Reflexões em torno do ensino da sociologia em cursos de tecnologias da saúde

Com este artigo, pretende-se dar conta da reflexão resultante da experiência de ensino da sociologia na Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, nos últimos 12 anos. Após um breve enquadramento do contexto em que decorre esta experiência e da sua especificidade, procuram identificar-se os principais constrangimentos e questões que se foram colocando durante a prática lectiva das disciplinas de sociologia, relacionados com obstáculos epistemológicos e dificuldades referentes à articulação entre a mobilização de uma linguagem necessariamente compreensível para os estudantes e o imperativo de apresentação rigorosa dos temas propostos bem como com às vantagens e potenciais riscos da introdução de componentes de investigação. Por outro lado, abordam-se os objectivos e analisa-se o contributo do ensino da sociologia para a formação de técnicos de saúde, considerando a variabilidade do alcance das aprendizagens realizadas pelos (ex)estudantes.

Ciência como cultura: paradigmas e implicações epistemológicas na educação científica escolar

"Science as culture" is based on the assumption that science is a valuable component of human culture. We therefore have to build the bridge, in cultural terms, from the scientific community to the common citizen. Teaching science as culture requires the co-construction of knowledge and citizenship. Ways of articulating science/technology with society are invoked, pondering on the ethical ambivalence of such connections. The goals of this reflection are to think about: a) epistemological obstacles that, in favouring the logic of monoculture, oppose the implantation of the science as culture; b) epistemological strategies that point towards a diversity of cultural practices and "constellations" of knowledge leading to the reconfiguration of the being through knowledge; c) imperatives that force us to (re)think the epistemological bases suited to the paradigmatic changes and which translate the dynamics and complexity of the evolution of the frameworks that currently sustain science and school scientific education.

Aportes del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) en la enseñanza de la Fisiología Animal en un programa de Zootecnia

En partant de quelques difficultés observées autour des aspects de la conceptualisation technoscientifique et de l’intégration de la de la théorie et la pratique dans l’apprentissage de la physiologie animale chez les étudiants du programme de Zootechnie de l’Université Nationale de Colombie, siège Medellín, cette recherche propose une stratégie didactique s’appuyant sur la méthode de l’Apprentissage Basé sur les Problèmes (ABP), appliquée spécifiquement aux sujets de thermorégulation et stress physiologique des animaux domestiques. Dans cette étude de cas on a travaillé avec un échantillon de huit étudiants à qui on a présenté dès la première session un problème didactique pour être résolu à travers le cours. Afin d’évaluer le processus on a réalisé trois enquêtes nommées Épreuves de Niveau de Formulation (NF) réalisées à différents moments de l’essai : l’une avant de commencer avec le sujet (NF 1), l’autre après la troisième classe théorique donnée et avant de faire la pratique sur le terrain (NF 2), et l’autre à la fin du processus (NF 3). Finalement on a réalisé des entretiens individuels avec chaque étudiant afin de connaître sa perception concernant la méthode. L’information obtenue a été soumise à une analyse qualitative et par des correspondances, par le biais du programme QDA Miner à travers de la révision et codification des textes provenants des enquêtes et de l’entretien individuel, complétés à leur tour par des observations sur le terrain, en analysant le changement conceptuel, la relation théorie-pratique et les correspondances entre les variables et les catégories établies. Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus on souligne le fait qu’après avoir appliqué l’ABP dans ce cours de Physiologie Animale le changement conceptuel a été favorisé et le problème formulé a servi comme connecteur entre la théorie et la pratique. En outre, on a observé la fusion des connaissances préalables avec les nouveaux acquis, l’apprentissage significatif, l’amélioration du niveau de formulation et l’augmentation de la scientificité des définitions; également il a mené à la solution viii de problèmes et à surmonter les obstacles épistémologiques comme la pluridisciplinarité et la non-linéarité. Il reste comme recommandation celle d’évaluer cette méthode dans d’autres sujets de la Physiologie Animale, dans d’autres sciences, dans des échantillons d’une taille majeure, ainsi comme approcher le sujet de l’évaluation appliquée directement à cette méthode.

Práticas interdisciplinares no ensino superior: a experiência do curso de graduação em administração da UNAMA - Pará

This work addresses the study of interdisciplinarity in higher administration education, a topic of great relevance in the present context, due to guidelines issued by Ministry of Education through the National Curriculum Guidelines -NCGs for undergraduate courses in Management. The attention on the subject emerges from the gained experience of a researcher and teacher working as manager of an undergraduate course in Business Administration who set up interdisciplinarity through interdisciplinary projects in a management course pedagogical project at a private university in State of Pará/Brazil. The work rebuilds and reports experiences, and studies the practice of lecturers involved in those interdisciplinary actions. The study aimed to identify changes in pedagogical practices of teachers involved in the searched interdisciplinary experience. To address the questions that directed the work and achieve proposed objectives, from a qualitative approach, a significant bibliographical and documentary work was conducted on the topic. In the survey carried out on secondary sources such as publications of major authors and scientific papers reporting interdisciplinary experiences in higher administration education, it was found that interdisciplinarity for its ambiguous character is still poorly understood by teachers, and reports on its application in administration teaching are incipient. This study also used data collected from primary sources, from dialogues through interviews with educational fellows - teachers and officers of the institution that served as locus of the research, who had the opportunity to experience the studied interdisciplinary experience. Data were processed and analyzed using content analysis technique. Research results showed that teachers of the institution of research have a good understanding of meaning of interdisciplinarity as a link between disciplines; it was also found substantial evidence of changes in teaching practices and actions of such teachers based on their participation in interdisciplinary projects. Although the experience studied can be considered innovative and challenging, much needs to be done in the course management for achievement of interdisciplinary actions in the course, particularly regarding to the removal of institutional, methodological, psychosocial, epistemological obstacles in operationalizing interdisciplinary practices, with emphasis on the need of a process of continuous and specific training aiming at developing skills for interdisciplinary acting, to the extent that these education professionals do not perceive themselves able to act as interdisciplinary lecturers

