Evaluación espacial de procesos geodinámicos en el ambiente montañoso de la cuenca del río Cachapoal, Chile central. Impacto geodinámico sobre el potencial corredor de comercio Las Leñas, VI Región del Libertador Gral. Bernardo O'Higgins

En el contexto de la posible habilitación de una ruta entre Chile y Argentina a través del paso fronterizo Las Leñas en Chile central, alternativo al Cristo Redentor, se procedió a analizar las vulnerabilidades y los impactos provocados por la geodinámica en áreas montañosas. Se evaluaron procesos erosivos en los ambientes de baja, media y alta montaña en el valle del río Cachapoal. La alta energía de estos paisajes es causante de la generación y el aporte de sedimentos mediante erosión, la que es activada por las precipitaciones intensas y la acción periglacial. Las diferencias erosivas se entienden por la presencia de distintas formas del paisaje; así, los depósitos basales en alta montaña están asociados a movimientos del terreno en masa, y la erosión lineal se desarrolla sobre las terrazas fluviales ubicadas en fondo de valle, las que se encuentran estabilizadas por la mayor cobertura vegetal.

Evaluación espacial de procesos geodinámicos en el ambiente montañoso de la cuenca del río Cachapoal, Chile central. Impacto geodinámico sobre el potencial corredor de comercio Las Leñas, VI Región del Libertador Gral. Bernardo O'Higgins

En el contexto de la posible habilitación de una ruta entre Chile y Argentina a través del paso fronterizo Las Leñas en Chile central, alternativo al Cristo Redentor, se procedió a analizar las vulnerabilidades y los impactos provocados por la geodinámica en áreas montañosas. Se evaluaron procesos erosivos en los ambientes de baja, media y alta montaña en el valle del río Cachapoal. La alta energía de estos paisajes es causante de la generación y el aporte de sedimentos mediante erosión, la que es activada por las precipitaciones intensas y la acción periglacial. Las diferencias erosivas se entienden por la presencia de distintas formas del paisaje; así, los depósitos basales en alta montaña están asociados a movimientos del terreno en masa, y la erosión lineal se desarrolla sobre las terrazas fluviales ubicadas en fondo de valle, las que se encuentran estabilizadas por la mayor cobertura vegetal.

Evaluación espacial de procesos geodinámicos en el ambiente montañoso de la cuenca del río Cachapoal, Chile central. Impacto geodinámico sobre el potencial corredor de comercio Las Leñas, VI Región del Libertador Gral. Bernardo O'Higgins

En el contexto de la posible habilitación de una ruta entre Chile y Argentina a través del paso fronterizo Las Leñas en Chile central, alternativo al Cristo Redentor, se procedió a analizar las vulnerabilidades y los impactos provocados por la geodinámica en áreas montañosas. Se evaluaron procesos erosivos en los ambientes de baja, media y alta montaña en el valle del río Cachapoal. La alta energía de estos paisajes es causante de la generación y el aporte de sedimentos mediante erosión, la que es activada por las precipitaciones intensas y la acción periglacial. Las diferencias erosivas se entienden por la presencia de distintas formas del paisaje; así, los depósitos basales en alta montaña están asociados a movimientos del terreno en masa, y la erosión lineal se desarrolla sobre las terrazas fluviales ubicadas en fondo de valle, las que se encuentran estabilizadas por la mayor cobertura vegetal.

Developing the Cost of Large Carnivore Conflict Rapid Response Units - A Namibian Case Study

Namibia is home to half the world’s remaining wild cheetahs and - provides critical habitat for lions, leopards, spotted and brown hyena and African Wild Dogs. Despite such ecological importance, only 5% of cheetah's, <1% of African Wild Dogs', and similar percentages of remaining habitat for other large carnivores exists on officially protected lands. As a result, human/carnivore conflict is a large problem on private lands, where 60% of surveyed farmers will shoot any large carnivore on sight. This project explores building a carnivore rapid response team equipped to mitigate human/carnivore conflict through researching the financial costs of such an endeavor, with an eye on capitalizing potential benefits to all 6 Namibian large carnivore species.

