Return to the mother : male surrealists - female bodies

The exegesis examines Surrealist writing and visual art, arguing that the Surrealists assumed the patriarchal role of the mythological hero whose subjective quest was to return to, and conquer, the Mother. The other part of the thesis is an exhibition which parodies and plays alongside Surrealist ideologies.

BMI not WHR modulates BOLD fMRI responses in a sub-cortical reward network when participants judge the attractiveness of human female bodies

In perceptual terms, the human body is a complex 3d shape which has to be interpreted by the observer to judge its attractiveness. Both body mass and shape have been suggested as strong predictors of female attractiveness. Normally body mass and shape co-vary, and it is difficult to differentiate their separate effects. A recent study suggested that altering body mass does not modulate activity in the reward mechanisms of the brain, but shape does. However, using computer generated female body-shaped greyscale images, based on a Principal Component Analysis of female bodies, we were able to construct images which covary with real female body mass (indexed with BMI) and not with body shape (indexed with WHR), and vice versa. Twelve observers (6 male and 6 female) rated these images for attractiveness during an fMRI study. The attractiveness ratings were correlated with changes in BMI and not WHR. Our primary fMRI results demonstrated that in addition to activation in higher visual areas (such as the extrastriate body area), changing BMI also modulated activity in the caudate nucleus, and other parts of the brain reward system. This shows that BMI, not WHR, modulates reward mechanisms in the brain and we infer that this may have important implications for judgements of ideal body size in eating disordered individuals.

Female genital mutilation : legal, attitudinal and practical reform

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a cultural practice common in many Islamic societies. It involves the deliberate, non-therapeutic physical modification of young girls’ genitalia. FGM can take several forms, ranging from less damaging incisions to actual removal of genitalia and narrowing or even closing of the vagina. While often thought to be required by religion, FGM both predates and has no basis in the Koran. Rather, it is a cultural tradition, motivated by a patriarchal social desire to control female bodies to ensure virginity at marriage (preserving family honour), and to prevent infidelity by limiting sexual desire. In the USA and Australia in 2010, peak medical bodies considered endorsing the medical administration of a ‘lesser’ form of FGM. The basis for this was pragmatic: it would be preferable to satisfy patients’ desire for FGM in medically-controlled conditions, rather than have these patients seek it, possibly in more severe forms, under less safe conditions. While arguments favouring medically-administered FGM were soon overcome, the prospect of endorsing FGM illuminated the issue in these two Western countries and beyond. This paper will review the nature of FGM, its physical and psychological health consequences, and Australian laws prohibiting FGM. Then, it will scan recent developments in Africa, where FGM has been made illegal by a growing number of nations and by the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 2003 (the Maputo Protocol), but is still proving difficult to eradicate. Finally, based on arguments derived from theories of rights, health evidence, and the historical and religious contexts, this paper will ask whether an absolute human right against FGM can be developed.

Legal, cultural and practical developments in responding to female genital mutilation : can an absolute human right emerge?

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a cultural practice involving the deliberate, non-therapeutic physical modification of young girls’ genitalia. FGM can take several forms, ranging from smaller incisions, to removal of the clitoris and labia, and narrowing or even closing of the vagina. FGM predates and has no basis in the Koran, or any other religious text. Rather, it is a cultural tradition, particularly common in Islamic societies in regions of Africa, motivated by a patriarchal society’s desire to control female bodies and lives. The primary reason for this desire for control is to ensure virginity at marriage, thereby preserving family honour, within a patriarchal social structure where females’ value as persons is intrinsically connected to, and limited to, their worth as virgin brides. Recent efforts at legal prohibition and practical eradication in a growing number of African nations mark a significant turning point in how societies treat females. This shift in cultural power has been catalysed by a concern for female health, but it has also been motivated by an impulse to promote the human rights of girls and women. Although FGM remains widely practiced and there is much progress yet to be made before its eradication, the rights-based approach which has grown in strength embodies a marked shift in cultural power which reflects progress in women’s and children’s rights in the Western world, but which is now being applied in a different cultural context. This chapter reviews the nature of FGM, its prevalence, and health consequences. It discusses recent legal, cultural and practical developments, especially in African nations. Finally, this chapter raises the possibility that an absolute human right against FGM may emerge.

