Análise e otimização de viagens rodoviária

O Trabalho de seguida apresentado fundou-se num objetivo que passava por provar a grande relação entre o estilo de condução e os valores de consumo de uma viatura num determinado trajeto, sendo que, para isso, foi necessário criar ferramentas que permitissem extrair, analisar e otimizar dados de viagens. Durante este trabalho, foi criado uma ferramenta que permite extrair dados de posição, tempo, velocidade, aceleração e azimute de um ficheiro GPX. A estes dados, também foram aplicados métodos para corrigi-los e facilitar a sua respetiva análise. Nomeadamente, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para o cálculo de distância entre pontos de latitude e longitude, e foi criado também, um método que possibilita o cálculo do raio e ângulo das curvas do trajeto. Durante este trabalho, criou-se também métodos de otimização de certas variáveis de um trajeto. As otimizações criadas tinham em vista racionalizar o estilo de condução, sendo que, os resultados destas otimizações demonstram a relação entre certas variáveis e o consumo. Por fim, também foi criado um programa que engloba algumas funções criadas no trabalho, como a extração de dados do ficheiro GPX e cálculo do consumo. Este programa permite aceder a várias funções de um forma mais cómodas e simples.

GPX - Gardens Point XML Information Retrieval at INEX 2004

Traditional information retrieval (IR) systems respond to user queries with ranked lists of relevant documents. The separation of content and structure in XML documents allows individual XML elements to be selected in isolation. Thus, users expect XML-IR systems to return highly relevant results that are more precise than entire documents. In this paper we describe the implementation of a search engine for XML document collections. The system is keyword based and is built upon an XML inverted file system. We describe the approach that was adopted to meet the requirements of Content Only (CO) and Vague Content and Structure (VCAS) queries in INEX 2004.

人源化抗体酶GPX的性质研究及硒化位点的测定

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）是生物体内抗氧化应激酶系的重要成员，是一种含硒酶，它通过消除过氧化氢 （H_2O_2）和有机氢过氧化物（ROOH），保护机体免受活性的损伤或减少活笥氧对机伤程度。GPX的缺乏与多种疾病有关。天然GPX来源极其有限，因此研制具 GPX活力的人源抗体酶并且对其性质的研究对在临床上应用GPX治疗与其缺乏相关的疾病有重要意义。我们在本小组已从噬菌体展示的人单链抗体库中筛选得到了对S-2，4-二硝基苯基取代的谷胱甘肽二丁酯（Hp3）特异的单链抗体3B10并对之高效表达的基础上，进行了细菌培养 、包含体提取、蛋白体的变性与复性，纯化。并经过蛋白电泳和ELISA分析，证明所得的纯化后的蛋白为所需的半抗原特异的人单链抗体。并用化学修饰法把GPX的催化基团硒代半胱氨酸（Sec）组装到已复性、纯化的单链抗体3B10中，获得了具有GPX活力为75.4U/μmol的人源含硒抗体酶Sec-3B10。通过酶学性质的测定可知抗体酶在pH值为8.0、温度为37 ℃时生物活性最高。通过动力学性质的研究证明含硒抗体酶GPX的催化机制与天然GPX一样，符合Ping-Pong机制。光谱性质的研究可推知硒化位点位于蛋白的可变区CDR3区，在经过酶切，通过质谱测定后，比较硒化与未硒化的氨基酸片段的质量差可证实硒化位点位于蛋白的可变区CDR3。为鉴定经化学修饰法硒化的位置提供了一种手段。

人源抗体酶GPX的可溶性表达及生物活性研究

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (Glutathione Peroxidase, GPX)，是生物体内抗氧化应激酶系的重要成员，它可以清除脂质氢过氧化物（ROOH）及过氧化氢 (H_2O_2)，保护机体免受活性氧的损伤或减少活性氧对机体的损伤程度。为了解决鼠源抗体酶GPX应用于人体时会诱发人抗鼠反应 (Human Anti-Mouse Antibody)这一问题，我们实验室从人单链抗体库中筛选了特异的抗体，经化学修饰后得到了具有GPX活性的抗体酶。本文在此工作的基础上，对己筛选出的人单链抗体基因进行了可溶性表达，并用化学修饰的方法进行硒化，得到了GPX活力为80U/μmol的抗体酶。根据优化的表达条件，直接得到了具有天然结构的抗体蛋白，省去了原来的包含体表达中的变性、复性步骤。且所得的抗体为融合蛋白，在蛋白的末端接有6个连续的组氨酸，因此用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱对其进行了一步纯化，即得到了纯抗体蛋白。从而大大的简化了抗体酶的制备过程。本论文还对抗体酶的生物活性进行了研究。采用H_2O_2/Fe~(2+) 自由基发生系统，分别以线粒体的膨胀度、乙二醛生成量和自由基含量为不同的损伤指标进行测量，研究了抗体酶对自由基损伤的牛心线粒体的保护作用。实验结果表明，硒化后的抗体酶具有较强的保护作用。

