Análise por meio de espectroscopia de emissão óptica das espécies ativas em nitretação iônica e gaiola catódica

Plasma process like ionic nitriding and cathodic cage plasma nitriding are utilized in order to become hard surface of steels. The ionic nitriding is already accepted in the industry while cathodic cage plasma nitriding process is in industrial implementation stage. Those process depend of plasma parameters like electronic and ionic temperature (Te, Ti), species density (ne, ni) and of distribution function of these species. In the present work, the plasma used to those two processes has been observed through Optical Emission Spectroscopy OES technique in order to identify presents species in the treatment ambient and relatively quantify them. So plasma of typical mixtures like N2 H2 has been monitored through in order to study evolution of those species during the process. Moreover, it has been realized a systematic study about leaks, also thought OES, that accomplish the evolution of contaminant species arising because there is flux of atmosphere to inside nitriding chamber and in what conditions the species are sufficiently reduced. Finally, to describe the physic mechanism that acts on both coating techniques ionic nitriding and cathodic cage plasma nitriding

Diagnóstico de descarga de cátodo oco de ar e pós-descarga Ar N2 por espectroscopia de emissão óptica e espectrometria de massa

Many applications require that the plasma discharge is produced apart from the surface to be processed, thus preventing damage caused by bombardment and/or plasma radiation. In the post-discharge regime in various applications thermally sensitive materials can be used. In this work, active species produced by discharge and post-discharge hollow cathode were diagnosed by optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The discharge was produced with the gases Ar and Ar - N2 gas flow ranging from 1 to 6 cm3/min and electric current between 150 to 600 mA. It was estimated that the ion density inside the hollow cathode, with 2 mm diameter ranged between 7.71 and 14.1 x 1015 cm-3. It was observed that the gas flow and the electric current changes the emission intensity of Ar and N2 species. The major ionic species detected by quadrupole mass spectrometry were Ar+ and N2+. The ratio of optical emission intensities of N2(1 +)/Ar(811 nm) was related to the partial pressure of N2 after the hollow cathode discharge at low pressure

Estudo de temperatura de plasma de álcool através de espectroscopia de emissão natural radical C2*

Non-intrusive methods of diagnosis, such as spectral analysis of the radiation emitted by the system, have been used as a viable alternative for determining the temperature of combustion systems. Among them, the determination of temperature by natural emission spectroscopy has the advantage of requiring relatively simple experimental devices. Once Chemiluminescent species are formed directly in the excited state, the collection and recording of radiation emission spectrum is enough to determine the temperature (CARINHANA, 2008). In this study we used the process of making direct comparisons between the experimental spectra obtained in the laboratory from the plasma of alcohol, and the theoretical spectra plotted from a computer program developed at the IEAv. The objective was to establish a fast and reliable method to measure the rotational temperature of the radical C2*. The results showed that the temperature of the plasma, which in turn can be taken as the rotational temperature of the system, is proportional to the pressure. The temperature values ranged from ca. 2300 ~ 2500 K at a pressure of 19 mmHg to 3100 ~ 3500 K for the pressure of 46 mmHg. The temperature values are somewhat smaller when we consider the theoretical spectrum as a Lorentzian curve. The overlap of the spectra was better when using the profile curve, but still were not exactly superimposed. The solution to improve the overlap of the theoretical with the experimental spectra is the use of a curve that has the convolution of two profiles analyzed: Lorentzian and Gaussian. This curve is called the Voigt profile, which will also be implemented by programmers and studied in a next work

Análise por meio de espectroscopia de emissão óptica das espécies ativas em nitretação iônica e gaiola catódica

Plasma process like ionic nitriding and cathodic cage plasma nitriding are utilized in order to become hard surface of steels. The ionic nitriding is already accepted in the industry while cathodic cage plasma nitriding process is in industrial implementation stage. Those process depend of plasma parameters like electronic and ionic temperature (Te, Ti), species density (ne, ni) and of distribution function of these species. In the present work, the plasma used to those two processes has been observed through Optical Emission Spectroscopy OES technique in order to identify presents species in the treatment ambient and relatively quantify them. So plasma of typical mixtures like N2 H2 has been monitored through in order to study evolution of those species during the process. Moreover, it has been realized a systematic study about leaks, also thought OES, that accomplish the evolution of contaminant species arising because there is flux of atmosphere to inside nitriding chamber and in what conditions the species are sufficiently reduced. Finally, to describe the physic mechanism that acts on both coating techniques ionic nitriding and cathodic cage plasma nitriding

