Financial Engineering Instruments and their Assessment Under EU State Aid Rules. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) Briefing 26/2013

Financial engineering instruments such as guarantees, loans and equity are increasingly used in public funding of enterprises. These instruments have three attractive features: they are repayable, they “leverage” private involvement, and they have a multiplier effect because they generate new income. At the same time, however, they are technically complex and they are subject to state aid rules. Their assessment under EU state aid rules creates two additional problems. First, under certain conditions financial instruments may not contain state aid. This is when public authorities act as “private investors”. This means that state aid cannot be presumed to exist in all financial instruments. It must first be established through market analysis. Second, when state aid is found to be present it is not always possible to quantify it. For this reason the state aid rules that apply to financial instruments differ significantly from other rules. This paper reviews how financial instruments have been assessed by the European Commission and under which conditions the state aid they may contain can be considered to be compatible with the internal market. The paper finds that by and large Member States have succeeded to design measures that have all been approved by the Commission.

High grade engineering, surveying and mining instruments /

Mode of access: Internet.

Boiler and turbine room instruments; serial report of the Prime Movers Committee (1925-1926)

Mode of access: Internet.

Instrument engineering [by] Charles Stark Draper, Walter McKay [and] Sidney Lees

Mode of access: Internet.

Sources of information on instruments,

Mode of access: Internet.

Instrumentation for measurement of structural behavior of concrete gravity structures.

Cover title.

Fourth annual symposium on hot laboratories and equipment, held in Washington, D.C., September 29 and 30, 1955.

"Supplement 1." (iii, 123 p. illus., diagrs., table), issued in 1956.

Optical tooling for precise manufacture and alignment.

Mode of access: Internet.

Technology of instrumentation.

Mode of access: Internet.

A manual of the principal instruments used in American engineering and surveying /

Cover title: Gurley's manual: American engineers' and surveyors' instruments.

A manual of the principal instruments used in American engineering and surveying /

Cover title: Gurley's Manual. American engineers' and surveyors' instruments.

A manual of the principal instruments used in American engineering and surveying : manufactured by W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, N.Y.

Cover title: Gurley's manual: American engineers' and surveyors' instruments.

The illustrated glossary of practical architecture and civil engineering : comprising the theory and modern practice, with the subjects of office and field work, the steam engine, mechanical engineering, surveying, levelling, & use of instruments, mining and quarrying, manufacture of iron, bricks, lime & cements, carpentry, joinery, bricklaying, and masonry, slating, painting and glazing, building, etc. /

Mode of access: Internet.

A manual of the principal instruments used in American engineering and surveying, manufactured by W. & L.E. Gurley, Troy, N.Y.

Mode of access: Internet.

Access to meaningful relationships through virtual instruments and ensembles

This workshop focuses upon research about the qualities of community in music and of music in community facilitated by technologically supported relationships. Generative media systems present an opportunity for users to leverage computational systems to form new relationships through interactive and collaborative experiences. Generative music and art are a relatively new phenomenon that use procedural invention as a creative technique to produce music and visual media. Early systems have demonstrated the potential to provide access to collaborative ensemble experiences for users with little formal musical or artistic expertise. This workshop examines the relational affordances of these systems evidenced by selected field data drawn from the Network Jamming Project. These generative performance systems enable access to unique ensembles with very little musical knowledge or skill and offer the possibility of interactive relationships with artists and musical knowledge through collaborative performance. In this workshop we will focus on data that highlights how these simulated experiences might lead to understandings that may be of social benefit. Conference participants will be invited to jam in real time using virtual interfaces and to evaluate purposively selected video artifacts that demonstrate different kinds of interactive relationship with artists, peers, and community and that enrich the sense of expressive self. Theoretical insights about meaningful engagement drawn from the longitudinal and cross cultural experiences will underpin the discussion and practical presentation.