差三方面分别评价一个变轨方案的最优性,并且一次规划能够提供多个Pareto最优变轨方案。仿真结果证明了该方法的正确性和有效性,还揭示了编队重构轨道规划问题的三个优化目标之间的关系,对于制定任务计划具有重要的参考价值.

空间飞行器编队重构建模与规划方法研究

编队重构是实现空间飞行器编队飞行的一项关键技术，也是自动导航和控制的重要研究领域，无论在理论研究还是实际应用上都具有重大意义。本论文针对空间飞行器编队重构问题展开了深入的研究：（1）编队重构建模；（2）空间飞行器多轨道规划；（3）空间飞行器时间-燃耗的轨道规划；（4）编队重构的协同规划；（5）考虑燃料均衡的编队重构规划。围绕编队重构建模问题，本论文在分析其特点的基础上，完善了传统的单目标优化模型，加入了现有研究通常忽略的发动机推力的精度约束，提高了模型精度以降低控制反馈误差。另外，还根据航天任务的特点，从多目标优化的角度建模了问题，优化的性能指标包括变轨时间、编队的总燃料消耗和飞行器间的燃料均衡。在多轨道规划的研究中，作者基于进化计算和参数优化方法，提出了一种空间飞行器多轨道规划算法。通过将可行轨道按其空间分布分类，并采用一种多轨道保持技术，使新提出的算法能够获得多条在空间中分布较为离散的最优/近优轨道，并可以方便地根据环境和任务要求设定希望获得的轨道之间的差异。该算法充分利用了编队飞行相对动力学方程的解耦性，简化了问题，提高了计算速度，并使最终轨道的选择更加灵活多样。作者还针对空间飞行器的变轨时间与燃料消耗的关系问题展开了研究，基于小生境进化算法，提出了一种时间-燃耗的轨道规划方法。该方法采用一种变长实值染色体编码方式和特定的种群初始化方法，能使生成的轨道满足各种约束条件，并引入等值分享法保证优秀个体具有较大的选中概率和前沿的多样性。实验表明，该算法能有效地搜索到飞行器变轨的时间-燃耗前沿，一次规划生成多个Pareto最优解，为任务制定者选择最合适的变轨方案提供可靠的依据。在编队的协同规划方面，通过分解空间飞行器编队重构问题，并与协同进化的思想相结合，提出了一种两层结构的飞行器编队重构规划算法。高层算法通过优化构型映射来优化编队的总燃料消耗，实现全局规划并确保飞行器之间保持一定的安全距离以避免相互碰撞；低层规划算法采用多轨道规划方法为各飞行器规划满足约束条件的轨道。该算法不仅实现了多颗飞行器的轨道子种群间的协同进化，还实现了高、低层规划结果的协同进化。由于利用编队的分布式结构实现了并行计算，该算法能解决大型编队重构的协同规划问题。虽然给出的最优解是唯一的，但在规划过程中为各飞行器都生成了多条散布在空间中的轨道，提供了可替换解以保证编队重构任务的顺利执行。最后本论文从多目标优化的角度建模了带燃料均衡的多飞行器编队重构规划问题，初步研究了变轨时间、燃料消耗和飞行器间的燃料均衡三个重要指标之间的关系。通过将进化计算与问题领域的知识相结合，提出了一种最优轨道规划方法，能从上述三个指标的角度分别评价一个变轨方案的最优性，并且计算量较小，一次规划能提供多个最优解决方案，能用于实际规划之前进行简单的估算，十分适合方案设计阶段应用。

Interrogating the spaces of personal photography : women, identity, and the cultural formation of photographic practice

Personal photographs permeate our lives from the moment we are born as they define who we are within our familial group and local communities. Archived in family albums or framed on living room walls, they continue on after our death as mnemonic artifacts referencing our gendered, raced, and ethnic identities. This dissertation examines salient instances of what women “do” with personal photographs, not only as authors and subjects but also as collectors, archivists, and family and cultural historians. This project seeks to contribute to more productive, complex discourse about how women form relationships and engage with the conventions and practices of personal photography. In the first part of this dissertation I revisit developments in the history of personal photography, including the advertising campaigns of the Kodak and Agfa Girls and the development of albums such as the Stammbuch and its predecessor, the carte-de-visite, that demonstrate how personal photography has functioned as a gendered activity that references family unity, sentimentalism for the past, and self-representation within normative familial and dominant cultural groups, thus suggesting its importance as a cultural practice of identity formation. The second and primary section of the dissertation expands on the critical analyses of Gillian Rose, Patricia Holland, and Nancy Martha West, who propose that personal photography, marketed to and taken on by women, double-exposes their gendered identities. Drawing on work by critics such as Deborah Willis, bell hooks, and Abigail Solomon-Godeau, I examine how the reconfiguration, recontextualization, and relocation of personal photographs in the respective work of Christine Saari, Fern Logan, and Katie Knight interrogates and complicates gendered, raced, and ethnic identities and cultural attitudes about them. In the final section of the dissertation I briefly examine select examples of how emerging digital spaces on the Internet function as a site for personal photography, one that both reinscribes traditional cultural formations while offering new opportunities for women for the display and audiencing of identities outside the family.