Estudos de absorção e emissão de UV/Vis em xerogéis de sílica dopados com cromo obtidos por processo Sol-Gel

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determinação de temperatura de chamas por espectroscopia de espécies quimioluminescentes

In a combustion process involving fossil fuels, there is the formation of species Chemiluminescent, especially CH*, C2* and OH*, whose spontaneous emission can be used as a diagnostic tool. In the present work, mapping and determination of the rotational temperature of the species CH* produced in flames on a burner fueled by Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was carried out. This study is part of a project involving the characterization of supersonic combustion in scramjets engines, whose study has been conducted in the hypersonic shock tunnel IEAv laboratories. The technique used was the natural emission spectroscopy, which has as main advantage of being non-intrusive. The rotational temperature determination was made using the Boltzmann method, whose principle is to relate the emission intensity of the species to the temperature by means of spectroscopic constants established.The temperature values were determined from the analysis of electronic bands AX and BX of the radical CH*. In order to confirm the results of flame temperatures obtained by the natural emission technique, was also used the technique of line reversal sodium. The results of both techniques showed that the temperature of the flames investigated is about 2500K a 2700K

Formação e estabilidade térmica de nanocavidades produzidas pela implantação de He em Si

Nesta tese são apresentados os resultados de um estudo sistemático à respeito da formação e evolução térmica de nanocavidades de He em Si cristalino. O efeito da formação de nanocavidades de He no aprisionamento de impurezas em Si foi estudado inicialmente em distintas condições de fluência, temperatura e direção de implantação. Após as implantações, as amostras foram tratadas termicamente a 800°C e analisadas por espectroscopia de retroespalhamento Rutherford em condição de canalização (RBS/C), análise de detecção por recuo elástico (ERDA), espectroscopia por emissão de íons secundários (SIMS) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM). Os resultados experimentais mostraram que implantações de He a temperatura ambiente (Ti=Tamb) levam à formação de defeitos numa região intermediária entre a superfície e a camada onde as bolhas se formam (Rp/2), sendo 5x1015He+cm-2 a fluência mínima para a observação do fenômeno. Sua origem foi atribuída à formação de pequenas cavidades nesta região. O mesmo não é observado em implantações a Ti=350°C devido ao efeito do recozimento dinâmico dos defeitos. Estes resultados mostraram a necessidade de um estudo mais profundo a respeito dos efeitos da temperatura de implantação (Ti) na formação de bolhas em Si. Este estudo foi feito a partir de implantações de He no intervalo de temperatura entre -196°C e 350°C, sendo a fluência e a energia de implantação de 2x1016He+cm-2 e 40keV respectivamente. O efeito da proximidade à superfície foi estudado com implantações a 15keV. As amostras foram analisadas pelas mesmas técnicas referidas anteriormente. Para o caso de implantações feitas a 40keV com Tide um sistema de cavidades esféricas cujas características são dependentes dos estágios iniciais de implantação. No intervalo onde Ti>Tamb pequenas bolhas são formadas durante a implantação juntamente com defeitos estendidos do tipo {311}. A formação destes defeitos é atribuida ao mecanismo de formação das bolhas baseado na emissão de átomos auto-intersticiais de Si. Distintos regimes são observados após recozimento entre 400°C e 800°C por 600s. Para Ti≤250°C observa-se a dissolução do sistema de cavidades e defeitos devido à interação mutua entre os sistemas. Para Ti>250°C cavidades esféricas e anéis de discordância são observados após recozimentos a 800°C. Finalmente, se observou que a energia de implantação (15keV) não afeta a morfologia do sistema de bolhas e defeitos formados. Porém a perda de He é cinco vezes menor que no caso de amostras implantadas a 40 keV na mesma fluência. Um mecanismo baseado na difusão aumentada por danos de irradiação é sugerido neste trabalho.

