Assessing elements of a family approach to reduce adolescent drinking frequency: parent-adolescent relationship, knowledge management, and keeping secrets

AIMS: To estimate 1) the associations between parent-adolescent relationship, parental knowledge and subsequent adolescent drinking frequency and 2) the influence of alcohol use on parental knowledge.

DESIGN: Path analysis of school based cohort study with annual surveys SETTING: Post primary schools from urban and intermediate/rural areas in Northern Ireland PARTICIPANTS: 4,937 post primary school students aged around 11 years in 2000 followed until around age 16 in 2005.

MEASUREMENTS: Pupil reported measures of: frequency of alcohol use; parental-child relationship quality; sub-dimensions of parental monitoring: parental control, parental solicitation, child disclosure and child secrecy.

FINDINGS: Higher levels of parental control (Ordinal logistic OR 0.86 95% CI 0.78, 0.95) and lower levels of child secrecy (OR 0.83 95% CI 0.75 0.92) were associated with less frequent alcohol use subsequently. Parental solicitation and parent-child relationship quality were not associated with drinking frequency. Weekly alcohol drinking was associated with higher subsequent secrecy (Beta -0.42 95% CI -0.53, -0.32) and lower parental control (Beta -0.15 95% CI -0.26, -0.04). Secrecy was more strongly predictive of alcohol use at younger compared with older ages (P=0.02), and alcohol use was less strongly associated with parental control among families with poorer relationships (P=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent alcohol use appears to increase as parental control decreases and child secrecy increases. Greater parental control is associated with less frequent adolescent drinking subsequently, while parent-child attachment and parental solicitation have little influence on alcohol use. 

Adopting a family approach to theory and practice: measuring distress in cancer patient-partner dyads with the distress thermometer

Objective: Significant others are central to patients' experience and management of their cancer illness. Building on our validation of the Distress Thermometer (DT) for family members, this investigation examines individual and collective distress in a sample of cancer patients and their matched partners, accounting for the aspects of gender and role. Method: Questionnaires including the DT were completed by a heterogeneous sample of 224 couples taking part in a multisite study. Results: Our investigation showed that male patients (34.2%), female patients (31.9%), and male partners (29.1%) exhibited very similar levels of distress, while female partners (50.5%) exhibited much higher levels of distress according to the DT. At the dyad level just over half the total sample contained at least one individual reporting significant levels of distress. Among dyads with at least one distressed person, the proportion of dyads where both individuals reported distress was greatest (23.6%). Gender and role analyses revealed that males and females were not equally distributed among the four categories of dyads (i.e. dyads with no distress; dyads where solely the patient or dyads where solely the partner is distressed; dyads where both are distressed). Conclusion: A remarkable number of dyads reported distress in one or both partners. Diverse patterns of distress within dyads suggest varying risks of psychosocial strain. Screening patients' partners in addition to patients themselves may enable earlier identification of risk settings. The support offered to either member of such dyads should account for their role- and gender-specific needs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley ; Sons, Ltd.

Providing a ‘whole-of-family’ approach to care: family-focused practices in mental health services

Introduction: Family members including children are all impacted by a family member’s mental illness. Although mental health services are increasingly encouraged to engage in family-focused practice, this is not a well-understood concept or practice in mental health care. Methods: An integrative review using systematic methods was conducted with international literature, with the aim of identifying concepts and practices of family-focused practice in child and youth and adult mental health services. Results: Findings from 40 peer-reviewed literature identified a range of understandings and applications of family-focused practice, including who comprises the ‘family’, whether the focus is family of origin or family of procreation or choice, and whether the context of practice is child and youth or adult. ‘Family’ as defined by its members forms the foundation for practice that aims to provide a whole-of-family approach to care. Six core practices comprise a family focus to care: assessment; psychoeducation; family care planning and goal-setting; liaison between families and services; instrumental, emotional and social support; and a coordinated system of care between families and services. Conclusion: By incorporating key principles and the core family-focused practices into their care delivery, clinicians can facilitate a whole-of-family approach to care and strengthen family members’ wellbeing and resilience, and their individual and collective health outcomes.

