Progetto di un convertitore di potenza da sorgenti fotovoltaiche in regime di basso irraggiamento

L’obiettivo di questa tesi è il progetto di un convertitore di potenza di tipo low power da applicare a sorgenti fotovoltaiche in regime di basso irraggiamento. Il convertitore implementa un controllo con inseguimento del punto di massima potenza (maximum power point tracking) della caratteristica della sorgente fotovoltaica. Una prima parte è dedicata allo studio delle possibilità esistenti in materia di convertitori e di algoritmi di MPPT. Successivamente, in base alle specifiche di progetto è stata selezionata una combinazione ottimale per l'architettura del convertitore di potenza in grado di bilanciare efficienza dell'algoritmo di controllo e requisiti intrinseci di potenza.

“Diagnosi e certificazione, efficienza energetica ed implementazione di sistemi di produzione da fonti rinnovabili: da rudere a masseria passiva”

Dopo aver introdotto l'argomento della certificazione energetica attraverso l'analisi delle direttive europee in materia, delle legislazioni nazionali, dei regolamenti regionali e delle procedure di calcolo (ITACA, LEED, etc.) si passa poi allo studio di un caso reale, la Masseria Sant'Agapito. All'inquadramento della masseria e delle attività connesse, segue un focus sull'edificio attualmente adibito a b&b, del quale si esegue la diagnosi sperimentale (termografia all'infrarosso, test di tenuta, etc.) e la certificazione con l'ausilio del software DOCET di ENEA. Si delineano quindi interventi atti alla riqualificazione energetica e alla riduzione dei consumi per tale edificio. In seguito si ipotizza un progetto di recupero funzionale, da attuarsi secondo i criteri della conservazione dell'esistente e della bioedilizia, impiegando materiali naturali e con un ciclo di vita a basso impatto ecologico. Alla progettazione d'involucro, segue la progettazione dell'impianto termico alimentato a biomassa, degli impianti solare termico (autocostruito) e fotovoltaico (inegrato in copertura) e del generatore mini-eolico. Tali tecnologie consentono, attraverso l'impiego di fonti di energia rinnovabile, la totale autosufficienza energetica e l'abbattimento delle emissioni climalteranti riferibili all'esercizio dell'edificio. La certificazione energetica di tale edificio, condotta questa volta con l'ausilio del software TERMUS di ACCA, consente una classificazione nella categoria di consumo "A".

A hybrid maximum power point tracking for partially shaded photovoltaic systems in the tropics

Partial shading and rapidly changing irradiance conditions significantly impact on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These impacts are particularly severe in tropical regions where the climatic conditions result in very large and rapid changes in irradiance. In this paper, a hybrid maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) technique for PV systems operating under partially shaded conditions witapid irradiance change is proposed. It combines a conventional MPPT and an artificial neural network (ANN)-based MPPT. A low cost method is proposed to predict the global MPP region when expensive irradiance sensors are not available or are not justifiable for cost reasons. It samples the operating point on the stairs of I–V curve and uses a combination of the measured current value at each stair to predict the global MPP region. The conventional MPPT is then used to search within the classified region to get the global MPP. The effectiveness of the proposed MPPT is demonstrated using both simulations and an experimental setup. Experimental comparisons with four existing MPPTs are performed. The results show that the proposed MPPT produces more energy than the other techniques and can effectively track the global MPP with a fast tracking speed under various shading patterns.

Single sensor boost converter-based maximum power point tracking algorithms

Two new maximum power point tracking algorithms are presented: the input voltage sensor, and duty ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm (ViSD algorithm); and the output voltage sensor, and duty ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm (VoSD algorithm). The ViSD and VoSD algorithms have the features, characteristics and advantages of the incremental conductance algorithm (INC); but, unlike the incremental conductance algorithm which requires two sensors (the voltage sensor and current sensor), the two algorithms are more desirable because they require only one sensor: the voltage sensor. Moreover, the VoSD technique is less complex; hence, it requires less computational processing. Both the ViSD and the VoSD techniques operate by maximising power at the converter output, instead of the input. The ViSD algorithm uses a voltage sensor placed at the input of a boost converter, while the VoSD algorithm uses a voltage sensor placed at the output of a boost converter. © 2011 IEEE.

Single-sensor maximum power point tracking algorithms

Single-sensor maximum power point tracking algorithms for photovoltaic systems are presented. The algorithms have the features, characteristics and advantages of the widely used incremental conductance (INC) algorithm. However; unlike the INC algorithm which requires two sensors (the voltage sensor and the current sensor), the single-sensor algorithms are more desirable because they require only one sensor: the voltage sensor. The algorithms operate by maximising power at the DC-DC converter output, instead of the input. © 2013 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Maximum power point tracking of partial shaded photovoltaic array using an evolutionary algorithm: a particle swarm optimization technique

 Partial shading is one of the unavoidable complications in the field of solar power generation. Although the most common approach in increasing a photovoltaic (PV) array’s efficiency has always been to introduce a bypass diode to the said array, this poses another problem in the form of multi-peaks curves whenever the modules are partially shaded. To further complicate matters, most conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking methods develop errors under certain circumstances (for example, they detect the local Maximum Power Point (MPP) instead of the global MPP) and reduce the efficiency of PV systems even further. Presently, much research has been undertaken to improve upon them. This study aims to employ an evolutionary algorithm technique, also known as particle swarm optimization, in MPP detection. VC 2014 Author(s).

