Supporting risk-informed decisions during business process execution

This paper proposes a technique that supports process participants in making risk-informed decisions, with the aim to reduce the process risks. Risk reduction involves decreasing the likelihood and severity of a process fault from occurring. Given a process exposed to risks, e.g. a financial process exposed to a risk of reputation loss, we enact this process and whenever a process participant needs to provide input to the process, e.g. by selecting the next task to execute or by filling out a form, we prompt the participant with the expected risk that a given fault will occur given the particular input. These risks are predicted by traversing decision trees generated from the logs of past process executions and considering process data, involved resources, task durations and contextual information like task frequencies. The approach has been implemented in the YAWL system and its effectiveness evaluated. The results show that the process instances executed in the tests complete with substantially fewer faults and with lower fault severities, when taking into account the recommendations provided by our technique.

A recommendation system for predicting risks across multiple business process instances

This paper proposes a recommendation system that supports process participants in taking risk-informed decisions, with the goal of reducing risks that may arise during process execution. Risk reduction involves decreasing the likelihood and severity of a process fault from occurring. Given a business process exposed to risks, e.g. a financial process exposed to a risk of reputation loss, we enact this process and whenever a process participant needs to provide input to the process, e.g. by selecting the next task to execute or by filling out a form, we suggest to the participant the action to perform which minimizes the predicted process risk. Risks are predicted by traversing decision trees generated from the logs of past process executions, which consider process data, involved resources, task durations and other information elements like task frequencies. When applied in the context of multiple process instances running concurrently, a second technique is employed that uses integer linear programming to compute the optimal assignment of resources to tasks to be performed, in order to deal with the interplay between risks relative to different instances. The recommendation system has been implemented as a set of components on top of the YAWL BPM system and its effectiveness has been evaluated using a real-life scenario, in collaboration with risk analysts of a large insurance company. The results, based on a simulation of the real-life scenario and its comparison with the event data provided by the company, show that the process instances executed concurrently complete with significantly fewer faults and with lower fault severities, when the recommendations provided by our recommendation system are taken into account.

Automated risk mitigation in business processes

This paper proposes a concrete approach for the automatic mitigation of risks that are detected during process enactment. Given a process model exposed to risks, e.g. a financial process exposed to the risk of approval fraud, we enact this process and as soon as the likelihood of the associated risk(s) is no longer tolerable, we generate a set of possible mitigation actions to reduce the risks' likelihood, ideally annulling the risks altogether. A mitigation action is a sequence of controlled changes applied to the running process instance, taking into account a snapshot of the process resources and data, and the current status of the system in which the process is executed. These actions are proposed as recommendations to help process administrators mitigate process-related risks as soon as they arise. The approach has been implemented in the YAWL environment and its performance evaluated. The results show that it is possible to mitigate process-related risks within a few minutes.

A Auditoria Interna como ferramenta de melhoria dos controles internos de uma organização: Estudo de caso em uma empresa do segmento industrial do Rio de Janeiro

A alteração no sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada teve como marco principal a mudança do foco no trabalho da auditoria interna, que começou a desempenhar suas atividades de forma estruturada e seguindo uma metodologia específica; além, de perseguir um objetivo estratégico da organização. A auditoria interna, antes do processo de certificação do sistema de controles internos exigido pela seção 404 da SOX, era apenas um instrumento de detecção de erros e compliance fiscal, que baseava seus trabalhos somente em fatos passados, com a constatação de deficiências de controles. Todavia, sem assessorar a alta a administração da empresa na resolução das deficiências, objetivando a implementação das melhorias dos controles internos. Com a necessidade de certificação da eficácia dos controles internos, a partir do ano de 2005, o foco dos trabalhos de auditoria interna foi direcionado para lograr melhorias nos métodos de controle, gestão de riscos, prevenção de fraudes e erros, nos processos operacionais, contábeis e financeiros da organização. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi, por meio de estudo de caso único, mensurar os principais procedimentos realizados para a implantação do sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada, incluindo a metodologia adotada, o modelo escolhido, o processo de controle estabelecido, a identificação e avaliação dos principais riscos e controles, bem como a forma de seleção, avaliação e teste dos controles internos existentes. Buscou-se coletar dados preconizados pela literatura de autores renomados e analisar as diversas bibliografias, com o objetivo de comparar com a pesquisa que foi realizada nos documentos fornecidos pela empresa analisada. Este estudo levantou pontos importantes sobre o processo de gestão da empresa e da forma como se utilizou da auditoria interna como ferramenta para a melhoria de seus controles internos. Destacam-se a geração de valor empresarial que um bom ambiente de controle interno traz e os motivos que levam uma organização a implementar uma área de auditoria interna, com especial atenção ao foco de assessoramento e consultoria, alinhado as práticas internacionais de auditoria interna. Entretanto, apesar de observar melhorias na atuação da auditoria interna da organização, constata-se a necessidade de alinhamento de algumas práticas internacionais, ainda não implementadas. Descobriu-se, também, que a auditoria interna, com o devido emporwerment da alta administração, e utilizando-se das técnicas atuais e internacionais, aumentam a confiabilidade do sistema de controles internos e com isso geram valor às suas organizações. Nesta pesquisa pôde-se constatar a utilização da auditoria interna como ferramenta de gestão de recursos organizacionais, ocasionando melhorias no sistema de controles internos da empresa, e ficando constatada, por meio de auditoria executada por firma independente, a irrefutável melhoria dos controles internos da organização estudada.