When an eco-feedback system joins the family

The dynamic, chaotic, intimate and social nature of family life presents many challenges when designing interactive systems in the household space. This paper presents findings from a whole-of-family approach to studying the use of an energy awareness and management system called “Ecosphere”. Using a novel methodology of inviting 12 families to create their own self-authored videos documenting their energy use, we report on the family dynamics and nuances of family life that shape and affect this use. Our findings suggest that the momentum of existing family dynamics in many cases obstructs behaviour change and renders some family members unaware of energy consumption despite the presence of an energy monitor display in the house. The implication for eco-feedback design is that it needs to recognise and respond to the kinds of family relations into which the system is embedded. In response, we suggest alternative ways of sharing energy-related information among families and incentivising engagement among teenagers.

Family Focused Practice in Mental Health Care: An Integrative Review

While mental health services are increasingly encouraged to engage in family-focused practice, it is a nebulous and poorly understood term. The aim of this paper was to examine and synthesize evidence on the concept and scope of family-focused practice in adult and child and youth mental health care settings. An integrative literature review method was used. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Proquest electronic databases were systematically searched forabstracts published in English between 1994-2014. Data were extracted and constant comparative analysis conducted with 40 included articles. Family-focused practice was conceptualised variously depending on who was included in the „family‟, whether the focus was family of origin or family of procreation, and the context of practice. As a finding of the review, six core and inter-related family-focused practices were identified: family care planning andgoal-setting; liaison between families and services; instrumental, emotional and social support; assessment; psychoeducation; and a coordinated system of care between families and services. While family is a troubled concept, „family‟ as defined by its members forms a basis for practice that is oriented to providing a „whole of family‟ approach to care. In order to strengthen familymembers‟ wellbeing and improve their individual and collective outcomes, key principles and practices of family-focused practice are recommended for clinicians and policy makers across mental health settings.

Mental Health Nurses' Family Focused Practice with Parents who have Mental Illness, their Children and Families in Adult Mental Health Services in Ireland

Introduction: While it is recommended that mental health professionals engage in family focused practice (FFP), there is limited understanding regarding psychiatric nurses’ practice with parents who have mental illness, their children and families in adult mental health services.

Methods: This study utilized a mixed methods approach to measure the extent of psychiatric nurses’ family focused practice and factors that predicted it. It also sought to explore the nature and scope of high scoring psychiatric nurses’ FFP and factors that affected their capacity to engage in FFP. Three hundred and forty three psychiatric nurses in 12 mental health services throughout Ireland completed the Family Focused Mental Health Practice Questionnaire (FFMHPQ). Fourteen nurses who achieved high scores on the FFMHPQ also participated in semi-structured interviews.

Results: Whilst the majority of nurses were not family focused a substantial minority were. High scoring nurses’ practice was complex and multifaceted, comprising various family focused activities, principles and processes. Nurses’ capacity to engage in FFP was determined by their knowledge and skills, working in community settings and own parenting experience.

Conclusions: Generally, low levels of family focused practice suggest the need for organizations to develop and implement guidelines, policies and training to support mental health professionals to adopt a whole family approach.

Abordagem familiar em visita domiciliária em enfermagem de saúde mental e psiquiatria

