991 resultados para Ephrata (Pa.). Bauman
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Seidensticker, p.161.
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Background: The regulation of plasminogen activation is a key element in controlling proteolytic events in the extracellular matrix. Our previous studies had demonstrated that in inflamed gingival tissues, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is significantly increased in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue and that interleukin 1 (IL-1) can up regulate the level of t-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts. Method: In the present study, the levels of t-PA and PAI-2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were measured from healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites and compared before and after periodontal treatment. Crevicular fluid from106 periodontal sites in 33 patients were collected. 24 sites from 11 periodontitis patients received periodontal treatment after the first sample collection and post-treatment samples were collected 14 days after treatment. All samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for t-PA and PAI-2. Results: The results showed that significantly high levels of t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF were found in the gingivitis and periodontitis sites. Periodontal treatment led to significant decreases of PAI-2, but not t-PA, after 14 days. A significant positive linear correlation was found between t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF (r=0.80, p<0.01). In the healthy group, different sites from within the same subject showed little variation of t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF. However, the gingivitis and periodontitis sites showed large variation. These results suggest a good correlation between t-PA and PAI-2 with the severity of periodontal conditions. Conclusion: This study indicates that t-PA and PAI-2 may play a significant rle in the periodontal tissue destruction and tissue remodeling and that t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF may be used as clinical markers to evaluate the periodontal diseases and assess treatment.
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Purpose To review and update the evidence relating to the personal, social, and environmental factors associated with physical activity (PA) in adults. Methods Systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature to identify papers published between 1998 and 2000 with PA (and including exercise and exercise adherence). Qualitative reports or case studies were not included. Results Thirty-eight new studies were located. Most confirmed the existence of factors already known to be correlates of PA. Changes in status were noted in relation to the influence of marital status, obesity, smoking, lack of time, past exercise behavior, and eight environmental variables. New studies were located which focused on previously understudied population groups such as minorities, middle and older aged adults, and the disabled. Conclusion The newly reported studies tend to take a broader ecological approach to understanding the correlates of PA and are more focused on environmental factors. There remains a need to better understand environmental influences and the factors that influence different types of PA. As most of the work in this field still relies on cross-sectional studies, longitudinal and intervention studies will be required if causal relationships are to be inferred.
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Accurate monitoring of prevalence and trends in population levels of physical activity (PA) is a fundamental public health need. Test-retest reliability (repeatability) was assessed in population samples for four self-report PA measures: the Active Australia survey (AA, N=356), the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, N=104), the physical activity items in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS, N=127) and in the Australian National Health Survey (NHS, N=122). Percent agreement and Kappa statistics were used to assess reliability of classification of activity status as 'active', 'insufficiently active' or 'sedentary'. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were used to assess agreement on minutes of activity reported for each item of each survey and for total minutes. Percent agreement scores for activity status were very good on all four instruments, ranging from 60% for the NHS to 79% for the IPAQ. Corresponding Kappa statistics ranged from 0.40 (NHS) to 0.52 (AA). For individual items, ICCs were highest for walking (0.45 to 0.78) and vigorous activity (0.22 to 0.64) and lowest for the moderate questions (0.16 to 0.44). All four measures provide acceptable levels of test-retest reliability for assessing both activity status and sedentariness, and moderate reliability for assessing total minutes of activity.
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Objective To compare the level of agreement in results obtained from four physical activity (PA) measurement instruments that are in use in Australia and around the world. Methods 1,280 randomly selected participants answered two sets of PA questions by telephone. 428 answered the Active Australia (AA) and National Health Surveys, 427 answered the AA and CDC Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys (BRFSS), and 425 answered the AA survey and the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results Among the three pairs of survey items, the difference in mean total PA time was lowest when the AA and NHS items were asked (difference=24) (SE:17) minutes, compared with 144 (SE:21) mins for AA/BRFSS and 406 (SE:27) mins for AA/IPAQ). Correspondingly, prevalence estimates for 'sufficiently active' were similar for AA and NHS (56% and 55% respectively), but about 10% higher when BRFSS data were used, and about 26% higher when the IPAQ items were used, compared with estimates from the AA survey. Conclusions The findings clearly demonstrate that there are large differences in reported PA times and hence in prevalence estimates of 'sufficient activity' from these four measures. Implications It is important to consistently use the same survey for population monitoring purposes. As the AA survey has now been used three times in national surveys, its continued use for population surveys is recommended so that trend data ever a longer period of time can be established.
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Background Although guidelines suggest that vigorous physical activity (PA) confers extra benefits compared with those from moderate-intensity activity alone, the magnitude of this additional benefit is unclear. The aim was to compare the reduction in risk of hypertension (HT) and depressive symptoms (DS) for 12 yr in middle-age women who reported (a) only moderate-intensity PA (MOPA) and (b) a combination of moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA), after controlling for overall volume of activity. Methods The study involved 11,285 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Womens Health, who completed surveys in 1998 (age = 4652 yr), 2001, 2004, 2007, and 2010. Generalized estimating equation models (with 3-yr time lag) were used to examine the relationship between PA in seven categories from 0 to >2000 METminwk1 and occurrence of HT and DS for women who reported MOPA or MVPA. Results For HT, risk was slightly lower for MVPA than for MOPA across the entire range of PA levels, but this difference was only significant at the highest PA level (>2000; odds ratio [OR] = 0.80 MOPA and 0.56 MVPA). For DS, OR values were similar in both groups up to 500 METminwk1, then slightly lower for MVPA than for MOPA at higher PA levels. Again, this difference was only significant at the highest PA level (>2000; OR = 0.57 MOPA and 0.42 MVPA). OR values were slightly attenuated in adjusted models. Conclusions Doing both vigorous and moderate activity does not have significant additional benefits in terms of HT and DS, above those from moderate-intensity activity alone, except at very high levels of PA.