New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location

A month-long intensive measurement campaign was conducted in March/April 2007 at Agnes Water, a remote coastal site just south of the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Particle and ion size distributions were continuously measured during the campaign. Coastal nucleation events were observed in clean, marine air masses coming from the south-east on 65% of the days. The events usually began at ~10:00 local time and lasted for 1-4 hrs. They were characterised by the appearance of a nucleation mode with a peak diameter of ~10 nm. The freshly nucleated particles grew within 1-4 hrs up to sizes of 20-50 nm. The events occurred when solar intensity was high (~1000 W m-2) and RH was low (~60%). Interestingly, the events were not related to tide height. The volatile and hygroscopic properties of freshly nucleated particles (17-22.5 nm), simultaneously measured with a volatility-hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyser (VH-TDMA), were used to infer chemical composition. The majority of the volume of these particles was attributed to internally mixed sulphate and organic components. After ruling out coagulation as a source of significant particle growth, we conclude that the condensation of sulphate and/or organic vapours was most likely responsible for driving particle growth during the nucleation events. We cannot make any direct conclusions regarding the chemical species that participated in the initial particle nucleation. However, we suggest that nucleation may have resulted from the photo-oxidation products of unknown sulphur or organic vapours emitted from the waters of Hervey Bay, or from the formation of DMS-derived sulphate clusters over the open ocean that were activated to observable particles by condensable vapours emitted from the nutrient rich waters around Fraser Island or Hervey Bay. Furthermore, a unique and particularly strong nucleation event was observed during northerly wind. The event began early one morning (08:00) and lasted almost the entire day resulting in the production of a large number of ~80 nm particles (average modal concentration during the event was 3200 cm-3). The Great Barrier Reef was the most likely source of precursor vapours responsible for this event.

Long-term trends in fine particle number concentrations in the urban atmosphere of Brisbane : the relevance of traffic emissions and new particle formation

The measurement of submicrometre (< 1.0 m) and ultrafine particles (diameter < 0.1 m) number concentration have attracted attention since the last decade because the potential health impacts associated with exposure to these particles can be more significant than those due to exposure to larger particles. At present, ultrafine particles are not regularly monitored and they are yet to be incorporated into air quality monitoring programs. As a result, very few studies have analysed their long-term and spatial variations in ultrafine particle concentration, and none have been in Australia. To address this gap in scientific knowledge, the aim of this research was to investigate the long-term trends and seasonal variations in particle number concentrations in Brisbane, Australia. Data collected over a five-year period were analysed using weighted regression models. Monthly mean concentrations in the morning (6:00-10:00) and the afternoon (16:00-19:00) were plotted against time in months, using the monthly variance as the weights. During the five-year period, submicrometre and ultrafine particle concentrations increased in the morning by 105.7% and 81.5% respectively whereas in the afternoon there was no significant trend. The morning concentrations were associated with fresh traffic emissions and the afternoon concentrations with the background. The statistical tests applied to the seasonal models, on the other hand, indicated that there was no seasonal component. The spatial variation in size distribution in a large urban area was investigated using particle number size distribution data collected at nine different locations during different campaigns. The size distributions were represented by the modal structures and cumulative size distributions. Particle number peaked at around 30 nm, except at an isolated site dominated by diesel trucks, where the particle number peaked at around 60 nm. It was found that ultrafine particles contributed to 82%-90% of the total particle number. At the sites dominated by petrol vehicles, nanoparticles (< 50 nm) contributed 60%-70% of the total particle number, and at the site dominated by diesel trucks they contributed 50%. Although the sampling campaigns took place during different seasons and were of varying duration these variations did not have an effect on the particle size distributions. The results suggested that the distributions were rather affected by differences in traffic composition and distance to the road. To investigate the occurrence of nucleation events, that is, secondary particle formation from gaseous precursors, particle size distribution data collected over a 13 month period during 5 different campaigns were analysed. The study area was a complex urban environment influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources. The study introduced a new application of time series differencing for the identification of nucleation events. To evaluate the conditions favourable to nucleation, the meteorological conditions and gaseous concentrations prior to and during nucleation events were recorded. Gaseous concentrations did not exhibit a clear pattern of change in concentration. It was also found that nucleation was associated with sea breeze and long-range transport. The implications of this finding are that whilst vehicles are the most important source of ultrafine particles, sea breeze and aged gaseous emissions play a more important role in secondary particle formation in the study area.