Global Homogeneous Response Units

The concept of homogenous response units (HRU) was designed as a general concept for the delineation of basic spatial units. Only those characteristics of landscape, which are relatively stable over time (even under climate change) and largely unsusceptible to anthropogenic influence, were selected. The HRU can be seen as a basic spatial framework for the implementation of climate change and land management alternative scenarios into global modeling and therefore is a basic input for delineation of landscape units. HRUs are defined based on classifications of altitude (five classes: 1 (0 - 300m), 2 (300 - 600m), 3 (600 - 1100m), 4 (1100 - 2500m), 5 (> 2500m)), slope (seven classes(degrees): 1 (0 - 3), 2 (3 - 6), 3 (6 - 10), 4 (10 - 15), 5 (15 - 30), 6 (30 - 50), 7 (> 50)) and soil composition (five classes: 1 (sandy), 2 (loamy), 3 (clay), 4 (stony), 5 (peat)). e.g. HRU111 refers to Altitude class 1: 0-300m; Slope class 1: 0-3 degrees; and Soil class 1: sandy. Areas of non-soil are assigned 88. HRUs have a spatial resolution of approximately 10 km**2.

Self-Learning Fuzzy Spiking Neural Network as a Nonlinear Pulse-Position Threshold Detection Dynamic System Based on Second-Order Critically Damped Response Units

Architecture and learning algorithm of self-learning spiking neural network in fuzzy clustering task are outlined. Fuzzy receptive neurons for pulse-position transformation of input data are considered. It is proposed to treat a spiking neural network in terms of classical automatic control theory apparatus based on the Laplace transform. It is shown that synapse functioning can be easily modeled by a second order damped response unit. Spiking neuron soma is presented as a threshold detection unit. Thus, the proposed fuzzy spiking neural network is an analog-digital nonlinear pulse-position dynamic system. It is demonstrated how fuzzy probabilistic and possibilistic clustering approaches can be implemented on the base of the presented spiking neural network.

Maallikon suorittama defibrillaatio sydänpysähdyspotilaan hoitoketjussa

Sudden cardiac arrest (CA) is one of the leading causes of death in Europe. It has been estimated that about 40 % of CA victims have ventricular fibrillation (VF) at the time of the first heart rhythm analysis. The treatment for VF is immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and rapid defibrillation. The automated external defibrillator (AED) and the concept of public access defibrillation (PAD) may be a key to shortening defibrillation delays. Recent studies have shown that PAD programs are associated with high survival rates from VF when devices have been placed in certain risk sites and used by trained laypersons. Today many public places are equipped with AEDs. The purpose of this study was to find new ways of utilizing layperson defibrillation and promote the concept of public access defibrillation (PAD). The study explored the use of AEDs by non-medical first responders in Finland and cabin crew on board a commercial aircraft. A simulated study was performed to explore the role of dispatcher assistance in layperson CPR and defibrillation. A 15-year follow-up study of 59 one-year survivors after successful out-of-hospital resuscitation was performed to evaluate the long-term quality of life of the CA patients. Although there are many AEDs in use by non-medical first responders in Finland, the results of the study showed that there are large variations between individual first response units. This is considered to be caused by the lack of national standards and regulations that would define a full integration of first-responder programmes into the Emergency Medical Services system. The goal of rapid defibrillation in five minutes after the onset of CA is difficult to achieve in Finland due to sparse population and long distances. Local PAD programs may shorten the defibrillation delays. Dispatcher assistance in defibrillation by a layperson not trained to use an AED seems feasible and does not compromise the performance of CPR. In a simulated study, the quality of mouth-to-mouth ventilation performed by laypersons was found to be better after CPR training compared with performance with dispatcher assistance before training. Training was not found to have an influence on the quality of compressions or defibrillation compared with dispatcher assistance of untrained laypersons. The target groups for CPR and defibrillation training need further evaluation. The placements of the AEDs in public areas should be known by the emergency response center and the location should be marked with an international sign. The finding that once a good neurological outcome after CA is achieved, it can be maintained for more than 10 years, encourages further efforts to improve the survival of CA patients.

Application of SWAT to model the water balance of the Woady Yaloak River catchment, Australia

The widespread land use changes that are expected to occur across the Corangamite region in southwest Victoria, Australia, have the potential to significantly alter the water balance of catchments. Adoption of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), which is a long-term water balance model, as a tool for predicting land use change impacts on catchment water balance for the Corangamite region is currently being considered. This paper describes the initial application of SWAT to the Woady Yaloak River catchment, located within the Corangamite region, to carry out an evaluation of its abilities for simulating the long-term water balance dynamics of the catchment. The performance of the model for predicting runoff at annual and monthly time scales was found to be very good. The excessive recharge of the shallow aquifer that occurred during winter, despite the subsoil being relatively impermeable, ultimately contributed to overestimation of baseflow and underestimation of interflow. The actual evapotranspiration from hydrologic response units (HRU s) containing eucalyptus trees was significantly less than that from HRUs containing pasture, a problem attributed to the incorrect simulation of Leaf Area Index (LAI) and biomass by the model for mature stands of eucalyptus trees and also to assigning inadequate values for two parameters that directly influence evapotranspiration. SWAT has very good potential for being used as tool to study land use change impacts across the Corangamite region provided that several modifications are made to the model to overcome some of the shortcomings and deficiencies that were identified in this initial application.

