Methanesulfonic acid-catalyzed conversion of glucose and xylose mixtures to levulinic acid and furfural

Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was compared with sulfuric acid for the conversion of glucose and xylose mixtures to produce levulinic acid and furfural. The interactions of glucose and xylose, the predominant sugars found in biomass, were found to influence product yields with furfural degradation reactions enhanced under higher reactant loadings. Fast heating rates allowed maximal yields (>60 mol%) of levulinic acid and furfural to be achieved under short reaction times. Under the range of conditions examined, sulfuric acid produced a slight increase in levulinic acid yield by 6% (P = 0.02), although there was no significant difference (P = 0.11) between MSA and sulfuric acid in levulinic acid formed from glucose alone. The amount and type of the solid residue is similar between MSA and sulfuric acid. As such, MSA is a suitable alternative because its use minimizes corrosion and disposal issues associated with mineral acid catalysts. The heating value of the residue was 22 MJ/kg implying that it is a suitable source of fuel. On the basis of these results, a two-stage processing strategy is proposed to target high levulinic acid and furfural yields, and other chemical products (e.g., lactic acid, xylitol, acetic acid and formic acid). This will result in full utilization of bagasse components.

Kinetics of vapour phase oxidation of furfural on vanadium catalyst

Vapour phase oxidation of furfural over vanadium pentoxide catalyst was studied using an isothermal flow reactor in the temperature range of 220–280°C. Maleic anhydride and carbon dioxide are found to be formed from furfural by a parallel reaction scheme. The following rate equation based on the two-stage redox mechanism—the substance to be oxidized reduces the catalyst which in turn is reoxidized by oxygen from the feed—is found to explain the data satisfactorily.The reoxidation of the reduced catalyst was found to be the rate controlling step.

Kinetics of vapour phase oxidation of furfural on vanadium catalyst

Vapour phase oxidation of furfural over vanadium pentoxide catalyst was studied using an isothermal flow reactor in the temperature range of 220–280°C. Maleic anhydride and carbon dioxide are found to be formed from furfural by a parallel reaction scheme. The following rate equation based on the two-stage redox mechanism—the substance to be oxidized reduces the catalyst which in turn is reoxidized by oxygen from the feed—is found to explain the data satisfactorily. The reoxidation of the reduced catalyst was found to be the rate controlling step.

Effect of pretreatment on the formation of 5-chloromethyl furfural derived from sugarcane bagasse

Chloromethylfurfural (CMF), a valuable intermediate for the production of chemicals and fuel, can be derived in high yields from the cellulose component of biomass. This study examined the effect of sugar cane bagasse components and biomass architecture on CMF/bio-oil yield using a HCl/dichloroethane biphasic system. The type of pretreatment affected bio-oil yield, as the CMF yield increased with increasing glucan content. CMF yield reached 81.9% with bagasse pretreated by acidified aqueous ionic liquid, which had a glucan content of 81.6%. The lignin content of the biomass was found to significantly reduce CMF yield, which was only 62.3% with acid-catalysed steam exploded sample having a lignin content of 29.6%. The change of CMF yield may be associated with fibre surface changes as a result of pretreatment. The hemicellulose content also impacted negatively on CMF yield. Storage of the bio-oil in chlorinated solvents prevented CMF degradation.

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol catalyzed by polymer resin supported palladium catalysts

Three kinds of polymer resin supported Pd catalysts were prepared by mixing PdCl2, with alkaline styrene anion exchange resins[D392 -NH2, D382, -NHCH3, D301R, -NH(CH3)(2)], strongly alkaline styrene anion exchanged resin [201 X 7DVB, -NH+ (CH3)(3)] and alkaline epoxy exchange resin (701, -NH2), and hydrogenating in liquid phase at 1.013 X 10(5) Pa. The hydrogenation of furfural was studied under the reaction conditions such as solvent, temperature. Pd content in the supported catalyst and the amount of the catalyst. The yield of hydrogenation reaction of furfural markedly increased to 100% and the selectivity to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol increased to over 98% by polymer (alkaline styrene anion exchange resins D392, -NH2, D382, -NHCH3) supported palladium catalysts comparing with the yield over 70% and selectivity over 97% by palladium catalyst, in 50% alcohol-50% water or pure water solution at 1.013 X 10(5) Pa. The relationship between hydrogenation and the structures of functional group in the supporting resin was examined by XPS method.