Um estudo clínico, bioquímico, histoquímico e genético-molecular de pacientes com doenças do DNA mitocondrial

Introdução: As doenças mitocondriais apresentam características heterogêneas devido à própria natureza e função da mitocôndria, que possui o seu próprio DNA (mtDNA). A disfunção mitocondrial pode afetar um único órgão ou ser uma doença multissistêmica, de manifestação na infância ou na vida adulta, podendo ter um padrão de herança materna ou mendeliana. O diagnóstico é complexo e requer uma investigação criteriosa, passo-a-passo, com atenção a história clínica, exames laboratoriais, neuroimagem e, muitas vezes, a biópsia muscular para análise histoquímica, bioquímica e genética. A análise molecular é fundamental na definição do diagnóstico e os protocolos propostos até o momento são, geralmente, direcionados para um grupo de pacientes com características clínicas homogêneas. Objetivos: os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) propor um protocolo combinando dados clínicos e laboratoriais para indicar a melhor forma de investigação molecular de pacientes com suspeita clínica de doença do DNA mitocondrial, b) Comparar os achados clínicos e laboratoriais nos pacientes com e sem mutação no mtDNA, c) avaliar quais são os fatores clínicos preditivos de mutação no mtDNA que podem ser utilizados como sinalizadores para o médico decidir quando deve ser realizado um procedimento diagnóstico invasivo e de alto custo, c) estimar a proporção de mtDNA mutado, através da técnica PCR em tempo real em um grupo de pacientes com deleção, correlacionando com a idade de início dos sintomas e gravidade de manifestações clínicas, d) relatar achados de RNM com espectroscopia por emissão de prótons em pacientes com deleção no mtDNA. Pacientes, material e métodos: Foram selecionados, no ambulatório de doenças mitocondriais do HCPA, 43 pacientes com suspeita clínica de doença mitocondrial. Esse pacientes foram submetidos à análise, por etapas, de 5 mutações de ponto no mtDNA de leucócitos, de deleção no mtDNA de músculo e ao sequenciamento do tRNAleu e tRNAlys. Os pacientes com resultados positivos e negativos para mutações do mtDNA foram então comparados em relação às suas características clínicas e laboratoriais. Foram selecionados 11 pacientes para a determinação da percentagem relativa de deleção do mtDNA no tecido muscular e 3 pacientes para a descrição da RNM com espectroscopia. Resultados – Foram encontradas mutações no mtDNA em 17 pacientes (39.9%) distribuídas da seguinte forma: 4 pacientes com MELAS (A3243G), 1 paciente com síndrome de Leigh (T8993C) e 12 pacientes com deleções no mtDNA. As características significativamente mais freqüentes no grupo de pacientes com mutação no mtDNA comparados com os demais foram: miopatia (p=0,032), retinopatia pigmentar (p=0,007), oftalmoplegia e ptose (p=0,002), baixa estatura (p=0,04), hipotrofismo (p=0,033) e acidose lática (p=0,006). A quantificação do mtDNA pela técnica de PCR em tempo real foi realizada em 11 amostras de músculo de pacientes com deleção no mtDNA e com diferentes manifestações clínicas. Não houve correlação entre a percentagem relativa de deleção no mtDNA com os fenótipos clínicos (PEO, KSS e encefalomiopatia associado à doença multissistêmica), bem como com a idade de início das manifestações clínicas. A RNM com espectroscopia por emissão de prótons realizada em três pacientes com deleção no mtDNA associada a um quadro clínico não clássico mostrou achados distintos para cada paciente, sendo comum a todos as lesões cerebrais e a presença do pico invertido de lactato. Conclusões - A criteriosa seleção clínica e laboratorial se mostrou apropriada e o protocolo empregado se mostrou eficiente, uma vez que a mutação no mtDNA pode ser detectada em 17 dos 43 pacientes com suspeita de doença mitocondrial. Os pacientes positivos para deleção no mtDNA apresentaram algumas características clínicas preditivas para doença do mtDNA, o que pode ser importante na indicação de um procedimento invasivo (biópsia muscular) e de alto custo. A técnica e PCR em tempo real pode ser utilizado para quantificar a percentagem relativa de mtDNA deletado, porém para o diagnóstico das deleções, essa técnica deve ser realizada de forma complementar à técnica tradicional (Southern blot). O número amostral ainda é pequeno para correlacionar a quantidade relativa de mtDNA deletado com as síndromes mitocondriais clássicas e não clássicas. A RNM com espectroscopia por emissão de prótons, por possibilitar a detecção do lactato cerebral, parece ter utilidade na avaliação clínica de pacientes com suspeita clínica de doença mitocondrial, mesmo quando o quadro não é clássico.