Considerando a família como foco de atenção em enfermagem de saúde mental e psiquiatria, foi realizada a análise da prática clínica de enfermagem no âmbito da prestação de cuidados em visita domiciliária, através dos registos de enfermagem existentes nesse contexto. Partindo dos conceitos de enfermagem de saúde mental e psiquiatria, família, modelos teóricos de avaliação e intervenção familiar e visita domiciliária; procurou-se compreender que modelos de abordagem familiar emergem dos registos de enfermagem das visitas domiciliárias, assim como identificar intervenções dirigidas a utentes e familiares numa perspectiva sistémica. Embora sem identificação completa com modelos teóricos existentes, concluímos que existe, sem dúvida, atenção dada aos familiares, sendo realizada frequentemente avaliação de relacionamentos, padrões de interacção, apoios e recursos, necessitando de melhorias que permitam que seja realizada de uma forma sistematizada, criteriosa, fundamentada e claramente documentada; ABSTRACT: Considering family care central, in psychiatric mental health nursing, an analyses of nursing clinical practice in home care context, was accomplished; using the nursing notes existents in that context. Based on concepts of psychiatric mental health nursing, family, conceptual models of family assessment and intervention and home care; we tried to understand what kind of family approach emerges from the nursing notes, as well as identify what interventions are directed to patients and families in a systemic perspective. Although without clear identification of the conceptual models existents, we realise that attention giving to families, exists, without doubted, with frequent relationships assessments, interaction patterns, supports and resources, however with the need to improve in a more grounded, systematic and discerning way and clearly documented.

Prevalência do excesso de peso em idade pré-escolar no concelho da Murtosa: um estudo transversal

RESUMO - A prevalência de obesidade infantil em Portugal é das mais elevadas da Europa. No concelho da Murtosa (Aveiro), para estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade entre os 3 e os 6 anos e determinar os factores que lhe estão associados, desenvolveu-se, durante o ano de 2008, um estudo transversal que consistiu na avaliação estatoponderal das crianças frequentadoras dos estabelecimentos de ensino pré-escolar do concelho e aplicação de um questionário aos pais sobre antecedentes e perinatais, hábitos alimentares, actividades da criança e características da família. Através de um modelo de regressão logística multivariada identificaram-se as variáveis associadas ao excesso de peso/obesidade. Participaram no estudo 258 crianças, estimando-se uma prevalência de excesso de peso de 15,5 % (IC 95 % : 11,6 % a 20,4 %) e de obesidade de 6,2 % (IC 95 % : 3,9 % a 9,8 % ). Observou-se uma maior prevalência de excesso de peso nos meninos (19,5 %) e de obesidade nas meninas (10,4 %). O excesso de peso materno e o hábito de comer a ver televisão aumentaram o risco de excesso de peso/obesidade (OR: 10,548; OR: 13,815); o maior número de horas de sono diário, o maior número de refeições diárias e o aumento ponderal materno durante a gravidez (OR: 0,490; OR: 0,366; OR: 0,804) associaram-se a um menor risco de excesso de peso/obesidade. Justifica-se o desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção primária e secundária da obesidade infantil dirigidos aos factores de risco modificáveis identificados, sugerindo-se a necessidade de uma abordagem familiar e da avaliação sistemática deste tipo de intervenções.

Processus de facilitation d'une pratique réflexive, de type codéveloppement, auprès d'infirmières pivots en oncologie et son influence sur leur pratique professionnelle

