A reconstruction of stencilling based on the description by Gilles Filleau des Billettes

This essay recounts and illustrates the reconstruction and testing of tools, furniture and working methods for stencilling texts. The description on which the reconstruction is based, written by Gilles Filleau des Billettes in Paris in the 1690s, is supplied elsewhere in this volume, together with an English translation. From the reconstruction and tests conducted with it, observations and conclusions are drawn about its effectiveness and its likely relationship to (then) contemporary stencilling practices. Four appendices are also included dealing with Des Billettes's method of designing and spacing letters; the cutting of stencils; the engraving by Louis Simonneau that accompanies Des Billettes's text; and later stencil configurations and working methods that incorporate the same or similar features to those described by Des Billettes.

The description of stencilling by Gilles Filleau des Billettes: transcription and translation

This article presents the description of stencilling by Gilles Filleau des Billettes. The description sets out a method for stencilling letters, words, and texts, and specifies equipment for doing the work; it forms the basis for a reconstruction of the equipment and method, which is presented in a parallel article in this volume of Typography papers (see E. Kindel, 'A reconstruction of stencilling based on the description by Gilles Filleau des Billettes', Typography papers, 9, pp. 28–65). The original French text, approximately 10,000 words in length, is here transcribed and accompanied by a parallel English translation. Introductory notes on the preparation of both texts are provided; images of stencil letters found among the papers of Sébastien Truchet, Des Billettes’s colleague, are shown in an appendix.

Arrêts du grand conseil des 2 décembre 1698 et 23 janvier 1699, en faveur des officiers commensaux de feue Madame la Dauphine, pour le rang et préséance, l'eau bénite et autres droits honorifiques de l'église, contre Me Laurens Garnier de la Courdubois, procureur du roi en l'élection d'Eu, Me Laurens Lenclos, curé de la paroisse de la Sainte-Trinité de ladite ville, et Laur. Gourdin, son bedeau

[Acte. 1698-12-02. Paris]

Effect of forage conservation method on plasma lipids, mammary lipogenesis, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio

The effects of forage conservation method on plasma lipids, mammary lipogenesis, and milk fat were examined in 2 complementary experiments. Treatments comprised fresh grass, hay, or untreated (UTS) or formic acid treated silage (FAS) prepared from the same grass sward. Preparation of conserved forages coincided with the collection of samples from cows fed fresh grass. In the first experiment, 5 multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows (229 d in milk) were used to compare a diet based on fresh grass followed by hay during 2 consecutive 14-d periods, separated by a 5-d transition during which extensively wilted grass was fed. In the second experiment, 5 multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows (53 d in milk) were assigned to 1 of 2 blocks and allocated treatments according to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 14-d periods to compare hay, UTS, and FAS. Cows received 7 or 9 kg/d of the same concentrate in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Arterial concentrations of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid were higher in cows fed fresh grass, UTS, and FAS compared with hay. Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and the relative abundance of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in TAG of arterial blood were also higher in cows fed fresh grass than conserved forages. On all diets, TAG was the principle source of fatty acids (FA) for milk fat synthesis, whereas mammary extraction of NEFA was negligible, except during zero-grazing, which was associated with a lower, albeit positive calculated energy balance. Mammary FA uptake was higher and the synthesis of 16:0 lower in cows fed fresh grass than hay. Conservation of grass by drying or ensiling had no influence on mammary extraction of TAG and NEFA, despite an increase in milk fat secretion for silages compared with hay and for FAS than UTS. Relative to hay, milk fat from fresh grass contained lower 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0 and higher S3,R7,R11,15-tetramethyl-16:0, cis-9 18:1, trans-11 18:1, cis-9,trans-11 18:2, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3 concentrations. Even though conserved forages altered mammary lipogenesis, differences in milk FA composition were relatively minor, other than a higher enrichment of S3,R7,R11,15-tetramethyl-16:0 in milk from silages compared with hay. In conclusion, differences in milk fat composition on fresh grass relative to conserved forages were associated with a lower energy balance, increased uptake of preformed FA, and decreased synthesis of 16:0 de novo in the mammary glands, in the absence of alterations in stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche, traduite de l'espagnol de Michel de Cervantes ...

La obra contiene el texto de Cervantes y la continuación escrita por Filleau de Saint-Martin.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche.

François Filleau de Saint Martin's translation, including his continuation (v. 5-6) Cf. Barcelona. Biblioteca Central. Catàleg de la col-ecció, 1916, v. 1, no. 323.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche : en vi. volumes.

Vols. 5-6 described by Plaza Escudero, no. 2303 as having 9, 7 plates.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quixotte de la Manche.

Vol. 2 has imprint date: 1595 [i.e. 1695].

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche,

Translated by François Filleau de Saint-Martin. Cf. Leopolde Rius y de Llosellas, Bibliografía crítica, 1895-1905, v. 1, no. 484.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche.

François Filleau de Saint-Martin's translation, including his continuation (v. 5-6) Cf. Barcelona. Biblioteca Central. Catàlog de la col-lecció cervàntica, 1916, v. 1, no. 229.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche /

Vols. 5-6 contain St. Martin's continuation.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche.

François Filleau de Saint-Martin's translation, including his continuation (v. 5-6) Cf. Barcelona. Biblioteca Central. Catàlog de la col-lecció cervàntica, 1916, v. 1, no. 229.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche /

Translated by François Filleau de Saint-Martin. Vols. 5-6 are a continuation by Filleau de Saint-Martin. Cf. Barcelona. Biblioteca Central. Catàleg de la colleció cervant̀ics, 1916, v.1, no. 235.

Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche.

François Filleau de Saint Martin's translation, including his continuation (v.5-6) Cf. Barcelona. Biblioteca Central. Catàlog de la col·lecció cervàntica, 1916, v.1, no.323.