可溶性人源含硒抗体酶GPx的研究

对噬菌体展示人单链抗体库进行筛选 ,得到与半抗原 S-二硝基苯取代的谷胱甘肽二丁酯特异结合的单链抗体 3B1 0 .用计算机模拟分析了单链抗体的空间结构 ,发现抗原结合的 CDR3区位于抗体的表面 ,推测其可能进一步参加硒化反应 .利用突变引物 ,在大肠杆菌中表达了可溶性抗体蛋白 ,并用化学方法将催化必需基团硒代半胱氨酸 ( Sec)组装到 3B1 0抗原结合部位 ,获得了具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力的人源抗体酶 .动力学研究结果表明 ,抗体酶和天然酶一样 ,符合乒乓反应机制

Estudo orgânico-funcional das entidades tutelares da Agricultura (1918-2013): Uma contribuição para o Ficheiro Nacional de Autoridades Arquivísticas (FNAA)

O objeto de estudo desta dissertação são as entidades ministeriais tutelares da agricultura entre 1918 e 2013. As razões desta escolha prendem-se com o facto de estas serem entidades cuja produção documental e património arquivístico são fundamentais para a compreensão e estudo do sector primário da economia nacional durante todo o século XX até ao momento presente. Foi primeiramente realizado o estudo orgânico-funcional das entidades ministeriais, efetuado com base na sua legislação de criação, remodelação, fusão e extinção e que possibilitou a identificação da quantidade, natureza, duração e estrutura de cada uma delas. Tal estudo permitiu a identificação de 17 entidades ministeriais e a confirmação de que todas estas entidades reuniam as condições necessárias para serem consideradas produtoras de fundos documentais da Administração Pública Portuguesa, logo que todas podiam ser objeto de criação de Registos de Autoridade Arquivística. Os estudos orgânico-funcionais realizados foram então canalizados para a criação de um total de 17 Registos de Autoridade Arquivística, feitos com base no modelo do Ficheiro Nacional de Autoridades Arquivísticas (FNAA) e seguindo os princípios estabelecidos pelas normas internacionais do Conselho Internacional de Arquivos (ISAAR-CPF), bem como os estabelecidos pelas Orientações para a Descrição Arquivística. Ao utilizar o modelo do FNAA, a presente proposta tem como objetivos: identificar univocamente cada uma das entidades ministeriais estudadas enquanto autoridades arquivísticas produtoras de fundos documentais; identificar e mapear o seu percurso institucional e administrativo; facilitar a reunião intelectual da documentação produzida por estas entidades. A proposta apresentada nesta dissertação pretendeu assim articular o paradigma custodial atual, com as possibilidades trazidas pela mudança para um paradigma pós-custodial e potenciadas pelas tecnologias de informação (das quais o FNAA constitui o modelo nacional atualmente na vanguarda). Com isto espera-se poder contribuir para o módulo de entidades produtoras (MEP) do FNAA, nomeadamente na sua vertente de criação de registos para organizações (extintas) da Administração Pública.

Amide-Based Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics: Effect of Secondary and Tertiary Amide Substituents on Antioxidant Activity

A series of secondary and tertiary amide-substituted diselenides were synthesized and studied for their GPx-like antioxidant activities using H2O2 Cum-OOH, and tBuOOH as substrates and PhSH as thiol co-substrate.The effect of substitution at the free -NH group of the amide moiety in the sec-amide-based diselenides on GPx activity was analyzed by detailed experimental and theoretical methods. It is observed that substitution at the free -NH group significantly enhances the GPx-like activities of the sec-amide-based diselenides, mainly by reducing the Se center dot center dot center dot O nonbonded interactions. The reduction in strength of the Se center dot center dot center dot O interaction upon introduction of N,N-dialkyl substituents not only prevents the undesired thiol exchange reactions, but also reduces the stability of selenenyl sulfide intermediates. This leads to a facile disproportionation of the selenenyl sulfide to the corresponding diselenide, which enhances the catalytic activity. The mechanistic investigations indicate that the reactivity of diselenides having sec-or tert-amide moieties with PhSH is extremely slow; indicating that the first step of the catalytic cycle involves the reaction between the diselenides and peroxide to produce the corresponding selenenic and seleninic acids.

