Hiperactividad infantil, una aproximaci??n a su epidemiolog??a en el ??rea sanitaria VII de Asturias

Conocer la prevalencia de la hiperactividad infantil en la poblaci??n escolar del ??rea sanitaria VII (comarca del Caudal) de Asturias. Comprobar la validez que tienen algunos m??todos diagn??sticos utilizados en los estudios epidemiol??gicos de la hiperactividad. Identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo tradicionalmente descritos en relaci??n con la hiperactividad infantil asturiana del ??rea sanitaria VII. Aportar datos para elaborar programas de prevenci??n de la hiperactividad. Aleatoria de 1048 ni??os de 6 a 11 a??os escolarizados en EGB de colegios p??blicos y privados de la zona estudiada en el a??o 89-90. Estudio transversal en el que se establece la identificaci??n de ni??os hiperactivos en 2 etapas. Las variables estudiadas son: datos de afiliaci??n, edad, sexo, municipio, posible hiperactividad, hiperactividad seg??n el criterio exigido por el DSM III-R, Factor IV de Conners, valoraci??n de la observaci??n directa, recorrido previo (asistencia m??dica por problemas de conducta) nivel socioecon??mico, peso al nacer, complicaciones neonatales, hiperactividad familiar, adicci??n a drogas por parte de los padres, embarazo no deseado, embarazo en ??poca prematrimonial, estabilidad familiar, reflexividad-impulsividad. En la primera parte se detectan los 'posibles hiperactivos' mediante screening. Estos posibles junto con una muestra de 'posibles no hiperactivos' son examinados en profundidad en la segunda etapa siguiendo los criterios del DSM III-R diagnosticando la presencia de hiperactividad teniendo en cuenta la informaci??n de las distintas fuentes consultadas. Se realiz?? un estudio de casos y controles no apareado con los ni??os de la muestra encontrando determinados factores de riesgo en la posible g??nesis del trastorno: factores biol??gicos (sexo masculino, bajo peso para la edad de gestaci??n, complicaciones neonatales, antecedentes familiares de hiperactividad infantil, adicci??n a las drogas o alcohol), factores sociales (estrato socioecon??mico popular, embarazo no deseado, inestabilidad familiar), factores de diferencias individuales como la impulsividad dentro del estilo cognitivo reflexividad-impulsividad. Los datos del estudio no contradicen las hip??tesis etiol??gicas de la hiperactividad infantil, donde estar??an presentes las influencias de determinados factores biol??gicos, sociales y las caracter??sticas propias del ni??o. El desconocimiento del trastorno y su abordaje por parte de los padres y educadores hace imprescindible la toma de medidas a trav??s de programas espec??ficos de investigaci??n, prevenci??n e intervenci??n. Se cree necesario ampliar los estudios epidemiol??gicos sobre hiperactividad infantil, de clasificaci??n del trastorno y comprobaci??n de hip??tesis surgidas de los datos.

Bronchial Asthma in Children: Clinical and Epidemiologic Approach in Different Portuguese Speaking Countries

BACKGROUND: Geographical differences in asthma prevalence are currently accepted, but evidence is sparse due to the lack of multicentre studies using the same protocol. OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of asthma and atopy among schoolchildren from Portuguese speaking countries (ISAAC and Portuguese Study) and evaluate some environmental variables, such as house dust mite exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Significant random samples of schoolchildren studied with standard validated methods--questionnaires, skin prick tests, methacholine bronchial challenge tests; dust bed sampling for analysis of mite antigens. RESULTS: In the ISAAC study, in the 13-14 year-old age group, statistical significant differences were found, with higher wheezing prevalence in Brazil than in Portugal (two-fold). In the Portuguese Study, atopy prevalence ranged between 6.0 and 11.9% in Sal and S. Vicente (Cape Verde), up to 48.6 and 54.1% in Macau and Madeira. Active asthma had the higher values in Madeira (14.6%), and the lower in Macau (1.3%). Cape Verde had intermediate asthma prevalence (10.6 and 7.0%). The bronchial challenge test was positive in 25, 66 and 70% of asthmatic children from Sal, S. Vicente and Madeira respectively. Significant HDM antigen concentrations (Der p1) were found in Cape Verde and Madeira. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant variations in asthma and atopy prevalence between these pediatric populations. The reasons remain under discussion, but genetics linked to race, seem to play a central role, modulated by environmental and lifestyle variables.