Reconfiguring Older Bodies in the Prison Time Machine

It is by mapping an area that the geographer comes to understand the contours and formations of a place. The “place” in this case is the prison world. This article serves to map moments in prison demonstrating how “old” female bodies are performed under the prison gaze. In this article I will illustrate how older women subvert, negotiate, or invoke discourse as a means of reinscribing the normalizing discourses that serve to confine and define older women's experiences in prison. Female elders in prison become defined and confined by regimes of femininity and ageism. They have to endure symbolic and actual intrusions of physical privacy, which serve to remind them of what they were, where they are, and what they have become. This article will critically explore the complexity and contradictions of time use in prison and how they impact on embodied identities. By incorporating the voices of elders, I hope to draw out the contradictions and dilemmas which they experience, thereby illustrating the relationship between time, their involvement in doing time, and the performance of time in a total institution (see Goffman, 1961), and the relationship between temporality and existence. The stories of the women show how their identities are caught within the movement and motion of time and space, both in terms of the time of “the real” on the outside and within prison time. This is the in-between space of carceral time within which women live and which they negotiate. It is by being caught in this network of carceral time that they are constantly being “remade” as their body/performance of identities alters within it. While only a small percentage of the female prison population in the United Kingdom are in later life, one has to question why criminological and gerontological literature fail to address the needs of a growing significant minority.

Unbelievable Bodies: Audience Readings of Action Heroines as a Post-Feminist Visual Metaphor

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2013

Wanted : dead or alive. Women as bodies in Shakespeare's Pericles, King Lear and Macbeth

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Conspiring to run: women, their bodies and athletics training

Women's athletics commenced about 60 years after the start of the men's sport. Women's involvement in athletics was held back by the medical and general views that this was a strenuous sport requiring a level of exertion beyond the biological capabilities of female bodies. Their difficult initiation into athletics occurred under male gaze; they encountered opposition from the public, the medical profession and from the male-controlled athletics organizations. A serious participation in athletics requires significant exertion and dedicated training. While the prevailing view was that moderate physical exercise without strain enhanced women's health, the exertion required for athletics was deemed to be potentially dangerous. Within essentialist views of gender, women's involvement in athletics was thought to have implications for their nurturing and domestic roles. When the pioneer women athletes tried to excel, they were said to be straining themselves and their participation in the sport was brought into question. By using theoretical insights drawn mostly from Foucault, training manuals from the early decades of women's athletics and material from interviews with some of the first English female athletes are examined to investigate the attitudes of both genders to women in athletics and to analyse how they circumvented the potential veto of their sport by men.

Space within the surface : the patterned surfaces of Florence Broadhurst and Jim Thompson