Deux catégories de compétences influenceraient toute pratique professionnelle, les compétences disciplinaires et relationnelles. Selon le cadre théorique de ce projet, la pratique réflexive (PR) aiderait le professionnel à développer les compétences relationnelles, grâce à l’approfondissement de sa conscience et de son autocritique des composantes tacites de sa pratique, telles que ses valeurs et principes, ses perceptions et ses stratégies d’action, afin de les rendre plus efficaces et satisfaisantes lors de la résolution de problèmes. Dans cette étude, la PR souhaitait aider un groupe d’infirmières pivots en oncologie (IPO) à réfléchir et agir sur les composantes de leur pratique qui contribuaient à certaines difficultés relationnelles persistantes vécues auprès de gestionnaires, collègues et familles et qui, selon les IPO, avaient un impact sur l’expérience de santé de familles touchées par le cancer. Toutefois, la recension des écrits effectuée dans cette recherche soutient qu’il y a un nombre insuffisant d’études qui a trait à l’influence d’une PR sur la pratique infirmière et, plus encore, sur le développement des compétences relationnelles des infirmières. Les écueils théoriques et méthodologiques suivants ont entre autres été rapportés: la PR étudiée ne reposait pas toujours sur un modèle théorique clair et le but poursuivi par la PR n’était pas toujours énoncé; aucune recherche n’a documenté de quelle manière la PR s’était développée et, une fois acquise, de quelle façon elle avait contribué aux résultats; et, enfin, aucune étude recensée n’a exploré l’influence d’une PR intégrée par l’infirmière, en tenant compte de la perspective de familles qui bénéficiaient de leurs soins. Considérant ces principaux écueils, cette étude a privilégié la recherche-action participative afin de documenter la facilitation d’une PR et son influence sur les compétences relationnelles d’IPO et sur d’autres dimensions à la fois personnelles, organisationnelles et cliniques. Six IPO ont pris part à l’intervention de l’étude d’une durée d’un an. Cinq collègues des équipes de soins et douze membres de familles touchées par le cancer ont participé à l’évaluation de son influence. Les résultats de cette recherche portent à croire que les IPO qui développent une PR plus profonde, c’est-à-dire jusqu’à leurs sentiments et besoins internes, parviennent à établir des relations plus mutuelles auprès de collègues et de familles, grâce à des changements importants réalisés sur le plan de leurs valeurs et principes, de leurs perceptions et de leurs stratégies d’action. Les résultats de l’étude soutiennent aussi que ces changements au sein de la pratique infirmière génèrent des effets positifs. Les IPO ont parlé d’une plus grande satisfaction liée à leur travail et de bienfaits sur leur santé. La majorité des IPO et des participantes-collègues de l’étude ont rapporté un climat de travail plus calme et des processus d’équipe plus satisfaisants lors, par exemple, de la résolution de problèmes. Enfin, lorsque les IPO intégraient une approche plus mutuelle, des familles rapportaient une atténuation de leur inquiétude ou de leur détresse psychologique, une plus grande capacité de donner du sens à leur expérience de cancer, une qualité accrue de leur communication intrafamiliale ou avec l’équipe soignante.

L'hospitalisation de la femme en raison d'une grossesse à risque élevé : l'expérience de couples

Attendre un enfant est généralement un événement heureux pour un couple. Toutefois, lorsqu’une hospitalisation de la femme survient en raison d’une grossesse à risque élevé, l’expérience des futurs parents peut se transformer en véritable cauchemar. Jusqu’à maintenant, les savoirs disponibles suggèrent que cet événement imprévu ait de nombreux impacts sur les futurs parents. Néanmoins, ce sujet n’a été abordé que selon une perspective maternelle ou paternelle, sans s’intéresser au caractère systémique de la situation. Cette étude qualitative de cas multiples propose d’explorer l’expérience de couples vivant l’hospitalisation de la femme en raison d’une grossesse à risque élevé, dans une perspective systémique et constructiviste. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de 7 couples dont la femme était, au moment de l’entrevue, hospitalisée en raison d’une grossesse à risque élevé. L’analyse qualitative des données s’est inspirée de la thématisation et a tenu compte des cadres théoriques et épistémologique choisis, étant respectivement l’approche systémique familiale de Wright et Leahey (2013) et le constructivisme. Les résultats suggèrent que l’hospitalisation est marquée par l’intensité des émotions ressenties. Les futurs parents ressentent presque constamment des sentiments d’inquiétude, d’incertitude et de solitude. Il est toutefois intéressant de constater que le couple lui-même subit des changements au cours de l’hospitalisation. En ce sens, cet événement requiert une immense réorganisation, laquelle touche plusieurs systèmes gravitant autour du système conjugal. Enfin, afin de faire face à l’intensité et à l’imprévisibilité de la situation, les couples sont amenés à solliciter un soutien externe et à puiser dans leurs propres ressources internes. En lien avec les cadres théoriques et épistémologiques choisis, ces résultats conviennent de la nécessité d’adopter une vision systémique et contextuelle afin de développer des soins infirmiers concordants avec l’expérience des couples. Cela ramène à la nécessité de réaliser d’autres études afin de perfectionner la compréhension de l’expérience. Certaines pistes d’interventions infirmières sont néanmoins énoncées, afin d’amener les infirmières à considérer la situation du point de vue de l’expérience conjugale, dont les défis de réorganisations extérieurs et des relations conjugales. Enfin, il est proposé que l’infirmière puisse agir afin de renforcer la capacité des couples à composer avec les conséquences de l’hospitalisation anténatale.