Proposta metodológica de inclusão da gestão de análises de riscos naturais no zoneamento ecológico e econômico

A região da Calha Norte, localizada no Baixo Amazonas do Estado do Pará, sofre historicamente com vários tipos de ameaças naturais, como cheias, enchentes, alagamentos, erosão, estiagem, enxurrada, fortes chuvas e secas, todas registradas pela Defesa Civil. Todos os anos, seja no período da chuva ou no período da seca, a população fica vulnerável a tais eventos. A presente dissertação consiste em adaptar uma iniciativa metodológica que permita a incorporação da temática de gestão de riscos naturais no Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico (ZEE) do Brasil, tendo como estudo de caso o ZEE da Calha Norte do Pará, proporcionando instrumentos para a gestão e melhorias das ações do poder público. A análise das ameaças naturais baseou-se em estudo metodológico que agregou dados históricos, mapa geomorfológico, mapa geológico, mapa hipsométrico, mapa de declividade, identificando as três classes de análises: (i) área de alta suscetibilidade; (ii) área de moderada suscetibilidade e (iii) área de baixa suscetibilidade, gerando assim os mapas das ameaças de inundação, de erosões e das secas. A construção da vulnerabilidade social ocorreu a partir da aplicação do Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS) e do Índice de Unidades de Resposta (IUR), oriundos dos dados do Censo 2010 e do Cadastro Nacional de Endereço para Fins Estatísticos (CNEFE), ambos do IBGE. Após a aplicação de tais índices verificou-se que, do total de 397 setores censitários da área de estudo, 365 setores apresentam alta vulnerabilidade e os demais, moderada e baixa vulnerabilidade, o que retrata grande preocupação com tal área. Na análise de risco, os dados de vulnerabilidade e ameaças foram integrados e novamente classificados em três níveis: (i) alto risco, onde há pouca concentração de unidades de respostas e são áreas de alta ameaça, podendo provocar danos sociais e econômicos quando e se ocorrerem as ameaças naturais; (ii) médio nível de risco, resultado gerado do cruzamento de áreas de altas ameaças x baixas ameaças e (iii) baixo nível de risco, resultando em dois produtos cartográficos: o mapa de risco de inundação e o mapa de risco de erosão. O ZEE da Calha Norte do Pará foi analisado com alguns questionamentos a fim de verificar a inclusão da temática de ameaça, vulnerabilidade e risco no documento, concluindo-se pela falta desta no documento técnico. Além disto, os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa são de elevada importância no sentido de subsidiar o ordenamento territorial e também para a criação de políticas públicas para a região.

Abflussverhalten kleiner, forstlich genutzter Bacheinzugsgebiete am Beispiel des Einzugsgebietes des Oberen Gräfenbaches im Soonwald/Hunsrück

Die vorliegende Arbeit sollte weitere Erkenntnisse zum Abflussverhalten forstlich genutzter Standorte im Einzugsgebiet der Nahe liefern. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das 12,73 km² umfassenden Einzugsgebietes des Oberen Gräfenbaches als Untersuchungsgebiet ausgewählt, das im fast ausschließlich waldbestandenen Soonwald lokalisiert ist. Das Einzugsgebiet wurde ab 1999 mit einem hydrometeorologischen Messnetz ausgestattet. Zusammen mit Geländebeobachtungen des Abflussgeschehens und einer Aufnahme der physiogeographischen Gebietseigenschaften wurde eine Analyse des Abflussverhaltens möglich. Die Analysen umfassten die grundlegende quantitative Auswertung der erhobenen Zeitreihen mit Hilfe statistisch-mathematischer Verfahren und die Nachbildung der hydrologischen Prozesse mit Hilfe des Modells MMS/PRMS. Die räumliche Diskretisierung des Gebietes erfolgte dabei durch Ausweisung von Hydrological Response Units (HRUs). Die Nachbildung des Ist-Zustandes wurde durch Rechnung mehrerer Landnutzungsszenarien ergänzt. Die Untersuchungen zeigten die enorme Variabilität der Gebietsabflüsse bei insgesamt hohen Jahresabflussvolumina auf. Zwischen den einzelnen Hangbereichen bestehen dabei grundlegende Unterschiede, die sowohl die Abflussbildungsprozesse als auch den Abflussgang betreffen. Im Rahmen der Landnutzungsszenarien wurde aufbauend deutlich, dass sich eine Veränderung der forstlichen Bestandeszusammensetzung nur nachrangig auf die Abflussentstehung auswirkt.