The Woods Bagot 2007 refurbishment of the Qantas and British Airways Bangkok Business lounge in the Survarnabhumi Airport features wall finishes designed by wallpaper designer, Florence Broadhurst (1899-1977) and Thai Silk trader, Jim Thompson (1906-1967). This distinctive selection, which is proclaimed on the airport’s website, of patterned wall surfaces side by side draws attention to their striking similarities and their defining differences . Thompson and Broadhurst would appear to be worlds apart, but here in the airport their work brings them together. Thompson, the son of a wealthy cotton family in America, worked as an architect before joining the army. He moved to Bangkok to start The Thai Silk Company in 1948. Broadhurst was born on a farm in Mt. Perry, Queensland. She began her career as a performance artist, as part of an Australian troupe in Shanghai, moving onto pursue a career in fashion design, catering to the middle and upper classes in London. Upon her return to Australia, Broadhurst started a print design company in 1959. Both Broadhurst and Thompson pursued multiple careers, lived many lives, and died under mysterious circumstances. Broadhurst was murdered in 1977 at her Sydney print warehouse, which remains an unsolved crime. Thompson disappeared in Malaysia in 1967 and his body has never been found. This chapter investigates the parallels between Thompson and Broadhurst and what lead them to design such popular patterns for wall surfaces towards the end of their careers. While neither designer was a household name, their work is familiar to most, seen in the costume and set design of films, on the walls of restaurants and cafes and even in family homes. The reason for the popularity of their patterns has not previously been analysed. However, this chapter suggests that the patterns are intriguing because they contain something of their designers’ identities. It suggests that the coloured surface provides a way of camouflaging and hiding its subjects’ histories, such that Broadhurst and Thompson, consciously or unconsciously, used the patterned surface as a plane in which their past lives could be buried. The revealing nature of the stark white wall, compared with the forgiveness provided by the pattern in which to hide, is elaborated by painter and advocate for polychromatic architecture, Fernand Léger in his essay, “The Wall, The Architect, The Painter (1965).” Léger writes that, “the modern architect has gone too far in his magnificent attempts to cleanse through emptiness,” and that the resultant white walls of modernity create ‘an impalpability of air, of slick, brilliant new surfaces where nothing can be hidden any longer …even shadows don’t dare to enter’. To counter the exposure produced by the white wall, Thompson and Broadhurst designed patterned surfaces that could harbour their personal histories. Broadhurst and Thompson’s works share a number of commonalities in their design production, even though their work in print design commenced a decade apart. Both designers opted to work more with traditional methods of pattern making. Broadhurst used hand-operated screens, and Thompson outsourced work to local weavers and refrained from operating out of a factory. Despite humble beginnings, Broadhurst and Thompson enjoyed international success with their wall patterns being featured in a number of renowned international hotels in Bahrain, Singapore, Sydney, and London in the 1970s and 1980s. Their patterns were also transferred to fabric for soft furnishings and clothing. Thompson’s patterns were used for costumes in films including the King and I and Ben Hur. Broadhurst’s patterns were also widely used by fashion designers and artists, such as Akira Isogowa‘s costume design for Salome, a 1998 production by the Sydney Dance Company. Most recently her print designs have been used by skin illustrator Emma Hack, in a series of works painting female bodies into Broadhurst’s patterns. Hack’s works camouflage the models’ bodies into the patterned surface, assimilating subject and surface, hinting at there being something living within the patterned wall. More than four decades after Broadhurst’s murder and five decades since Thompson’s disappearance, their print designs persist as more than just a legacy. They are applied as surface finishes with the same fervour as when the designs were first released. This chapter argues that the reason for the ongoing celebration of their work is that there is the impalpable presence of the creator in the patterns. It suggests that the patterns blur the boundary between subject and surface.

Heteronormatividade e sexualidades LGBT: repercussões dos discursos escolares sobre sexualidade na constituição das sexualidades não normativas

As práticas discursivas que constituem e sustentam as concepções de sexo e de sexualidade nas sociedades contemporâneas são fortemente arraigadas no discurso normalizado e normalizador segundo o qual há apenas dois sexos que se evidenciam em corpos masculinos ou femininos, naturalmente distintos biológica e fisionomicamente e reconhecíveis em modos de ser diversos - mas perfeitamente identificáveis com o sexo biológico (nascer com pênis/nascer com vagina). Esse sistema dicotômico afirmou por muitos anos uma concepção inequívoca de o que é e como ser homem ou mulher; restringiu os corpos a uma performance estereotipada de masculinidade e de feminilidade; conformou os discursos sobre gênero e sexo e naturalizou a heterossexualidade. Entretanto, o sistema binário no qual se funda a heterossexualidade encontra fissuras ante as identidades sexuais e de gênero que ora se evidenciam e desestabilizam a (hetero)sexualidade normativa. Sustentadas pela teoria queer e por autores como Judith Butler, Michel Foucault e Beatriz Preciado, minhas discussões nesta tese focalizam as repercussões e marcas dos discursos escolares na produção de corpos, gêneros e sexualidades de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e transgêneros LGBT. Interessa indagar, a partir das narrativas desses sujeitos, as formas como as sexualidades têm sido trabalhadas como conteúdo escolar e discutir os possíveis efeitos das práticas escolares na constituição das sexualidades LGBT. Como constituir-se como sujeito fora da norma em um espaço-tempo altamente regulado como o currículo escolar? Busco evidenciar que, mesmo às margens dos discursos socialmente legitimados que circulam na escola, cuja pretensão é manter a hegemonia da história universal onde apenas alguns sujeitos são inscritos e reconhecidos como inteligíveis, os sujeitos LGBT produzem suas histórias e criam modos de vida. Minhas contribuições ao debate do tema se referem à possibilidade de desconstrução dos discursos predominantes no espaço-tempo da escola que enfatizam as concepções naturalizadas de sexo, de gênero e de sexualidade. Neste sentido acentuo a necessidade de novas/outras abordagens que incluam todas as sexualidades no espaço de inteligibilidade habitado pela norma heterossexual e apontar indícios de como os discursos predominantes contribuem para a manutenção da heteronormatividade e do heterossexismo. As narrativas dos sujeitos LGBT apontam a necessidade de repensar as práticas escolares, visando desconstruir concepções naturalizadas em torno da vivência da sexualidade e avançar das políticas de tolerância para uma política da diferença na qual a concepção do que é ser humano esteja sempre em aberto.

