FOIA, Inc.

Government transparency is imagined as a public good necessary to a robust democracy. Consistent with that vision, Congress enacted the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to allow oversight and accountability of governmental activities. No actors are more central to the design than journalists, who were not only the prime intended users, but who were intimately involved in crafting the law itself. But this democracy-enhancing ideal is at odds with FOIA’s reality: at some agencies, commercial — not public — interests dominate the landscape of FOIA requesters. This Article provides the first in-depth academic study of the commercial use of FOIA, drawing on original datasets from six federal agencies. It uses these agencies as case studies to examine the way that businesses derive profit-making value from free or low-cost federal records. Remarkably, these datasets also reveal a cottage industry of companies whose entire business model is to request federal records under FOIA and resell them at a profit. Information resellers are not isolated occurrences, but rather are some of the most frequent FOIA requesters — often submitting hundreds or even thousands of requests a year — at a variety of federal agencies. Commercial users certainly have legitimate information needs, but, as this Article demonstrates, the volume and character of the current commercial use of FOIA undermines its efficacy as a transparency tool. Private businesses in essence receive a substantial subsidy without any corresponding public good, all while draining agency resources that might otherwise be used to respond to FOIA requests that serve its central oversight and accountability aims. Moreover, information resellers have become the de facto locus for federal records for whole industries, effectively privatizing an important public function. Counter-intuitively, limiting commercial requesting will not solve this problem. Instead, this Article proposes a targeted and aggressive policy of requiring government agencies to affirmatively disclose sets of records that are routinely the subject of FOIA requests — a surprisingly large number of the documents sought by commercial requesters. By meeting information needs in a more efficient manner that is available equally to all, affirmative disclosure will enable federal agencies to reclaim public records from the private market and free up resources to better serve FOIA requests that advance its democratic purpose.

FOIA, Inc.

Government transparency is imagined as a public good necessary to a robust democracy. Consistent with that vision, Congress enacted the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to allow oversight and accountability of governmental activities, imagining the prime intended users to be journalists. But this democracy-enhancing ideal is at odds with FOIA’s reality: at some agencies, commercial—not public—interests dominate the landscape of FOIA requesters. This Article provides the first in-depth academic study of the commercial use of FOIA, drawing on original datasets from six federal agencies. It documents how corporations, in pursuit of private profit, have overrun FOIA’s supremely inexpensive processes and, in so doing, potentially crowded out journalists and other government watchdogs from doing what the law was intended to facilitate: thirdparty oversight of governmental actors. It also reveals a cottage industry of companies whose entire business model is to request federal records under FOIA and resell them at a profit, which distorts the transparency system even further. Counterintuitively, limiting commercial requesting will not solve this problem. Instead, this Article proposes a targeted and aggressive policy of requiring government agencies to affirmatively disclose sets of records that are the subject of routine FOIA requests—a surprisingly large number of the documents sought by commercial requesters. By meeting information needs in a more efficient manner that is available equally to all, affirmative disclosure will enable federal agencies to reclaim public records from the private market and free up resources to better serve FOIA requests that advance its democratic purpose.

Gli straccioni : commedia ; La ficheide ; Comento ; La nasea e La statua della foia ; dicerie /

Reprint of the 1863 ed. published by G. Daelli, Milan which was issued as v. 12 of Biblioeca rara.

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).

Mode of access: Internet.

La intervención en los centros de acogida para menores inmigrantes en Valencia : Fundación Amigó.

Monográfico con el título: La migración de menores no acompañados en España. Resumen en inglés y catalán

Apuntes para una historia de la publicidad del juguete en Alicante

El juguete es uno de los productos emblemáticos de la industria de la provincia de Alicante; en particular, del distrito industrial de la Foia de Castalla. Sus inicios se remontan a finales del siglo XIX; desde entonces, varios motivos han permitido que el valle del juguete siga registrando la mayor concentración geográfica del sector en España. Entre los factores que propiciaron su desarrollo y expansión está la publicidad, una técnica y forma de comunicación que da a conocer los productos pero que también actúa como aceleradora de la demanda. Sin ella, el desarrollo de la industria tal y como la conocemos no hubiera tenido lugar. La publicidad, en su sentido moderno, se inició en España en el primer tercio del siglo XX. Hasta la actualidad ha acompañado al sector juguetero en su evolución. Su historia, hecha de imágenes, palabras y sonidos, forma parte de la historia del juguete en Alicante. Y esa es también nuestra historia.

El territorio como eje estratégico para la industria del juguete

En la localidad de Ibi suele recordarse que la sirena de la fábrica La Sin Rival-Payá Hermanos marcaba la rutina laboral no solo de los trabajadores de la empresa sino del resto de habitantes y trabajadores de otras empresas de la ciudad. Su cierre a principios de los ochenta supone, visto con perspectiva histórica, el inicio de la difícil y compleja situación a la que se iba enfrentar el sector desde ese momento y, en especial, el reto que supone afrontar las consecuencias derivadas de la actual crisis económica. Los cierres de otras empresas míticas como Juguetes Rico o Estuches y Juguetes S.A. (más conocida como Jyesa) han ido marcando la evolución que ha experimentado el sector en las últimas tres décadas. La evolución del sector se ha sustentado sobre una estrategia de diversificación y modernización que ha tenido siempre como base la tradición manufacturera. No obstante, también hay que tener en cuenta el fuerte impacto que los procesos de deslocalización han tenido sobre la industria de la zona reduciendo el peso de la manufactura y aumentando, a su vez, la actividad importadora de productos provenientes de países asiáticos (Ybarra, Fuster y Doménech, 2009). Uno de los efectos derivados de este proceso de deslocalización de la producción juguetera fue que la industria inició un proceso de diversificación y especialización hacia sectores relacionados con el plástico, el metal o los moldes y la matricería que le ha permitido convertirse, por un lado, en proveedores de alto nivel de industrias como la automovilística o la aeronáutica que exigen unos estándares de producción muy altos y, por otro lado, en fabricantes de bienes de consumo (por ejemplo, productos plásticos para el hogar). Como resultado de este proceso, la zona de la Foia de Castalla (Biar, Castalla, Ibi, Onil y Tibi) se ha configurado como una de las áreas de especialización más importantes del país para la subcontratación de procesos industriales (Ybarra y Santa María, 2008).

Annual report of the Legal Services Corporation.

Mode of access: Internet.

Late Bronze Age in Eastern Iberian Peninsula: Archaeological Bases and Periodization

Research surrounding the transition from II to I millennium cal BC in Eastern Iberian Peninsula has a large and extensive tradition of investigation. However, the chances to do research on this historical process have been limited by the lack of a well contextualized and dated stratigraphic sequence. For this reason, recent studies in this topic have followed the periodic proposals which were developed in closer regions and areas, especially in the South East and North East of the Peninsula. The investigation perspective about the Late Bronze in Eastern Iberian has however now improved, with the development of several archaeological investigations, the increase in the number of sites being dated and more recent studies into the region helping to bring about this change. As such, it is now in the correct state to be able to propose a new periodization and delve into the changes which occurred in the transition between 1500 and 725 cal BC.