Heterocyst glycolipids in surface sediments and water samples of the Amazon shelf

Marine endosymbiotic heterocystous cyanobacteria make unique heterocyst glycolipids (HGs) containing pentose (C5) moieties. Functionally similar HGs with hexose (C6) moieties found in free-living cyanobacteria occur in the sedimentary record, but C5 HGs have not been documented in the natural environment. Here we developed a high performance liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS2) method specific for trace analysis of long chain C5HGs and applied it to cultures of Rhizosolenia clevei Ostenfeld and its symbiont Richelia intracellularis which were found to contain C5 HGs and no C6 HGs. The method was then applied to suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediment from the Amazon plume region known to harbor marine diatoms carrying heterocystous cyanobacteria as endosymbionts. C5 HGs were detected in both marine SPM and surface sediments, but not in SPM or surface sediment from freshwater settings in the Amazon basin. Rather, the latter contained C6 HGs, established biomarkers for free-living heterocystous cyanobacteria. Our results indicate that the C5 HGs may be potential biomarkers for marine endosymbiotic heterocystous cyanobacteria.

DISPATCHING AND RELOCATION OF EMERGENCY VEHICLES ON FREEWAYS: THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS

Resource allocation decisions are made to serve the current emergency without knowing which future emergency will be occurring. Different ordered combinations of emergencies result in different performance outcomes. Even though future decisions can be anticipated with scenarios, previous models follow an assumption that events over a time interval are independent. This dissertation follows an assumption that events are interdependent, because speed reduction and rubbernecking due to an initial incident provoke secondary incidents. The misconception that secondary incidents are not common has resulted in overlooking a look-ahead concept. This dissertation is a pioneer in relaxing the structural assumptions of independency during the assignment of emergency vehicles. When an emergency is detected and a request arrives, an appropriate emergency vehicle is immediately dispatched. We provide tools for quantifying impacts based on fundamentals of incident occurrences through identification, prediction, and interpretation of secondary incidents. A proposed online dispatching model minimizes the cost of moving the next emergency unit, while making the response as close to optimal as possible. Using the look-ahead concept, the online model flexibly re-computes the solution, basing future decisions on present requests. We introduce various online dispatching strategies with visualization of the algorithms, and provide insights on their differences in behavior and solution quality. The experimental evidence indicates that the algorithm works well in practice. After having served a designated request, the available and/or remaining vehicles are relocated to a new base for the next emergency. System costs will be excessive if delay regarding dispatching decisions is ignored when relocating response units. This dissertation presents an integrated method with a principle of beginning with a location phase to manage initial incidents and progressing through a dispatching phase to manage the stochastic occurrence of next incidents. Previous studies used the frequency of independent incidents and ignored scenarios in which two incidents occurred within proximal regions and intervals. The proposed analytical model relaxes the structural assumptions of Poisson process (independent increments) and incorporates evolution of primary and secondary incident probabilities over time. The mathematical model overcomes several limiting assumptions of the previous models, such as no waiting-time, returning rule to original depot, and fixed depot. The temporal locations flexible with look-ahead are compared with current practice that locates units in depots based on Poisson theory. A linearization of the formulation is presented and an efficient heuristic algorithm is implemented to deal with a large-scale problem in real-time.

Remuneration Structure Definition for Distributed Generation Units and Demand Response Participants Aggregation

The implementation of competitive electricity markets has changed the consumers’ and distributed generation position power systems operation. The use of distributed generation and the participation in demand response programs, namely in smart grids, bring several advantages for consumers, aggregators, and system operators. The present paper proposes a remuneration structure for aggregated distributed generation and demand response resources. A virtual power player aggregates all the resources. The resources are aggregated in a certain number of clusters, each one corresponding to a distinct tariff group, according to the economic impact of the resulting remuneration tariff. The determined tariffs are intended to be used for several months. The aggregator can define the periodicity of the tariffs definition. The case study in this paper includes 218 consumers, and 66 distributed generation units.