Relações de gênero na imprensa esportiva

O objetivo deste documento é apresentar os artigos que compõem a tese, cuja abordagem temática circunscreve-se sobre as relações de gênero na imprensa esportiva. Em nível de organização, sentimo-nos à vontade para dividirmos esta tese em dois blocos: o de BASE e o de APROFUNDAMENTO. O Bloco base é composto pelos artigos "Os estudos de gênero e masculinidade e seus reflexos para a Educação Física" e "O olhar da imprensa sobre o vôlei feminino: quando a sombra se destaca". O Primeiro versa sobre uma reflexão sobre as identidades e os desdobramentos das masculinidades para a área da Educação Física e esportes. Nessa empreitada, pudemos inferir que os estudos sobre as temáticas Gênero e Masculinidades apontam-nos para um terreno fecundo e promissor no que diz respeito à contemporaneidade e a abrangência teórica no universo da ciência com a qual esta área de saber dialoga. Destarte, somos levados a inferir que os esportes, ao que tudo indica, vem atuando como legitimadora e reprodutora de uma ideologia hegemônica, sexista, patriarcal e machista. O segundo artigo, abordamos a história da inserção e da permanência das mulheres no universo dos esportes, utilizando a técnica da análise de imagens. Verificamos que a imprensa esportiva ainda carreia a imagem das mulheres atletas mantendo padrões ainda subordinados a uma hegemonia masculina que legisla sobre o que se quer ver. Já no segundo bloco, é composto pelos estudos "Jogos Olímpicos de Londres 2012: brasileiros e brasileiras em foco" e "Revelações dos fotógrafos esportivos brasileiros sobre relações de gênero". No primeiro estudo, ao analisarmos as imagens publicadas em jornais no período olímpico de 2012, percebemos que é evidente a quantidade e dimensão superior das imagens masculinas frente às femininas. Também, nas poucas vezes em que o homem é retratado denotando emotividade, choro ou decepção, as imagens divulgadas são de dimensões médias ou pequenas. E nas raras vezes em que a mulher é registrada durante a execução de gestos técnicos, vale-se do mesmo ocorrido no masculino: fotos médias ou pequenas e restritas ao interior do jornal. No artigo seguinte desse bloco, constatamos que o discurso dos fotógrafos para clicar atletas seguem as premissas: focam o corpo feminino belo e sensual em detrimento da representação de seu movimento no esporte, o que explica a apresentação de conotação sexual; sua performance é relegada a segundo plano. Já o corpo masculino, quando exposto sugerindo algum tipo de apelo, é representado de forma diferenciada, não vexatória ou pejorativa e sempre em posição de altivez. Verificamos que o publicado nos jornais não condiz com os discursos proferidos pelos entrevistados, uma vez que em diversos momentos afirmaram não haver discrepâncias quanto ao registro do masculino e do feminino. Nas Considerações finais, elencamos as principais impressões da composição da obra. Nesse item, pudemos confirmar que atletas masculinos e femininos têm tratamentos diferenciados e desiguais nos discursos e nas imagens exibidas pela imprensa esportiva.