Kinetics of Aqueous Phase Dehydration of Xylose into Furfural Catalyzed by ZSM-5 Zeolite

ZSM-5 zeolite in H+ form with an average pore size of 1.2 nm was used for aqueous phase dehydration of xylose to furfural at low temperatures;, that is, from 413 to 493 K. The selectivity in furfural increased with the temperature to a value of 473 K. Beyond this temperature, condensation reactions were significant and facilitated by the intrinsic structure of ZSM-5. A reaction mechanism that included isomerization of xylose to lyxose, dehydration of lyxose and xylose to furfural, fragmentation of furfural to organic acids, oligomerization of furfural to bi- and tridimensional furilic species, and complete dehydration of organic acids to carbonaceous deposits was developed, and the associated kinetic parameters were estimated. The rate of furfural production was found to be more sensitive to temperature than the rates of side reactions, with an estimated activation energy of 32.1 kcal/mol. This value correlated well with data in the literature obtained by homogeneous catalytic dehydration.

Mechanism of electrical conduction in plasma polymerized furfural thin films

Polyfurfural thin films lying in the thickness range of 1300–2000 A˚ were prepared by ac plasma polymerization technique. The current–voltage characteristics in symmetric and asymmetric electrode configuration were studied with a view to determining the dominant conduction mechanism.It was found that the Schottky conduction mechanism is dominant in plasma polymerized furfural thin films.The predominance of Schottky mechanism was further confirmed based on the thermally stimulated current measurements.

Phenol-furfural resins to elaborate composites, reinforced with sisal fibers - Molecular analysis of resin and properties of composites

Resol type resins were prepared in alkaline conditions (potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate) using furfural obtained by acid hydrolysis of abundant renewable resources from agricultural and forestry waste residues. The structures of the resins were fully determined by H-1, C-13, and 2D NMR spectrometries with the help of four models compounds synthesized specially for this study. MALDI-Tof mass spectrometry experiments indicated that a majority of linear oligomers and a minority of cyclic ones constituted them. Composites were prepared with furfural-phenol resins and sisal fibers. These fibers were chosen mainly because they came from natural lignocellulosic material and they presented excellent mechanical microscopy images indicated that the composites displayed excellent adhesion between resin and fibers. Impact strength measurement showed that mild conditions were more suitable to prepare thermosets. Nevertheless, mild conditions induced a high-diffusion coefficient for water absorption by composites. Composites with good properties could be prepared using high proportion of materials obtained from biomass without formaldehyde. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Síntese, análise e caracterização do filme polimérico da eletrorredução do furfural sobre platina em acetonitrila