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In this paper, we report drain-extended MOS device design guidelines for the RF power amplifier (RF PA) applications. A complete RF PA circuit in a 28-nm CMOS technology node with the matching and biasing network is used as a test vehicle to validate the RF performance improvement by a systematic device design. A complete RF PA with 0.16-W/mm power density is reported experimentally. By simultaneous improvement of device-circuit performance, 45% improvement in the circuit RF power gain, 25% improvement in the power-added efficiency at 1-GHz frequency, and 5x improvement in the electrostatic discharge robustness are reported experimentally.
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Relato e anlise da experincia de estudantes de Belm (PA) no projeto Cmara Mirim, promovido pela Cmara dos Deputados. Mostra a contribuio do projeto na formao poltica e no desenvolvimento da competncia lingustica dos discentes, a partir da escrita e da oralidade, usando a lngua como prtica social e exerccio de cidadania, fora do espaço fsico da sala de aula. O projeto colocou os alunos em contato com diversos gneros textuais e com o Parlamento em um contexto real e de interao. Os estudos foram baseados em bibliografias sobre gneros de texto e nas orientaes dos Parmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Lngua Portuguesa (PCN).
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El presente trabajo informa sobre qu?? es la violencia en el deporte y analiza el proyecto que realiz?? el Comit?? Vasco Contra la Violencia en el deporte en edad escolar en la Comunidad Aut??noma del Pa??s Vasco en el que finalmente se proponen unas ??reas de mejora.
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Os pequenos mamferos apresentam maior diversidade para a regio Neotropical e so bons indicadores de alteraes de habitats. Ns amostramos dois tipos de fitofisionomias. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a estrutura, a estratificao vertical e o impacto da minerao na comunidade de pequenos mamferos nas reas de Canga e Floresta. Foram amostradas seis linhas paralelas a partir da borda, em cada rea. Foram instaladas 60 armadilhas intercaladas nos trs estratos: solo, sub-bosque e dossel, durante seis noites consecutivas. E armadilhas de queda e interceptao, com 15 baldes em cada trilha, apenas nas reas de Floresta. Foram amostradas uma rea de cada fitofisionomia mais prxima e mais afastada do impacto, durante dois perodos chuvosos e dois secos, de 2009 a 2011. Ns encontramos diferenas muito evidentes quanto composio e estrutura nos dois tipos de fitofisionomias amostradas: a riqueza foi maior na Floresta e a abundncia total foi maior na Canga. Das 24 espcies amostradas, 15 foram registradas exclusivamente no solo, oito no solo e sub-bosque e uma (Glironia venusta) exclusivamente no dossel. Apenas Micoureus demerarae foi registrado nos trs estratos e Caluromys philander apenas no sub-bosque e dossel. O efeito do impacto muito evidente nas Florestas e menos nas Cangas. Nas Florestas, quanto mais distante do impacto, maior a riqueza e abundncia de espcies. importante a continuidade e o aprofundamento de estudos com comunidades de pequenos mamferos na Floresta Nacional de Carajs, ampliando o conhecimento cientfico para propor medidas que minimizem o impacto causado pela atividade mineradora na regio.
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O objetivo central desta pesquisa consiste em verificar a existncia de semelhanas entre o planejamento estratgico situacional e o oramento participativo implementado em Belm durante o perodo de 1997 a 2000; assim como verificar a existncia de semelhanas entre a teoria da escolha pblica e o oramento participativo em Belm no mesmo perodo. Para alcanar tal objetivo, sero abordadas resumidamente, a teoria da escolha pblica e o planejamento estratgico situacional, como base terica para desenvolver o estudo. Supe-se que essas teorias fundamentam o oramento participativo, instrumento mais conhecido de participaço popular no processo da gesto pblica. Para alcanar esse fim, utilizou-se o mtodo de estudo de caso, por ser o mais indicado para esse tipo de pesquisa. Os resultados sugerem que o oramento participativo, do modo como foi implementado na Capital do Estado do Par, no perodo de 1997 a 2000 possui caractersticas da teoria e do mtodo aqui levantados. No que diz respeito teoria da escolha pblica, caractersticas em comum com o oramento participativo foram observadas, como reconhecer que os agentes polticos so motivados por interesses pessoais, alm de admitir que a escolha poltica, no processo poltico, resultado das preferncias dos agentes envolvidos nas escolhas que permitem passar de preferncias diversas de cada indivduo para uma nica escolha coletiva. Quanto ao planejamento estratgico situacional, tambm foram observados conceitos e caractersticas em comum com o oramento participativo. Ambos reconhecem a existncia de vrios atores dentro do processo de planejamento, que passa a ser discutido diretamente com a populao, inserindo todos os setores do municpio no processo de gesto. Atravs de reivindicaes, que so entendidas como problemas, o planejamento passa a ser dividido com a populao, e esta passa a ser atuante no planejamento do espaço em que vive. Outra caracterstica em comum a subjetividade, que diz respeito ao entendimento que cada ator tem de seu prprio problema, e do problema de outros atores. Pde-se observar que a participaço popular na gesto pblica instrumento de elevada importncia para impulsionar o desenvolvimento social, sendo tambm incentivada nas formas previstas em Lei. No entanto, tal incentivo acarreta fatores diversos que por vezes fogem ao controle dos gestores, alm de significar uma diviso de poderes.
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