Asuntos de la dirección y gerencia en las juntas directivas

Las juntas directivas han tenido dificultades que han deteriorado su efectividad. A pesar de buscar el mejoramiento del desempeño de estas a través de regulaciones y de enfoques netamente financieros, el problema persiste. Este artículo busca determinar que un cambio en el grado de atención, en los temas y asuntos de dirección y gerencia que tratan las juntas directivas, puede contribuir a una mayor efectividad de estas. La metodología utilizada para este análisis se basa en una encuesta dirigida a las juntas directivas de nueve empresas situadas en Bogotá – Colombia. A partir de esta encuesta, el autor encuentra el GAP entre el grado de atención actual y el grado de atención deseado que las juntas directivas prestan a sus temas y asuntos, determina cuales son los más relevantes a tratar en sus sesiones venideras y también la manera de abordarlos. Al finalizar el análisis, el autor establece que las juntas directivas necesitan dar prioridades a temas como la estrategia y a asuntos como los procesos financieros con indicadores como el EVA y el EBITDA. Así mismo, que las juntas directivas, al aumentar el grado de atención en los asuntos de dirección y gerencia, podrán evidenciar una mejora en la efectividad de su desempeño. Esto redundará en beneficio de todos los grupos de interés que están influenciados por las actividades y resultados de la empresa, logrando así un mayor bienestar para la sociedad.

O orçamento como instrumento de intervenção no domínio econômico

Este trabalho versa sobre a utilização do orçamento público como instrumento de intervenção no domínio econômico, demonstrando, em síntese, de que forma o Estado utiliza, ou ao menos deveria utilizar, o orçamento público como instrumento de planejamento de suas ações e de intervenção na atividade desempenhada pela iniciativa privada. Tem-se por objetivo contribuir para a compreensão jurídica de diversas questões atinentes à elaboração e execução da peça orçamentária federal, aos reflexos causados na economia e na atividade desempenhada pela iniciativa privada, especialmente no que toca à realização das receitas e despesas públicas, à elaboração das leis orçamentárias Plano Plurianual (PPA), Lei Orçamentária Anual (LOA) e Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias (LDO) e, também, aos interesses, às paixões e ideologias envolvidas em todo o processo financeiro. Para tanto, inicialmente, estuda o papel do Estado, distinguindo os campos de atuação privada e aquele reservado à Administração Pública, os modos de intervenção e aqueles aplicados à hipótese analisada, para, em seguida, proceder à análise da peça orçamentária, sua concepção atual e relevância para a iniciativa privada, o que possibilita, então, tratar de questões que envolvam as receitas públicas, em específico as tributárias e as despesas públicas. Por fim, trata do crédito público e, com isso, procura evidenciar de que forma, sob a ótica do orçamento público e nos limites legais de atuação do Estado, as previsões constantes do orçamento podem funcionar como instrumento de promoção, incentivo e estímulo, ou, em sentido contrário, limitar, frear ou desestimular o crescimento econômico e a atividade desenvolvida pela iniciativa privada.