Obstáculos superados pelos matemáticos no passado e vivenciados pelos alunos na atualidade : a polêmica multiplicação de números inteiros

In Mathematics literature some records highlight the difficulties encountered in the teaching-learning process of integers. In the past, and for a long time, many mathematicians have experienced and overcome such difficulties, which become epistemological obstacles imposed on the students and teachers nowadays. The present work comprises the results of a research conducted in the city of Natal, Brazil, in the first half of 2010, at a state school and at a federal university. It involved a total of 45 students: 20 middle high, 9 high school and 16 university students. The central aim of this study was to identify, on the one hand, which approach used for the justification of the multiplication between integers is better understood by the students and, on the other hand, the elements present in the justifications which contribute to surmount the epistemological obstacles in the processes of teaching and learning of integers. To that end, we tried to detect to which extent the epistemological obstacles faced by the students in the learning of integers get closer to the difficulties experienced by mathematicians throughout human history. Given the nature of our object of study, we have based the theoretical foundation of our research on works related to the daily life of Mathematics teaching, as well as on theorists who analyze the process of knowledge building. We conceived two research tools with the purpose of apprehending the following information about our subjects: school life; the diagnosis on the knowledge of integers and their operations, particularly the multiplication of two negative integers; the understanding of four different justifications, as elaborated by mathematicians, for the rule of signs in multiplication. Regarding the types of approach used to explain the rule of signs arithmetic, geometric, algebraic and axiomatic , we have identified in the fieldwork that, when multiplying two negative numbers, the students could better understand the arithmetic approach. Our findings indicate that the approach of the rule of signs which is considered by the majority of students to be the easiest one can be used to help understand the notion of unification of the number line, an obstacle widely known nowadays in the process of teaching-learning

Aspectos conceituais e espistemológicos do tema eletroquímica nos livros didáticos de química aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático para o ensino médio - PNLEM (2007)

Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

O erro em sala de aula: subsídios para o ensino do eletromagnetismo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A dialética do conhecimento científico, a prática e a experimentação: uma análise do ideário de licenciandos e sua relação com a epistemologia da ciência moderna

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

Obstáculos epistemológicos no estudo do calor

O propósito deste trabalho é identificar obstáculos epistemológicos no processo de construção de conceitos físicos relacionados ao calor, a partir da epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida, tendo como público alvo, estudantes de terceira série no ensino médio de uma escola pública de Belém. Para a identificação de obstáculos epistemológicos, foi elaborado um questionário de respostas abertas, o qual foi aplicado, primeiramente em uma turma, objetivando a validação do instrumento de investigação. Esse teste orientou a reformulação do questionário para posterior aplicação em outras turmas. As respostas possibilitaram três diferentes estratégias de análise: na primeira focalizou a presença de obstáculos epistemológicos sem restringir alunos ou questões, a partir do qual foi identificada a presença de obstáculo substancialista, experiência primeira, conhecimento geral, verbal, realista e animista; a segunda foi orientada para detectar obstáculos epistemológicos revelados por cada estudante, em todo o conjunto de questões, onde foi verificada a presença de pelo menos um obstáculo epistemológico no conjunto de respostas de cada estudante; a terceira buscou relacionar cada questão (tópico) com os correspondentes obstáculos epistemológicos, onde foi verificado que os obstáculos da experiência primeira e substancialista estavam presentes em respostas de quase todos os tópicos abordados, e os obstáculos do conhecimento geral, verbal, realista e animista, estão presentes em menor freqüência. Na tentativa de contribuir com a melhoria do Ensino de Física, o trabalho apresenta algumas sugestões aos professores, buscando a superação desses obstáculos pelos estudantes.