Long-term risk of incident type 2 diabetes and measures of overall and regional obesity: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study

BACKGROUND Waist circumference (WC) is a simple and reliable measure of fat distribution that may add to the prediction of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but previous studies have been too small to reliably quantify the relative and absolute risk of future diabetes by WC at different levels of body mass index (BMI). METHODS AND FINDINGS The prospective InterAct case-cohort study was conducted in 26 centres in eight European countries and consists of 12,403 incident T2D cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals from a total cohort of 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up. We used Prentice-weighted Cox regression and random effects meta-analysis methods to estimate hazard ratios for T2D. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative incidence of T2D were calculated. BMI and WC were each independently associated with T2D, with WC being a stronger risk factor in women than in men. Risk increased across groups defined by BMI and WC; compared to low normal weight individuals (BMI 18.5-22.4 kg/m(2)) with a low WC (<94/80 cm in men/women), the hazard ratio of T2D was 22.0 (95% confidence interval 14.3; 33.8) in men and 31.8 (25.2; 40.2) in women with grade 2 obesity (BMI≥35 kg/m(2)) and a high WC (>102/88 cm). Among the large group of overweight individuals, WC measurement was highly informative and facilitated the identification of a subgroup of overweight people with high WC whose 10-y T2D cumulative incidence (men, 70 per 1,000 person-years; women, 44 per 1,000 person-years) was comparable to that of the obese group (50-103 per 1,000 person-years in men and 28-74 per 1,000 person-years in women). CONCLUSIONS WC is independently and strongly associated with T2D, particularly in women, and should be more widely measured for risk stratification. If targeted measurement is necessary for reasons of resource scarcity, measuring WC in overweight individuals may be an effective strategy, since it identifies a high-risk subgroup of individuals who could benefit from individualised preventive action.

Tea consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Europe: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study.

BACKGROUND In previous meta-analyses, tea consumption has been associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes. It is unclear, however, if tea is associated inversely over the entire range of intake. Therefore, we investigated the association between tea consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes in a European population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study was conducted in 26 centers in 8 European countries and consists of a total of 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,835 individuals from a total cohort of 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up. Country-specific Hazard Ratios (HR) for incidence of type 2 diabetes were obtained after adjustment for lifestyle and dietary factors using a Cox regression adapted for a case-cohort design. Subsequently, country-specific HR were combined using a random effects meta-analysis. Tea consumption was studied as categorical variable (0, >0-<1, 1-<4, ≥ 4 cups/day). The dose-response of the association was further explored by restricted cubic spline regression. Country specific medians of tea consumption ranged from 0 cups/day in Spain to 4 cups/day in United Kingdom. Tea consumption was associated inversely with incidence of type 2 diabetes; the HR was 0.84 [95%CI 0.71, 1.00] when participants who drank ≥ 4 cups of tea per day were compared with non-drinkers (p(linear trend) = 0.04). Incidence of type 2 diabetes already tended to be lower with tea consumption of 1-<4 cups/day (HR = 0.93 [95%CI 0.81, 1.05]). Spline regression did not suggest a non-linear association (p(non-linearity) = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A linear inverse association was observed between tea consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes. People who drink at least 4 cups of tea per day may have a 16% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes than non-tea drinkers.