Value-oriented process modeling : integrating financial perspectives into business process re-design

Purpose – Financial information about costs and return on investments are of key importance to strategic decision-making but also in the context of process improvement or business engineering. In this paper we propose a value-oriented approach to business process modeling based on key concepts and metrics from operations and financial management, to aid decision making in process re-design projects on the basis of process models. Design/methodology/approach – We suggest a theoretically founded extension to current process modeling approaches, and delineate a framework as well as methodical support to incorporate financial information into process re-design. We use two case studies to evaluate the suggested approach. Findings – Based on two case studies, we show that the value-oriented process modeling approach facilitates and improves managerial decision-making in the context of process re-design. Research limitations / implications – We present design work and two case studies. More research is needed to more thoroughly evaluate the presented approach in a variety of real-life process modeling settings. Practical implications – We show how our approach enables decision makers to make investment decisions in process re-design projects, and also how other decisions, for instance in the context of enterprise architecture design, can be facilitated. Originality/value – This study reports on an attempt to integrate financial considerations into the act of process modeling, in order to provide more comprehensive decision making support in process re-design projects.

Prioritizing process improvement : an example from the Australian financial services sector

Process improvement has become a number one business priority, and more and more project requests are raised in organizations, seeking approval and resources for process-related projects. Realistically, the total of the requested funds exceeds the allocated budget, the number of projects is higher than the available bandwidth, and only some of these (very often only few) can be supported and most never see any light. Relevant resources are scarce, and correct decisions must be made to make sure that those projects that are of best value are implemented. How can decision makers make the right decision on the following: Which project(s) are to be approved and when to commence work on them? Which projects are most aligned with corporate strategy? How can the project’s value to the business be calculated and explained? How can these decisions be made in a fair, justifiable manner that brings the best results to the company and its stakeholders? This chapter describes a business value scoring (BVS) model that was built, tested, and implemented by a leading financial institution in Australia to address these very questions. The chapter discusses the background and motivations for such an initiative and describes the tool in detail. All components and underlying concepts are explained, together with details on its application. This tool has been successfully implemented in the case organization. The chapter provides practical guidelines for organizations that wish to adopt this approach.

The Value of Financial Planning Advice: Process and Outcome Effects on Consumer Well-being [Time 1 and 2 Survey Summary Results]

While anecdotal evidence indicates financial advice affects consumers’ financial well-being, this research project is motivated by the absence of empirically-grounded research relating to the extent to which, and, importantly, how, financial planning advice contributes to broader client well-being. Accordingly, the aim of this project is to establish how the quality of financial planning advice can be optimised to add value, not only to clients’ financial situation, but also to broader aspects of their well-being. This broader construct of well-being captures a range of process and outcome factors that map to concepts of security, control, choice, mastery, and life satisfaction (Irving, 2012; Gallery, Gallery, Irving & Newton, 2011; Irving, Gallery, and Gallery, 2009). Financial planning is commonly purported to confer not only tangible benefits, but also intangible benefits, such as increased security and peace of mind that are considered as important, if not more important, than material outcomes. Such claims are intuitively appealing; however, little empirical evidence exists for the notion that engaging with a financial planner or adviser promotes peace of mind, feelings of security, and expands choices and possibilities. Nor is there evidence signalling what mechanisms might underpin such client benefits. In addressing this issue, we examine the financial planning advice (including financial product advice) provided to retail clients, and consider the short- and longer-term impacts on clients’ financial satisfaction and broader well-being. To this end, we examine both process (e.g., how financial planning advice is given) and outcome (e.g., financial situation) effects.

New Evidence on the Properties of the Financial Statement Information Pricing Process

This study contributes to our knowledge of how information contained in financial statements is interpreted and priced by the stock market in two aspects. First, the empirical findings indicate that investors interpret some of the information contained in new financial statements in the context of the information of prior financial statements. Second, two central hypotheses offered in earlier literature to explain the significant connection between publicly available financial statement information and future abnormal returns, that the signals proxy for risk and that the information is priced with a delay, are evaluated utilizing a new methodology. It is found that the mentioned significant connection for some financial statement signals can be explained by that the signals proxy for risk and for other financial statement signals by that the information contained in the signals is priced with a delay.