Synthesis and Structure-Activity Correlation Studies of Secondary- and Tertiary-Amine-Based Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics

In this study, a series of seeondary- and tertiary-amino-substituted diaryl diselenides were synthesized and studied for their glutathione peroxidase (GPx) like antioxidant activities with H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, or tBuOOH as substrates and with PhSH or glutathione (GSH) as thiol cosubstrates. This study reveals that replacement of the tert-amino groups in benzylamine-based diselenides by sec-amino moieties drastically enhances the catalytic activities in both the aromatic thiol (PhSH) and GSH assay systems. Particularly, the N-propyl- and N-isopropylamino-substituted diselenides are 8-18 times more active than the corresponding N,N-dipropyl- and N,N-diisopropylamine-based compounds in all three peroxide systems when GSH is used as the thiol cosubstrate. Although the catalytic mechanism of sec-amino-substituted disclenides is similar to that of the tert-amine-based compounds, differences in the stability and reactivity of some of the key intermediates account for the differences in the GPx-like activities. it is observed that the sec-amino groups are better than the tert-amino moieties for generating the catalytically active selenols. This is due to the absence of any significant thiol-exchange reactions in the selenenyl sulfides derived from sec-amine-based diselenides. Furthermore, the seleninic acids (RSeO2H) derived from the sec-amine-based compounds are more stable toward further reactions with peroxides than their tert-amine-based analogues.

Thiol cofactors for selenoenzymes and their synthetic mimics

The importance of selenium as an essential trace element is now well recognized. In proteins, the redox-active selenium moiety is incorporated as selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid. In mammals, selenium exerts its redox activities through several selenocysteine-containing enzymes, which include glutathione peroxidase (GPx), iodothyronine deiodinase (ID), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Although these enzymes have Sec in their active sites, they catalyze completely different reactions and their substrate specificity and cofactor or co-substrate systems are significantly different. The antioxidant enzyme GPx uses the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) for the catalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides, whereas the larger and more advanced mammalian TrxRs have cysteine moieties in different subunits and prefer to utilize these internal cysteines as thiol cofactors for their catalytic activity. On the other hand, the nature of in vivo cofactor for the deiodinating enzyme ID is not known, although the use of thiols as reducing agents has been well-documented. Recent studies suggest that molecular recognition and effective binding of the thiol cofactors at the active site of the selenoenzymes and their mimics play crucial roles in the catalytic activity. The aim of this perspective is to present an overview of the thiol cofactor systems used by different selenoenzymes and their mimics.

Synthesis, Structure, Spirocyclization Mechanism, and Glutathione Peroxidase-like Antioxidant Activity of Stable Spirodiazaselenurane and Spirodiazatellurane

The first examples of stable spirodiazaselenurane and spirodiazatellurane were synthesized by oxidative spirocyclization of the corresponding diaryl selenide and telluride and were structurally characterized. X-ray crystal structures of the spirodiazaselenurane and spirodiazatellurane suggest that the structures are distorted trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) with the electronegative nitrogen atoms occupying the apical positions and two carbon atoms and the lone pair of Se/Te occupying the equatorial positions. Interestingly, the spirodiazatellurane underwent spontaneous chiral resolution during crystallization, and the absolute configurations of its enantiomers were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analyses. A detailed mechanistic study indicates that the cyclization to spirodiazaselenurane and spirodiazatellurane occurs via selenoxide and telluroxide intermediates. The chalcogenoxides cyclize to the corresponding spiro compounds in a stepwise manner via the involvement of hydroxyl chalcogenurane intermediates, and the activation energy for them spirocyclization reaction decreases in the order S > Se > Te. In addition to the synthesis, characterization, and mechanism of cyclization, the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimetic activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated. These studies suggest that the tellurium compounds are more effective as GPx mimics than their selenium counterparts due to the fast oxidation of the tellurium center in the presence of peroxide and the involvement of an efficient redox cycle between the telluride and telluroxide intermediate.