Simulation and hardware implementation of new maximum power point tracking technique for partially shaded PV system using hybrid DEPSO method

In photovoltaic (PV) power generation, partial shading is an unavoidable complication that significantly reduces the efficiency of the overall system. Under this condition, the PV system produces a multiple-peak function in its output power characteristic. Thus, a reliable technique is required to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) within an appropriate time. This study aims to employ a hybrid evolutionary algorithm called the DEPSO technique, a combination of the differential evolutionary (DE) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO), to detect the maximum power point under partial shading conditions. The paper starts with a brief description about the behavior of PV systems under partial shading conditions. Then, the DEPSO technique along with its implementation in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is explained in detail. Finally, Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique under different partial shading conditions. Results prove the advantages of the proposed method, such as its reliability, system-independence, and accuracy in tracking the GMPP under partial shading conditions.

A comparative study on procedure and state of the art of conventional maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic system

Due to the increasing world energy demand, renewable energy systems have been significantly applied in the power generation sector. Among the renewable energy options, photovoltaic system is one of the most popular resources which has been experiencing a huge attention during recent decades. The remarkable advantages, such as static and movement free characteristics, low maintenance costs, and longevity are the primary factors for the popularity of solar generation in the late years. Nevertheless, the low PV conversion efficiency in one side and high PV material cost in the other side have made PV generation comparably expensive system. Consequently, a capable maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is all important to elicit the maximum energy from the production of PV systems. Different researches have been conducted to design a fast, simple and robust MPPT technique under uniform conditions. However, due to the series and parallel connection of PV modules and according to the use of bypass diodes, in the structure of PV modules, a conventional techniques are unable to track a true MPP. Recently, several studies have been undertaken to modify these conventional methods and enable them to track the global MPP under rapidly changing environments and partial shading (PS) conditions. This report concentrates on the state of the art of these methods and their evolution to apply under PS conditions. The recent developments and modifications are analyzed through a comparison based on design complexity, cost, speed and the ability to track the MPP under rapid environmental variations and PS conditions.

Implementation of fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking controller for photovoltaic system

In this study, simulation and hardware implementation of Fuzzy Logic (FL) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) used in photovoltaic system with a direct control method are presented. In this control system, no proportional or integral control loop exists and an adaptive FL controller generates the control signals. The designed and integrated system is a contribution of different aspects which includes simulation, design and programming and experimental setup. The resultant system is capable and satisfactory in terms of fastness and dynamic performance. The results also indicate that the control system works without steady-state error and has the ability of tracking MPPs rapid and accurate which is useful for the sudden changes in the atmospheric condition. MATLAB/Simulink software is utilized for simulation and also programming the TMS320F2812 Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The whole system designed and implemented to hardware was tested successfully on a laboratory PV array. The obtained experimental results show the functionality and feasibility of the proposed controller.

Comparative analysis of current and voltage-controlled photovoltaic Maximum Power Point tracking

Maximum Power Point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems may be achieved by controlling either the voltage or current of the PV device. There is no consensus in the technical literature about how is the best choice. This paper provides a comparative analysis performance among current and voltage control using two different MPPT strategies: the perturb and observe (P&O) and the incremental conductance techniques. © 2011 IEEE.

Main maximum power point tracking strategies intended for photovoltaics

This paper presents evaluations among the most usual MPPT techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the amount of energy extracted from the photovoltaic panel (PV) (Tracking Factor - TF) in relation to the available power, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response and use of sensors. Using MatLab/Simulink® and DSpace platforms, a digitally controlled boost DC-DC converter was implemented and connected to an Agilent Solar Array E4350B simulator in order to verify the analytical procedures. The main experimental results are presented and a contribution in the implementation of the IC algorithm is performed and called IC based on PI. Moreover, the dynamic response and the tracking factor are also evaluated using a Friendly User Interface, which is capable of online program power curves and compute the TF. Finally, a typical daily insulation is used in order to verify the experimental results for the main PV MPPT methods. © 2011 IEEE.

Six-element circuit for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic-motor systems with variable-frequency drives

A low-cost circuit was developed for stable and efficient maximum power point (MPP) tracking in autonomous photo voltaic-motor systems with variable-frequency drives (VFDs). The circuit is made of two resistors, two capacitors, and two Zener diodes. Its input is the photovoltaic (PV) array voltage and its output feeds the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller usually integrated into, the drive. The steady-state frequency-voltage oscillations induced by the circuit were treated in a simplified mathematical model, which was validated by widely characterizing a PV-powered centrifugal pump. General procedures for circuit and controller tuning were recommended based on model equations. The tracking circuit presented here is widely applicable to PV-motor system with VFDs, offering an. efficient open-access technology of unique simplicity. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Variable Step Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Modules with Embedded Temperature Sensing

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06