The association between dietary energy density and type 2 diabetes in Europe: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study

BACKGROUND Observational studies implicate higher dietary energy density (DED) as a potential risk factor for weight gain and obesity. It has been hypothesized that DED may also be associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but limited evidence exists. Therefore, we investigated the association between DED and risk of T2D in a large prospective study with heterogeneity of dietary intake. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A case-cohort study was nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) study of 340,234 participants contributing 3.99 million person years of follow-up, identifying 12,403 incident diabetes cases and a random subcohort of 16,835 individuals from 8 European countries. DED was calculated as energy (kcal) from foods (except beverages) divided by the weight (gram) of foods estimated from dietary questionnaires. Prentice-weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were fitted by country. Risk estimates were pooled by random effects meta-analysis and heterogeneity was evaluated. Estimated mean (sd) DED was 1.5 (0.3) kcal/g among cases and subcohort members, varying across countries (range 1.4-1.7 kcal/g). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, energy intake from beverages and misreporting of dietary intake, no association was observed between DED and T2D (HR 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93-1.13), which was consistent across countries (I(2) = 2.9%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this large European case-cohort study no association between DED of solid and semi-solid foods and risk of T2D was observed. However, despite the fact that there currently is no conclusive evidence for an association between DED and T2DM risk, choosing low energy dense foods should be promoted as they support current WHO recommendations to prevent chronic diseases.

El proyecto EMECAS: protocolo del estudio multicéntrico en España de los efectos a corto plazo de la contaminación atmosférica sobre la salud.

The EMECAM Project demonstrated the short-term effect of air pollution on the death rate in 14 cities in Spain throughout the 1990-1995 period. The Spanish Multicentre Study on Health Effects of Air Pollution (EMECAS) is broadening these objectives by incorporating more recent data, information on hospital disease admissions and totaling 16 Spanish cities. This is an ecological time series study in which the response variables are the daily deaths and the emergency hospitalizations due to circulatory system diseases and respiratory diseases among the residents in each city. Pollutants analyses: suspended particles, SO2, NO2, CO and O3. Control variables: meteorological, calendar, seasonality and influenza trend and incidence. Statistical analysis: estimate of the association in each city by means of the construction of generalized additive Poisson regression models and metanalysis for obtaining combined estimators. The EMECAS Project began with the creation of three working groups (Exposure, Epidemiology and Analysis Methodology) which defined the protocol. The average levels of pollutants were below those established under the current regulations for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone. The NO2 and PM10 values were around those established under the regulations (40 mg/m3). This is the first study of the relationship between air pollution and disease rate among one group of Spanish cities. The pollution levels studied are moderate for some pollutants, although for others, especially NO2 and particles, these levels could entail a problem with regard to complying with the regulations in force.

Autismo : la respuesta educativa : actas del VIII Congreso Nacional de la Asociaci??n Espa??ola de Terapeutas de Autismo y Psicosis Infantil (AETAPI)

El Congresos trat?? de las respuestas educativas al problema del autismo infantil que posibilitaran su intervenci??n. Se trat?? el autismo desde su problem??tica conceptual y cient??fica (neurobiolog??a, epidemiolog??a, diagn??stico temprano en pediatr??a, etc.), desde la perspectiva de los recursos sociales e institucionales, los tratamientos de las alteraciones graves de conducta, la competencia social del ni??o autista, el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas, adaptaciones curriculares, etc.

Actividad f??sica y salud en la infancia y la adolescencia : gu??a para todas las personas que participan en su educaci??n

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Prevenci??n de disfon??as funcionales en el profesorado universitario : tres niveles de acci??n preventiva

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Tratamiento de la pediculosis de la cabeza

Se analizan las caracter??sticas generales de la pediculosis de la cabeza, su epidemiolog??a y diagn??stico. Tambi??n se dan orientaciones sobre su tratamiento con los distintos productos disponibles en el mercado y la descripci??n de las diferentes opciones terap??uticas. Adem??s, se hacen recomendaciones de actuaci??n en el entorno escolar.