Brasil rumo aos padrões internacionais de contabilidade para o setor público: uma análise sob a ótica do Financial Management Reform Process Model de Lüder.

O termo Sistema Contábil define toda a modelagem pela qual são tratados os dados internos e externos, de forma estruturada, para atender às demandas atribuídas à profissão contábil (tanto nos sistemas privados como nos governamentais), englobando fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos da contabilidade e seus inter-relacionamentos. As variações desses fatores levam ao desenvolvimento de sistemas nacionalmente específicos. Nas classificações internacionais desses sistemas, são identificadas influências como a dos Estados Unidos, a do Reino Unido e a da Europa, ou ainda uma orientação micro ou macro, também definidas como modelo anglo-saxão e modelo continental. Observa-se, ainda, uma relação entre os níveis de desenvolvimento contábil públicos e privados. As principais causas determinantes da diversidade contábil se relacionam com as variáveis do modelo proposto por Lüder para se avaliar reformas governamentais financeiras (o FMR) e esse fato, por conseguinte, determinou a escolha do referido modelo para realizar as análises deste estudo. A pesquisa foi realizada com procedimentos metodológicos de natureza teórica com caráter exploratório e descritivo, através da qual se pode observar que a IFAC tem sido considerada responsável pelos principais esforços no processo de harmonização contábil do setor público e que boa parte dos países vem aceitando a IFAC como órgão emissor de padrões contábeis internacionais, ainda que os países que adotam integralmente esses padrões sem adaptações, sejam exceções. Os padrões de contabilidade governamental emitidos pela IFAC (IPSAS), na verdade, têm servido como um padrão de qualidade, e não como uma norma a ser adotada integralmente. A análise das principais características nacionais determinantes da diversidade contábil frente à adoção ou adaptação dos padrões internacionais da IFAC para o setor público, sob a ótica do FMR, indica que, no Brasil, o sistema contábil do setor público é mais propício a um processo de convergência aos padrões internacionais de Contabilidade da IFAC.

Knowledge process outsourcing in financial services: The vendor perspective

This research reports the findings from a study on nine knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) vendors working in the financial services industry. It delineates financial business processes along a low to high-end continuum. Findings suggest that KPO vendors are gradually moving along the value pathway offering more complex intellectual value activity based products and services to clients. However, they face many challenges including gaining the confidence of potential clients about outsourcing knowledge-intensive work, and finding effective solutions to mitigate outsourcing risk. Our paper concludes by developing a taxonomy of KPO scenarios to provide a backdrop for further academic research and to illustrate current practice.

Jersey milk suitability for Cheddar cheese production: process, yield, quality and financial impacts

The aim of this study was to first evaluate the benefits of including Jersey milk into Holstein-Friesian milk on the Cheddar cheese making process and secondly, using the data gathered, identify the effects and relative importance of a wide range of milk components on milk coagulation properties and the cheese making process. Blending Jersey and Holstein-Friesian milk led to quadratic trends on the size of casein micelle and fat globule and on coagulation properties. However this was not found to affect the cheese making process. Including Jersey milk was found, on a pilot scale, to increase cheese yield (up to + 35 %) but it did not affect cheese quality, which was defined as compliance with the legal requirements of cheese composition, cheese texture, colour and grading scores. Profitability increased linearly with the inclusion of Jersey milk (up to 11.18 p£ L-1 of milk). The commercial trials supported the pilot plant findings, demonstrating that including Jersey milk increased cheese yield without having a negative impact on cheese quality, despite the inherent challenges of scaling up such a process commercially. The successful use of a large array of milk components to model the cheese making process challenged the commonly accepted view that fat, protein and casein content and protein to fat ratio are the main contributors to the cheese making process as other components such as the size of casein micelle and fat globule were found to also play a key role with small casein micelle and large fat globule reducing coagulation time, improving curd firmness, fat recovery and influencing cheese moisture and fat content. The findings of this thesis indicated that milk suitability for Cheddar making could be improved by the inclusion of Jersey milk and that more compositional factors need to be taken into account when judging milk suitability.

Financial openness and the adjustment process

Includes bibliography

Two challenges for the twenty-first century: achieving financial discipline and putting the internationalization process in order

Includes bibliography