Functional Mimics of Glutathione Peroxidase: Bioinspired Synthetic Antioxidants

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the biological system's ability to detoxify these reactive intermediates. Mammalian cells have elaborate antioxidant defense mechanisms to control the damaging effects of ROS. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a selenoenzyme, plays a key role in protecting the organism from oxidative damage by catalyzing the reduction of harmful hydroperoxides with thiol a ``catalytic triad'' with tryptophan and glutamine, which cofactors. The selenocysteine residue at the active site forms activates the selenium moiety for an efficient reduction of peroxides. After the discovery that ebselen, a synthetic organoselenium compound, mimics the catalytic activity of GPx both in vitro and in vivo, several research groups developed a number of small-molecule selenium compounds as functional mimics of GPx, either by modifying the basic structure of ebselen or by incorporating some structural features of the native enzyme. The synthetic mimics reported in the literature can be classified in three major categories: (i) cyclic selenenyl amides having a Se-N bond, (ii) diaryl diselenides, and (iii) aromatic or aliphatic monoselenides. Recent studies show that ebselen exhibits very poor GPx activity when aryl or benzylic thiols such as PhSH or BnSH are used as cosubstrates. Because the catalytic activity of each GPx mimic largely depends on the thiol cosubstrates used, the difference in the thiols causes the discrepancies observed in different studies. In this Account, we demonstrate the effect of amide and amine substituents on the GPx activity of various organoselenium compounds. The existence of strong Se ... O/N interactions in the selenenyl sulfide intermediates significantly reduces the GPx activity. These interactions facilitate an attack of thiol at selenium rather than at sulfur, leading to thiol exchange reactions that hamper the formation of catalytically active selenol. Therefore, any substituent capable of enhancing the nucleophilic attack of thiol at sulfur in the selenenyl sulfide state would enhance the antioxidant potency of organoselenium compounds. Interestingly, replacement of the sec-amide substituent by a tert-amide group leads to a weakening of Se ... 0 interactions in the selenenyl sulfide intermediates. This modification results in 10- to 20-fold enhancements in the catalytic activities. Another strategy involving the replacement of tert-amide moieties by tert-amino substituents further increases the activity by 3- to 4-fold. The most effective modification so far in benzylamine-based GPx mimics appears to be either the replacement of a tert-amino substituent by a sec-amino group or the introduction of an additional 6-methoxy group in the phenyl ring. These strategies can contribute to a remarkable enhancement in the GPx activity. In addition to enhancing catalytic activity, a change in the substituents near the selenium moiety alters the catalytic mechanisms. The mechanistic investigations of functional mimics are useful not only for understanding the complex chemistry at the active site of GPx but also for designing and synthesizing novel antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

Glutathione peroxidase3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae protects phospholipids during cadmium-induced oxidative stress

The present study was undertaken to determine the role of glutathione peroxidase3 (gpx3) in phospholipid protection in cells. Wild-type (WT) cells showed an overall increase in phospholipids upon 50 mu M cadmium (Cd)-treatment, whereas an untreated gpx3 Delta strain showed a drastic reduction in overall phospholipids which was further reduced with 50 mu M Cd. In WT cells, Cd-exposure increased the short chain fatty acids and decreased the unsaturated fatty acids and the magnitude was high in Cd-treated gpx3 Delta cells. Purified recombinant gpx3p showed higher activity with phospholipid hydroperoxides than shorter hydroperoxides. An increase in gpx activity was observed in Cd-treated WT cells and no such alteration was observed in gpx3 Delta. WT cells treated with Cd showed an increase in MDA over untreated, while untreated gpx3 Delta cells themselves showed a higher level of MDA which was further enhanced with Cd-treatment. Iron, zinc and calcium levels were significantly altered in WT and gpx3 Delta cells during Cd-treatment.

Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Peptide-Based Ebselen Analogues

A series of di- and tripeptide-based ebselen analogues has been synthesized. The compounds were characterized by H-1, C-13, and Se-77 NMR spectroscopy and mass spectral techniques. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like antioxidant activity has been studied by using H2O2, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH), and cumene hydroperoxide (Cum-OOH) as substrates, and glutathione (GSH) as a co-substrate. Although all the peptide-based compounds have a selenazole ring similar to that of ebselen, the GPx activity of these compounds highly depends on the nature of the peptide moiety attached to the nitrogen atom of the selenazole ring. It was observed that the introduction of a phenylalanine (Phe) amino acid residue in the N-terminal reduces the activity in all three peroxide systems. On the other hand, the introduction of aliphatic amino acid residues such as valine (Val) significantly enhances the GPx activity of the ebselen analogues. The difference in the catalytic activity of dipeptide-based ebselen derivatives can be ascribed mainly to the change in the reactivity of these compounds toward GSH and peroxide. Although the presence of the Val-Ala-CO2Me moiety facilitates the formation of a catalytically active selenol species, the reaction of ebselen analogues that has a Phe-Ile-CO2Me residue with GSH does not generate the corresponding selenol. To understand the antioxidant activity of the peptide-based ebselen analogues in the absence of GSH, these compounds were studied for their ability to inhibit peroxynitrite (PN)-mediated nitration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123. In contrast to the GPx activity, the PN-scavenging activity of the Phe-based peptide analogues was found to be comparable to that of the Val-based compounds. However, the introduction of an additional Phe residue to the ebselen analogue that had a Val-Ala dipeptide significantly reduced the potency of the parent compound in PN-mediated nitration.