Actinic Cheilitis: epidemiological study in a riverine population of northern Brazil

AIM: The aim of this survey was to assess the prevalence of AC in riverine population in countryside of Amazonas, northern Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients answered a questionnaire and were examined between January and December of 2008. Data were gathered on the following participant’s characteristics: 1) age group; 2) gender; 3) ethnicity 4) outdoor activities (sunlight exposure); 5) smoking habits; 6) drinking habits; and 7) access to oral health services (the last dental visit). Clinical observation of the lips for determination of AC presence was used. Patients who presented clinical manifestation of moderate and severe AC were submitted to incisional biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. In case of a positive result after histopathological examination, patients were advised and appropriate treatment was offered. All patients received information about AC and its'prevention. RESULTS: Among the 200 participants that were examined, the prevalence of AC was 2% (4 cases). Of all patients surveyed, women were the majority totalizing 124 patients (72.0%). According to age, 48 (24.0%) people were 20g34 yeargold; 42 (21.0%) were 35g44gyeargold; 50 (25.0%) were 45g60gyeargold; and 60 (30.0%) were 61 or older. CONCLUSION: Even though AC was present in a low prevalence rate, an epidemiological variety is expected, once geographic and ethnic differences should be considered.

Epidemiología y clínica de los pacientes de 1 mes a 5 años ingresados en el HNNBB con enfermedad respiratoria grave de etiología viral. Enero 2012-Diciembre 2013

Introducción: Las Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas Graves (IRAG) son una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad infantil a nivel mundial, sobre todo en los niños menores de 5 años. Se estiman alrededor de 146-159 millones nuevos casos al año en los países en vías de desarrollo, causando aproximadamente 4 millones de muertes en la población pediátrica mundial. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de los virus respiratorios, características clínicas y epidemiológicas en pacientes desde 1 mes a 5 años que ingresan por diagnóstico de enfermedad respiratoria grave de etiología viral al Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se estudiaron todos los niños de 1 mes a 5 años que ingresaron al Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom, incluidos en la vigilancia centinela con hisopado nasofaríngeo positivo de enero 2012 a diciembre 2013. Resultados: 6 de cada 10 pacientes son menores de 1 año, 51% son del sexo masculino. La sintomatología predominante fue tos (99%), dificultad respiratoria (98%) y fiebre (83%). Un 35% de los pacientes necesitó soporte ventilatorio al ingreso. El 49% no tenían patología previa, un 11% eran prematuros, detectándose en el 100% de ellos el virus sincitial respiratorio. Se reportó positivo a Virus Sincitial Respiratorio (VSR) en el 48% de los casos, seguido de Influenza A 12%, Adenovirus 11% y Parainfluenza 10% aumentándose los casos de todos estos en los meses de invierno. En un 76% de los casos se utilizó uno o más antibióticos, las cefalosporinas de 3ra generación son las más utilizadas. No se detecto patrón radiológico característico de infección viral. Conclusiones: El virus Sincitial respiratorio es el virus que más causa neumonía en menores de 5 años, siendo los prematuros altamente susceptibles.

Epidemiología y manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad de Kawasaki en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom de Enero 2009 a Diciembre 2013.

La Enfermedad de Kawasaki es una enfermedad febril aguda auto limitada, siendo la vasculitis más frecuente en la población infantil menor de 5 años. Al momento existen dos estudios previos sobre epidemiología y características clínicas en El Salvador. Objetivos: Describir el perfil clínico-epidemiológico de la Enfermedad de Kawasaki en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom entre Enero 2009 a Diciembre 2013. Material y métodos: Diseño descriptivo, transversal, observacional y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron los expedientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de Enfermedad de Kawasaki encontrados en la base de datos del Departamento de Estadística del Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom entre enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2013, se tomó en cuenta la epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos de laboratorio y ecocardiograma. Se estima que se presentan de un 10 a 20 nuevos casos por año, con predominio en edad preescolar y sexo masculino. Según estudios previos se observa una tendencia de aumento de casos en el país.