Intervention infirmière auprès des familles afin de prévenir le délirium chez un proche âgé admis dans une salle d’urgence

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des sciences infirmières en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) option expertise-conseil en soins infirmiers

Explorer l'expérience vécue de la personne/famille tout au long du parcours de chirurgie pour un cancer pancréatique

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des sciences infirmières en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences infirmières option expertise-conseil en soins infirmiers

Relações entre família, políticas de assistência social e vulnerabilidade social: um estudo a partir de entrevistas com mulheres usuárias do SUAS

A centralidade na família é uma das principais diretrizes adotadas pela Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS) implementada por meio do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS). A noção de matricialidade sociofamiliar configura-se como base para a formulação de serviços específicos de abordagem familiar nos níveis de proteção social básica e especial, que visam o acompanhamento longitudinal de famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade social, definida neste contexto pela condição de desvantagem em decorrência da pobreza, da privação de renda e de acesso aos serviços e bens públicos, da fragilização de vínculos afetivos, relacionais e de pertencimento. Objetivou-se com esse estudo identificar como as mulheres usuárias do SUAS percebiam e definiam as vulnerabilidades do próprio núcleo familiar, assim como verificar se a concepção de vulnerabilidade social proposta pela PNAS é condizente com as problemáticas apresentadas pelas famílias usuárias do SUAS. A pesquisa qualitativa foi executada por meio de entrevistas de longa duração com temas advindos da observação participante realizada ao longo de três anos de acompanhamento de mulheres usuárias do SUAS por meio de abordagem grupal em serviço de Assistência Social do bairro do Butantã na cidade de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo oito mulheres, acima de 18 anos, usuárias do SUAS e residentes da zona oeste de São Paulo. As depoentes têm entre 35 e 51 anos de idade, estudaram entre a 5ª e a 8ª série do Ensino Fundamental II, cinco delas são migrantes, quatro vivem com os companheiros e filhos e quatro residem com os filhos em uma organização familiar monoparental, três são beneficiárias da Previdência Social, duas estão inseridas em trabalhos formais, duas em trabalhos informais e uma não trabalha. Todas relataram ter sofrido episódios de violência e violação de direitos, principalmente observados na dificuldade de acesso a serviços sociais básicos. Os depoimentos marcaram dificuldades experimentadas ao longo da vida das mulheres e a tônica dos relatos destacou as preocupações atreladas ao papel de mãe e à luta cotidiana que enfrentam para educar, orientar, sustentar e estar junto aos filhos, sobretudo daqueles que se encontram na fase da infância e da adolescência. À luz da noção de enraizamento, proposta por Simone Weil, foi possível identificar que as depoentes apresentam e enfrentam cotidianamente dificuldades ligadas ao desenraizamento urbano, elucidado especialmente na carência de participação comunitária e política. Nesse cenário, a condição de vulnerabilidade pela qual as famílias são definidas no âmbito da política de assistência social, revela certa ambiguidade, pois ao mesmo tempo em que permite oferecer a essas famílias alguma modalidade de apoio também as coloca numa posição estigmatizada de beneficiárias das políticas públicas. Com isso, considerou-se que apesar da concepção de vulnerabilidade proposta pela PNAS ser condizente com as problemáticas apresentadas pelas usuárias, verifica-se uma lacuna em relação à dimensão subjetiva da formação de cada grupo familiar e suas necessidades específicas a fim de apoiá-los para a promoção de uma mudança efetiva

Genetic effect of domestication selective pressures on Pacific oyster at larval stage