Le nerf du corps : racines, correspondances et contamination des images de folles au cinéma

Ce mémoire de maîtrise étudie la mise en scène de la folie des femmes au cinéma. Notre hypothèse est qu’il est possible d’appréhender la folie en tant que forme esthétique et ainsi, d’isoler un répertoire de figures essentielles à la mise en scène et à la mise en jeu des corps féminins. En partant d’une définition « fuyante » de la folie, il s’agit de dégager la folle de la pathologie et d’examiner plutôt comment les images peuvent se faire écho et rejouer dans l’Histoire une série de « procédés figuratifs » à l’écran. Nous nous intéressons d’abord au grand bassin imaginaire dans lequel se construit l’iconographie de la folie des femmes au cinéma. Nous montrons ainsi comment la mémoire visuelle de la folie est tirée de tous les côtés par un réseau d’images plus anciennes et soulignons l’importance du spectaculaire dans ce bassin esthétique. Ensuite, nous étudions le mouvement des corps fous au cinéma. Nous démontrons comment la mise en scène de la folie donne accès à un répertoire de formes d’expressions reconnaissables : syncope, rire hystérique, jouissance, chutes, redressements, tics, contractures, etc. Finalement, en nous appuyant sur les notions d’emprunt et de contagion, nous démontrons l’importance du geste dans la compréhension des corps délirants au cinéma.

La chambre de Pandore : féminité et hybridité de l'espace chez Gaston Leroux

Le motif de la « chambre close », considéré comme emblématique du roman policier, a été exploité par de nombreux écrivains depuis le XIXe siècle. Chez les pères fondateurs du genre, tels Edgar Allan Poe et Arthur Conan Doyle, il s’est d’abord incarné sous une forme simple, celle d’un mécanisme permettant la mise en scène d’un « défi à la raison » (Christiane Cadet, 2008), avant de se complexifier à la Belle Époque. Sous la plume de Gaston Leroux, la simplicité cède la place à l’hybridité alors que la « chambre close », en s’emplissant d’un étonnant parfum de femme, devient le lieu où se croisent le crime et la passion, le privé et le public, la raison et la superstition. Dans Le Mystère de la chambre jaune (1907) et Le Fantôme de l’Opéra (1910), le romancier articule ses intrigues autour d’espaces atypiques, destinés à bouleverser les codes du genre policier. Ce mémoire s’attache ainsi à la manière dont un roman populaire, malgré son recours à un motif largement exploité, peut déplacer et transgresser l’horizon d’attente auquel il est associé. Plutôt que d’être figée à la manière d’un cliché photographique, la « chambre close » évolue sans cesse dans les récits à l’étude. Influencée par le phénomène d’hybridité générique qui sous-tend les romans, elle se dote de nouvelles significations qui la singularisent par rapport à l’emploi qu’en ont fait les prédécesseurs. En s’intéressant, dans un premier temps, à la trajectoire empruntée par les corps féminins et à leur influence sur les décors et, dans un deuxième temps, à la manière dont l’espace canalise un certain imaginaire propre à la littérature du XIXe siècle, il s’agira de voir comment Leroux parvient à faire éclater les murs d’un lieu qui, jusqu’alors, était clos « comme un coffre-fort » (Gaston Leroux, 1925).

Análisis de la ayuda oficial al desarrollo. estudio de caso: programa conjunto de UNICEF y UNFPA sobre la mutilación genital femenina en Kenia (2008-2012)

El interés de este estudio de caso es analizar el Programa Conjunto de UNFPA y UNICEF sobre MGF/E en Kenia bajo la luz de los postulados poscolonialistas. Partiendo de la idea de que la MGF es una manifestación de las desigualdades de género, se argumenta que el PC reproduce la imagen de la mujer keniana como una víctima del poder masculino. A partir de esta imagen se deslegitima el orden cultural de los grupos que siguen esta tradición, afectando las lógicas de unidad y cohesión de la sociedad. El análisis de este tipo de dinámicas permite comprender mejor los procesos de intervención de las organizaciones internacionales sobre las estructuras sociales de actores frágiles del sistema internacional.