A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic

A new species of cheilostome bryozoan, Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp., was collected in December 2008 by scuba at 5–10 meters depth at Guaibura Beach, Guarapari, Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. The specimen was found associated with tubes of the cerianthid Pachycerianthus sp., representing the first commensal association between a bryozoan and a tube-dwelling anemone. Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp. is the third species of the genus found in Brazilian waters; it is distinguished from other Atlantic species of Fenestrulina by its small angular orificial condyles, a single oral spine and basal anchoring rhizoids arising from abfrontal pore chambers. Morphological adaptations to encrust the tubes of cerianthids include anchoring rootlets and weakly contiguous zooids. These morphological features allow the colony the flexibility to grow around the tube and feed relatively undisturbed by silt and detritus, being raised well above the softsediment substratum in which the tube-anemone grows.

中国沿岸水域养殖贝类及其养殖笼肉污损苔虫的研究

海洋污损苔虫（marine fouling bryozoans或bryozoan foulers)是海洋污损生物群落的一个重要组成部分。在海洋污损动物中，海洋污损苔虫是仅次于软体动物和甲壳动物的主要污损生物。海洋污损苔虫有独特的群体生长方式，既有能利用表面积宽阔的附着基形成单层片状、多层结核状或丘状群体的成员；也有能利用表面积狭窄的附着基形成树枝状、树丛状或中空管状群体的成员；某些污损苔虫还能随附着基表面积的改变而改变其群体生长方式，即同一种污损苔虫在表面积宽阔的附着基上形成片状被覆群体，而在表面积狭窄的附着基上或空间竞争激烈的环境中则形成被覆和直立两种生长方式式兼有的被覆－直立群体。随着海水养殖事业的发展，各种养殖生物尤其是养殖贝类及其养殖笼网的投入为海洋污损生物提供了极其丰富的附着基。而与其它污损生物相比污损苔虫更能充分利用养殖贝类及其养殖笼网作为附着基，从而成为养殖贝类及其养殖笼网污损生物群落的优势类群，给贝类养殖业带来极大危害。近年来对养殖贝类污损苔虫的研究已开始受到人们的重视，但由于污损苔虫的调查一直是与其它污损生物调查同时进行的，污损生物学家在对污损苔虫的分类鉴定中面临着许多困难。作者对中国科学院海洋研究所历年来所收集的中国沿岸水域养殖贝类及其养殖笼网的污损苔虫标本进行了系统的分类研究，并对中国学者曾报道过的中国沿岸水域工污损苔虫进行了对比分析，得到的结果如下：1．中国沿岸水域养殖贝类及其养殖笼网的污损苔虫现有143种，分隶于2纲3目9亚目46科76属。其中养殖贝类的污损苔虫122种，分隶于44科68属；养殖笼网的污损苔虫90种，分隶于37科53属。养殖贝类和养殖笼网两类物体上的污损苔虫科属组成几乎相同，主要优势种组成几乎相同，膜孔苔虫Membranipora、琥珀苔虫Electra、草苔虫 Bugula、三胞苔虫 Tricellaria、软苔虫 Alcyonidium、隐槽苔虫 Cryptosula、血苔虫 Watersipora 拟分胞苔虫Celleporaria、和仿分胞苔虫 Celleporina等属的成员常形成污损苔虫生物群落的优势类群。2．本项研究中，我们发现一新科、一新属和7新种。新科为：太平洋苔虫科，新科Pacificincolidae fam. nov.。新属为：太平洋苔虫属，新属Pacificincola gen. nov.。7个新种分别为：（1）空穴拟小孔苔虫，新种Microporella vacuatus sp. nov.；（2）小筛网拟小孔苔虫，新种 Microporella cribellata sp. nov.；（3）无齿拟小孔苔虫，新种 Microporella inermis sp. nov.；（4）异北方拟小孔苔虫，新种 Microporella antiborealis sp. nov.；（5）项链拟小孔苔虫，新种 Microporella monilifera sp. nov.；（6）中华斑孔苔虫，新种 Fenestrulina sinica sp. nov.；（7）东方斑孔苔虫，新种 Fenestrulina orientalis sp. nov.。3. 笔者发现，本项研究以前其他中国学者所报道的污损苔虫在分类鉴定中存在许多异物同名和同物异名现象。例如，过去许多学者所报道的大室膜孔苔虫实际上包括3个不同的独立种；而过去一直被标定为聚合软苔虫的污损苔虫经鉴定为迈氏软苔虫。笔者对在本项研究以前的污损调查报告中所出现的污损苔虫的分类鉴定错误进行了适当的更正，并在系统分类研究的基础上编制了中国沿岸水域养殖贝类及其养殖笼网143种污损苔虫的分类检索表。

New and little-known cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the south and southeastern Brazilian continental shelf and slope

The present paper reports on 22 species collected by the Brazilian Program of Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone (REVIZEE). A new genus and species of Cribrilinidae, Corbuliporina crepida n. gen. et sp., is described, along with seventeen other new species: Chaperia brasiliensis n. sp., Amastigia aviculifera n. sp., Isosecuriflustra pinniformis n. sp., Cellaria subtropicalis n. sp., Melicerita brasiliensis n. sp., Arachnopusia haywardi n. sp., Smittina migottoi n. sp., Hippomenella amaralae n. sp., Rogicka joannae n. sp., Malakosaria atlantica n. sp., Turbicellepora winstonae n. sp., Rhynchozoon coalitum n. sp., Stephanollona angusta n. sp., Stephanollona arborescens n. sp., Aulopocella americana n. sp., Conescharellina cookae n. sp. and Conescharellina bocki n. sp. Chorizopora brongniartii (Audouin, 1826) is recorded for the first time in Brazilian waters and a new combination for Rhynchozoon arborescens Canu & Bassler, 1928 is established. New illustrations and taxonomic remarks are included for two little-known species from Brazil, Rogicka scopae (Canu & Bassler, 1928) and Fenestrulina ampla Canu & Bassler, 1928. A compilation of species recorded from deeper waters of the Brazilian coast is included.

Succession of benthic hard-bottom communities in the shallow sublitoral of Comau Fjord, Chile

Succession was already studied over decades. The present thesis investigated the succession on hard substrate at two different study sites within the fjord Comau, Chile. Nine plates were installed at both sites (mouth of fjord and inner fjord) and photographed over three years. Additionally the natural community was recorded and a ground truthing was carried out to verify the analyzed species. Respectively at both sites over 50 different species were identified. Abundance data decreased with only one exception continuously, whereas the percentage cover increased. But the communities on the recruitment plates do still not reach the community structure of the natural environment. The present data showed that the hard-bottom succession in the fjord Comau is best described by the TOLERANCE MODEL (Connell & Slatyer, 1977). An important species of the natural community is the stony coral Desmophyllum dianthus, which normally (outside the fjord) grows beneath 1000 m water depth. The results of this work indicate that the mature community is not reached after 36 months.