Among bivalve species, the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is the most economically important bivalve production over the world. Today, C. gigas is subject to an important production effort that leads to an intensive artificial selection. Larval stage is relatively unknown, specifically in a domestication context. Genetic consequence of artificial selection is still at a preliminary study. We aimed to tackle the consequence of inconscient domestication on the variance reproductive success focusing on larval stage, keystone of the life cycle. We studied two kinds of specific selective processes that common hatchery rearing practices exert : the effect of discarding the smallest larvae on genetic diversity and the artificial environment rearing effect via the temperature providing a contrast resembling wild versus hatchery conditions (20 and 26°C). In order to monitor the effect of the selection of fast growing larvae by sieving, growth variability and genetic diversity in a larval population descended from a factorial breeding was studied. We used a mixed-family approach to reduce potentially confounding environmental biais. The retrospective assignment of individuals to family groups has been performed using a three microsatellite markers set. Two different rearing were carried out in parallel. For three (replicates) 50-l tanks, the smallest larvae were progressively discarded by selective sieving, whereas for the three others no selective sieving was performed. The intensity of selective sieving was adjusted so as to discard 50% of the larvae over the whole rearing period in a progressive manner. As soon as the larvae reached the pediveliger stage, ready to settle larvae were sampled for genetic analysis. Regarding the artificial environment rearing effect via the temperature, we used a similar mixed-family approach. The progeny from a factorial breeding design was divided as follows: three (replicates) 50-l tanks were dedicaced to a rearing at 26°C versus 20°C for three others 50-l tanks. The whole size variability was preserved for this experiment. Individual growth measurements for larvae genetically identified have been performed at days 22 and 30 after fertilization for both conditions. In a same way, we collected individual measurements for genotyped juvenile oysters (80 days after fertilization). At a phenotypic scale, relative survival and settlement success for larvae with sieving were higher. Sieving appears as a time-saving process associated with a better relative survival ratio. But in the same time, our results confirm that a significant genetic variability exist for early developmental traits in the Pacific oyster. This is congruent with the results already obtained that investigated genetic variability and genetic correlations in early life-history traits of Crassostrea gigas. Discarding around 50% of the smallest larvae can lead to significant selection at the larval stage.

Situação de risco com impacto em toda a família: gravidez na adolescência

Introdução: A gravidez na adolescência constitui uma situação de risco com impacto em toda a família, podendo gerar crises não apenas na jovem que engravida - em virtude da inexperiência e consequente dificuldade que surge para cuidar de um filho - , como do ponto de vista transgeracional. Objetivos: Aplicar o Modelo Dinâmico de Avaliação e Intervenção Familiar (MDAIF) Figueiredo (2009) e avaliar o impacto dos cuidados de enfermagem numa família em contexto clínico. Métodos: Estudo de caso qualitativo realizado com base no MDAIF em contexto clínico nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários. Este estudo focou-se no processo de intervenção familiar desenvolvido com uma família de uma adolescente de 16 anos que engravida, fruto de uma relação fugaz com um rapaz 9 anos mais velho que conheceu através das redes sociais (Facebook). Instrumentos: Genograma, Ecomapa, Apgar familiar e Escala de Graffar. Resultados: Família extensa, com diferentes subsistemas e limites rígidos. A família encontra-se na etapa do ciclo vital – família com filhos adolescentes, segundo Duvall (1977). Família de classe média. Com a gravidez não desejada da adoelscente, e apesar da relação conflituosa com a sua mãe, esta torna-se um apoio importante no percurso da vida da adolescente e no desenvolvimento do recém-nascido. Conclusões: A utilização do MDAIF permitiu o desenvolvimento das habilidades dos enfermeiros para uma abordagem familiar, contribuindo assim para dar resposta às necessidades da família, enquanto unidade alvo de cuidados. Além disto, permitiu à adolescente prosseguir com a realização do seu projeto de vida, com o apoio familiar e social. Sugere-se a continuidade da utilização do MDAIF.