História do desenvolvimento do conceito de força: um estudo visando contribuições para o ensino de física no nível médio

This study presents the results of a study on the development of the concept of force and their possible applications in physics teaching. The historical study has focused on Aristotelian natural philosophy, medieval theories of strength in impressed and on classical Newtonian mechanics. The Newtonian concept of force was also an object lesson of physics analyzed in this study. In this lesson, conducted in a preuniversity course, spontaneous conceptions or alternative conceptions of students about the concept of force proved very entrenched, resulting in studies on the Model Change on Conceptual and epistemological obstacles in view Bachelardian. The theoretical frameworks adopted led us to trace parallels between spontaneous conceptions revealed by the students and some views about the concept of force found in the study of history. The results show that while some old conceptions have been replaced by scientifically Newtonian concept of force, they are still present in the students' ideas and resist to changes even after the study of Newton's laws. Like main result shows that the history of science can be a great ally for the deconstruction of alternative conceptions, particularly when these concepts were previously presented and overcome the course of history of the development of a concept

Proposta metodológica para pesquisa em campo em assentamentos de reforma agrária

In addition to the comments summarized herein, regarding the difficulties in understanding scientific phenomena by the human mind (epistemological obstacles), this paper presents and proposes a methodological framework for transdisciplinarity and reflectivity as an interactive method through critical reflection to be used as an antidote against prejudice and a lack of transparency of researcher that are often seen as impeding proper understanding of the true, specifically in the human processes that occur with people living in rural areas. Then, three examples of research are presented, which – in different time periods – a polyocular view was applied to conduct investigations outlined by guidelines in the framework related to the proposal summarized within this work.

Obstáculos epistemológicos para la producción conceptual en Ciencias Sociales : : el caso del concepto de “sistema capitalista global"

Se intenta esclarecer cómo ciertos factores materiales, en determinados momentos históricos, influyen en el retraso del surgimiento de un corpus teórico que dé cuenta, con la mayor exactitud, de la realidad social. Más precisamente, se pretende evidenciar las condiciones materiales que obstaculizan el surgimiento del concepto de sistema capitalista global, considerando que su objeto real ya estaba plenamente presente hacia la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Para esto se ilustraran algunos esbozos del concepto, elaborados desde la periferia del sistema global que, independientemente de su pertinente enunciación, fueron bloqueados en su desarrollo por condiciones políticas e ideológicas particulares.

Moralidad, periferias y villas miseria : indagando etnográficamente las representaciones sociales sobre los espacios urbanos relegados en Comodoro Rivadavia

En Argentina, la reflexión académica sobre la cuestión social tomó como prioridad a las villas miseria. Asimismo, el eje centro-periferia resultó clave en la articulación del imaginario social hegemónico sobre las villas. En la asociación entre villas y periferias, las representaciones se organizaron de acuerdo a una distancia física, pero también moral respecto de un centro urbano. Dichas conexiones entre periferia, villas y espacios relegados, suponen una serie de obstáculos epistemológicos. El primero de ellos reside en las dificultades propias de una lectura moral sobre los territorios urbanos relegados. El segundo responde a una lógica sociocéntrica: si la villa fue retratada en función de la realidad histórico-social de las principales urbes industrializadas del país, ¿hasta qué punto es aplicable dicho concepto en ciudades de menor tamaño, con una tradición urbana diferente? Producto de un estudio etnográfico sobre las ocupaciones de tierras y la conformación de asentamientos en Comodoro Rivadavia, el artículo pretende analizar cómo los imaginarios urbanos sobre la “villa" afecta los discursos locales sobre el modo en que la cuestión social se expresa en el territorio. En los relatos sobre los asentamientos, la villa es una categoría que solamente es invocada cuando se pretende evaluar moralmente a determinados espacios urbanos relegados.

Práticas interdisciplinares no ensino superior: a experiência do curso de graduação em administração da UNAMA - Pará

This work addresses the study of interdisciplinarity in higher administration education, a topic of great relevance in the present context, due to guidelines issued by Ministry of Education through the National Curriculum Guidelines -NCGs for undergraduate courses in Management. The attention on the subject emerges from the gained experience of a researcher and teacher working as manager of an undergraduate course in Business Administration who set up interdisciplinarity through interdisciplinary projects in a management course pedagogical project at a private university in State of Pará/Brazil. The work rebuilds and reports experiences, and studies the practice of lecturers involved in those interdisciplinary actions. The study aimed to identify changes in pedagogical practices of teachers involved in the searched interdisciplinary experience. To address the questions that directed the work and achieve proposed objectives, from a qualitative approach, a significant bibliographical and documentary work was conducted on the topic. In the survey carried out on secondary sources such as publications of major authors and scientific papers reporting interdisciplinary experiences in higher administration education, it was found that interdisciplinarity for its ambiguous character is still poorly understood by teachers, and reports on its application in administration teaching are incipient. This study also used data collected from primary sources, from dialogues through interviews with educational fellows - teachers and officers of the institution that served as locus of the research, who had the opportunity to experience the studied interdisciplinary experience. Data were processed and analyzed using content analysis technique. Research results showed that teachers of the institution of research have a good understanding of meaning of interdisciplinarity as a link between disciplines; it was also found substantial evidence of changes in teaching practices and actions of such teachers based on their participation in interdisciplinary projects. Although the experience studied can be considered innovative and challenging, much needs to be done in the course management for achievement of interdisciplinary actions in the course, particularly regarding to the removal of institutional, methodological, psychosocial, epistemological obstacles in operationalizing interdisciplinary practices, with emphasis on the need of a process of continuous and specific training aiming at developing skills for interdisciplinary acting, to the extent that these education professionals do not perceive themselves able to act as interdisciplinary lecturers