Modificação de membranas de quitosana por plasma para uso biológico

Chitosan membranes have been modified by plasma, utilizing the following gases: nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2) and hydrogen. The modified membranes by plasma were compared to the unmodified ones. The membranes were characterized by absorption assay, contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, permeability assay of sodium sulfamerazine from such membranes were carried out. Through the absorption assay and contact angle it was possible to obtain information of the wettability of the membranes and what changes the plasma treatment can promote in relation to it. The plasma treatment using oxygen promoted increase of the wetability and swelling while the samples treated with methane decrease of the wetability and swelling. Through the Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) it was possible to identify which species were present in the plasma during the treatment. And through the AFM analysis it was possible to observe the changes nanotopography occurred on the surface of the samples. Permeability assay were archived for all treated membranes and compared to no treated ones. Due to that assay it was possible verify which the plasma treatment increased the permeability spectrum of the membranes which has varied from 1,4548 *10-5cm2.min-1 to 2,7713*10-5cm2.min-1. Chitosan membranes with permeability varied are importance in systems drug delivery, to liberate a wide variety of drugs

Tratamento termoquímico do titânio auxiliado por plasma de ar - N2 - O2

Discs were grade II cp Ti oxynitride by plasma of Ar - N2 - O2 using different proportions of individual gases. These ratios were established from analysis of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) of plasma species. The proportions that resulted in species whose spectra showed an abrupt change of light intensity were chosen for this study. Nanohardness tests revealed that there was a correlation between the intensity of N2 + species with the hardness, because the treatments where they had a higher intensity, obtained a higher value nanohardness, although the crystalline phases have remained unchanged. With respect to topography, it was observed that in general, the surface roughness is related to the intensities of plasma species, because they may have different values depending on the behavior of the species. Images obtained by optical microscopy revealed a surface with grains of different colors to optical reflectance showed a peak of reflection in the red area. Measures the contact angle and surface tension showed hydrophilic properties and hydrophilic with little variation of polar and dispersive components of surface tension

Influência das espécies ativas na absorção de intersticiais durante a carbonitretação a plasma do TI

Physical-chemical properties of Ti are sensible to the presence of interstitial elements. In the case of thermochemical treatments plasma assisted, the influence of different active species is not still understood. In order to contribute for such knowledge, this work purposes a study of the role played by the active species atmosphere into the Ar N2 CH4 carbonitriding plasma. It was carried out a plasma diagnostic by OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy) in the z Ar y N2 x CH4 plasma mixture, in which z, y and x indexes represent gas flow variable from 0 to 4 sccm (cm3/min). The diagnostic presents abrupt variations of emission intensities associated to the species in determined conditions. Therefore, they were selected in order to carry out the chemical treatment and then to investigate their influences. Commercial pure Ti disks were submitted to plasma carbonitriding process using pre-established conditions from the OES measurements while some parameters such as pressure and temperature were maintained constant. The concentration profiles of interstitial elements (C and N atoms) were determined by Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) resulting in a depth profile plots. The reactions used were 15N(ρ,αγ)12C and 12C(α,α)12C. GIXRD (Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction) analysis was used in order to identify the presence of phases on the surface. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used in order to qualitatively study the carbon into the TiCxN1 structure. It has been verified which the density species effectively influences more the diffusion of particles into the Ti lattice and characteristics of the layer formed than the gas concentration. High intensity of N2 + (391,4 nm) and CH (387,1 nm) species promotes more diffusion of C and N. It was observed that Hα (656,3 nm) species acts like a catalyzer allowing a deeper diffusion of nitrogen and carbon into the titanium lattice.

Influência dos parâmetros de processo na deposição de nitreto de titânio por plasma em gaiola catódica

Titanium nitride films were grown on glass using the Cathodic Cage Plasma Deposition technique in order to verify the influence of process parameters in optical and structural properties of the films. The plasma atmosphere used was a mixture of Ar, N2 and H2, setting the Ar and N2 gas flows at 4 and 3 sccm, respectively and H2 gas flow varied from 0, 1 to 2 sccm. The deposition process was monitored by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) to investigate the influence of the active species in plasma. It was observed that increasing the H2 gas flow into the plasma the luminescent intensities associated to the species changed. In this case, the luminescence of N2 (391,4nm) species was not proportional to the increasing of the H2 gas into the reactor. Other parameters investigated were diameter and number of holes in the cage. The analysis by Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) confirmed that the obtained films are composed by TiN and they may have variations in the nitrogen amount into the crystal and in the crystallite size. The optical microscopy images provided information about the homogeneity of the films. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed some microstructural characteristics and surface roughness. The thickness was measured by ellipsometry. The optical properties such as transmittance and reflectance (they were measured by spectrophotometry) are very sensitive to changes in the crystal lattice of the material, chemical composition and film thicknesses. Therefore, such properties are appropriate tools for verification of this process control. In general, films obtained at 0 sccm of H2 gas flow present a higher transmittance. It can be attributed to the smaller crystalline size due to a higher amount of nitrogen in the TiN lattice. The films obtained at 1 and 2 sccm of H2 gas flow have a golden appearance and XRD pattern showed peaks characteristics of TiN with higher intensity and smaller FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) parameter. It suggests that the hydrogen presence in the plasma makes the films more stoichiometric and becomes it more crystalline. It was observed that with higher number of holes in the lid of the cage, close to the region between the lid and the sample and the smaller diameter of the hole, the deposited film is thicker, which is justified by the most probability of plasma species reach effectively the sample and it promotes the growth of the film