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sistemático para obter um filme polimérico a partir da eletrooxidação e eletrorredução do furfural. O filme foi crescido sobre a superfície do eletrodo usando-se três técnicas eletroquímicas: voltametria cíclica (VC); a cronoamperometria e a cronopotenciometria. Estas técnicas foram usadas em ambos os processos. Inicialmente foi testada a eletrooxidação e polimerização do furfural sobre o eletrodo de platina brilhante em solução aquosa de ácido sulfúrico 0,50 mol L-1. A influência de algumas variáveis como a concentração de furfural e o tempo de polarização foram estudadas. Os resultados confirmam a formação de um filme fino sobre a superfície do eletrodo, entretanto com uma aderência ruim. Este efeito foi atribuído à solubilidade do filme em meio aquoso. Devido a isto, realizou-se experimentos em meio não aquoso, usando acetonitrila como solvente. O eletrodo de trabalho usado neste caso foi a platina platinizada, este foi usado com o objetivo de se aumentar a superfície ativa do eletrodo e o eletrólito suporte usado foi o cloreto de tetrametilamônio 0,1 mol L-1. Neste caso a polarização anódica foi realizada pelas três técnicas com objetivo de melhorar a aderência do filme sobre a superfície do eletrodo. Entretanto a qualidade do filme diminui com o aumento da concentração de água presente no meio. Uma nova estratégia foi adotada, entretanto, envolvendo a formação de um filme por eletrorredução do furfural, sobre a superfície do eletrodo de platina, em acetonitrila e cloreto de lítio como eletrólito suporte. Os resultados confirmam um filme polimérico poroso e espesso, sobre a superfície do eletrodo usando as técnicas eletroquímicas. A aderência deste filme foi melhor se comparada com a do filme obtido anteriormente. O filme foi caracterizado por medidas eletroquímicas, por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, por espectroscopia de Ultra-violeta, por espectroscopia de Infra-vermelho, Cromatografia de permeação em gel e, por DSC. Os dados obtidos permitiram estabelecer uma proposta de mecanismo que inclui a presença da acetonitrila na formação do filme polimérico obtido sobre a superfície do eletrodo de platina.

Polimerização eletroquímica do furfural em meio aquoso de ftalato ácido de potássio sobre platina e carbono vítreo reticulado

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sistemático para a obtenção de um filme polimérico a partir da eletrooxidação do furfural (2-furanoaldeído). O filme foi crescido sobre a superfície do eletrodo de platina (Pt) e sobre carbono vítreo reticulado (CVR). Três técnicas eletroquímicas foram usadas: cronopotenciometria com correntes de 10 mA, voltametria cíclica por ciclagens sucessivas no intervalo de potencial de 2,0 V à 2,70 V (Ag/AgCl) e a cronoamperometria, no potencial de 2,65 V (Ag/AgCl). Diferentes eletrólitos foram testados em solução aquosa sobre Pt. O sal biftalato de potássio foi o eletrólito suporte mais adequado para formação do filme sobre ambos eletrodos, Pt e CVR. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a formação de um filme branco sobre a superfície dos eletrodos, entretanto, com alguma solubilização no próprio meio. Esta solubilidade do filme em meio aquoso permitiu atribuir-lhe características de polieletrólito. Evidências desta característica se confirmam pelas propriedades físico-químicas das soluções do filme testadas resultando no aumento da acidez e no aumento da condutividade do meio, quando se comparam as soluções de biftalato ácido de potássio com as do filme polimérico Os resultados revelam a formação de um filme poroso e espesso sobre a superfície dos eletrodos, com características que dependem do método eletroquímico empregado, bem como do tempo de polarização. A visualização do filme foi registrada por fotografias digitais e caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O crescimento do filme pelo método cronopotenciométrico forneceu os melhores resultados em termos de aderência e volume. Uma observação importante refere-se ao caráter condutor do filme formado, uma vez que medidas eletroquímicas dos eletrodos modificados não acusaram um decaimento significativo das correntes. Além das medidas eletroquímicas, a condutividade do polímero, determinada pelo método das quatro pontas, resultou num valor de 100 µS cm-1 para o obtido potenciostaticamente e de 150 µS cm-1 para o obtido galvanostaticamente. A caracterização do filme envolveu as medidas térmicas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e a análise termogravimétrica (TGA). As medidas espectroscópicas como o ultravioleta, infravermelho, Raman, ressonância magnética nuclear de H1 e de C13 diretamente com o filme formado ou através de suas soluções em solventes adequados, confirmaram a participação de ambos os anéis ftálico e furânico na estrutura do filme.

Análisis microeconómico de las características del cambio tecnológico y del proceso de innovaciones: el caso de Furfural y Derivados, SA México

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