Influência das espécies do plasma de N2 + O2 nas propriedades físicoquímicas das superfícies do pet

This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples

Revestimentos a base de Ta/Al2O3 produzidos por aspersão térmica sobre substrato metálico

Metal substrates were coated by thermal spraying plasma torch, they were positioned at a distance of 4 and 5 cm from the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The starting materials were used for deposition of tantalum oxide powder and aluminium. These two materials were mixed and ground into high-energy mill, then immersed in the torch for the production of alumina coating infused with particles of tantalum with nano and micrometric size. The spraying equipment used is a plasma torch arc not transferred, which operating in the range of 250 A and 80 V, was able to produce enough heat to ignite aluminothermic between Ta2O5 and aluminum. Upon reaching the plasma jet, the mixing powders react with the heat of the blaze, which provides sufficient energy for melting aluminum particles. This energy is transferred through mechanisms of self-propagating to the oxide, beginning a reduction reaction, which then hits on the surface of the substrate and forms a coating on which a composite is formed by a junction metal - ceramic (Ta +Al2O3). The phases and quantification of each were obtained respectively by X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS. It was also performed measurements of the substrate roughness, Vickers microhardness measurements in sprays and determination of the electron temperature of the plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy EEO. The results confirmed the expectation generated around the end product of spraying the mixture Ta2O5 + Al, both in the formation of nano-sized particles and in their final form. The electron excitation temperature was consistent with the purpose of work, in addition, the thermodynamic temperature was efficient for the reduction process of Ta2O5. The electron excitation temperature showed values of 3000, 4500 and 8000 K for flows10, 20 and 30 l / min respectively, these values were taken at the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The thermodynamic temperature around 1200 ° C, was effective in the reduction process of Ta2O5

Diagnóstico das espécies ativas do plasma usado em tratamentos termoquímicos do titânio

Plasma diagnostics by Optical Emission Spectroscopy were performed for electrical discharge in three gas mixture respecting the combinations z N2 y Ar x H2, z N2 y Ar x O2 e z N2 y Ar x CH4, in which the indexes z and y systematically vary from 1 to 4 and x varies from 0 to 4, every one has dimension SCCM, resulting in 80 combinations. From the all obtained spectrums, the species CH (387,1 nm), N2+ (391,4 nm), Hβ (486,1 nm), Hα (656,3 nm), Ar (750,4 nm), O (777,4 nm) e O (842,6 nm) were analyzed because of their abundance and importance on the kinetic of reaction from the plasma to surface, besides their high dependences on the gases flows. Particularly interesting z, y and x combinations were chosen in order to study the influence of active species on the surface modification during the thermochemical treatment. From the mixtures N2 Ar O2 e N2 Ar CH4 were chosen three peculiar proportions which presented luminous intensity profile with unexpected maximum or minimum values, denominated as plasma anomaly. Those plasma concentrations were utilized as atmosphere of titanium treatment maintaining constant the control parameters pressure and temperature. It has been verified a relation among luminous intensity associated to N2+ and roughness, nanohardness and O atoms diffusion into the crystalline lattice of treated titanium and it has been seen which those properties becomes more intense precisely in the higher points found in the optical profile associated to the N2+ specie. Those parameters were verified for the mixture which involved O2 gas. For the mixture which involves CH4 gas, the relation was determinate by roughness, number of nitrogen and carbon atoms diffused into the titanium structure which presented direct proportionality with the luminous intensity referent to the N2+ and CH. It has been yet studied the formation of TiCN phases on the surface which presented to be essentially directly proportional to the increasing of the CH specie and inversely proportional to the increasing of the specie N2+