Analysis of five pharmacologically active compounds from the Tibetan medicine Elsholtzia with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A high performance capillary electrophoresis method with diode array detector detection for the determination of five bioactive ingredients in Tibetan medicine Elsholtzia, namely quercetin, rutin, saussurenoside, kaempferol, and oleanolic acid, has been developed. The effects of several factors, such as the acidity, concentration of running buffer, separation voltage, temperature, and SDS concentration were investigated. The optimal conditions were 44 mmol/L boric acid running buffer (pH 8.5), 45 mmol/L SDS, 16 KV voltage, 20 degrees C, and 10.0% (V/V) of acetonitrile. Under the optimum conditions, five components could be separated with a good baseline resolution within 17 min. The calibration curves showed good linear relationship over the concentration range of 5 x 10(-4)similar to 0.1 mg/mL for quercetin, rutin, saussurenoside, kaempferol, and 1 x 10(-3) similar to 0.1 mg/mL for oleanolic acid. The average recoveries of the method and RSD were ( 99.2%, 3.2%) for quercetin, (102.1%, 2.1%) for rutin, (99.4%, 1.5%) for saussurenoside, (98.9%, 1.8%) for kaempferol, and (99.0%, 2.9%) for oleanolic acid, respectively. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 1.1 x 10(-4) mg/mL for quercetin, 2.6 x 10(-4) mg/mL for rutin, 1.8 x 10(-4) mg/mL for saussurenoside, 2.9 x 10(-4) mg/mL for kaempferol, and 6.3 x 10(-4) mg/mL for oleanolic acid, respectively. The method was simple, rapid, and reproducible and could be applied for the determination of quercetin, rutin, saussurenoside, kaempferol, and oleanolic acid in Tibetan medicine Elsholtzia, and the assay results were satisfactory.

石荠苎属的系统学与进化

石荠苎属(Mosla (Benth.) Buch.-Hamilt. ex Maxim.)是唇形科的一个小属，仅分布于东亚，该属复杂的变异式样一直困扰着系统学家．本论文是对该属进行三年物种生物学研究的结果．本研究从居群生物学出发，在广泛的野外调查后选取了47个居群进行取样和观察，在控制环境因素的实验设计条件下，测量了31个居群53个形态性状并分析了其变异规律;在扫描电镜下观察了含外类群在内的6属38个居群的花粉和小坚果表面微形态：对27个居群做了细胞学研究：对22个居群15个酶系统做了等位酶分析，获得了28个位点的资料;进行了35个组合的796次人工杂交．综合上述各方面资料的分析结果，对石荠苎属的形态变异与进化、居群分化、生殖隔离、物种形成、类群划分，以及起源和扩展作了详细的分析和讨论． 形态特征的数量遗传学分析表明，叶片大小和形状、苞片形态、花序（果序）和花萼（果期花萼）的复杂变异式样是造成分类混乱的主要原因．叶片大小和形状在小鱼仙草(M. dianthera)中呈现幅度很宽的连续变异，极端情况常分别被描述为不同的种，如M．remottllora和M．grosseserrata．少数突变体以及种间偶尔产生的杂交个体在苞片和花序形态上表现异常，都曾引起分类的混乱．本研究已经澄清M. bracteata和M. tamdaoensis是突变体，而M. exfoliata和M. longispica则是种间杂种．M.fomosana花萼上唇裂片长度的变异是导致分类困难的另一个原因，是小鱼仙草花萼上唇中裂片变异的极端类型。 通过比较分析揭示了石荠苎属中苞片形状、花序结构、花朵大小、花萼形态、小坚果和花粉粒表面纹饰以及染色体的变异和演化趋势，苞片由发达的叶状类型向披针形方向演化;花序由花朵疏离的松散状向紧缩的头状类型演化;花萼由近辐射对称，五个裂片近等长向二唇形演化;花冠由发达、鲜艳向退化方向演化：小坚果由具旋涡状深雕纹向具网纹类型演化;花粉粒由无明显突起向有明显条文或块状突起的类型演化;核型由不对称性小向不对称性增强发展;繁育系统由以异交为主向以自交为主演化，并且带动一系列花部形态的相关变异． 等位酶分析结果表明，石荠苎属种内的进化以遗传变异的积累和繁育系统的转变造成的居群间分化为主要特征．杭州石荠苎各居群的平均遗传距离为0.026，聚类分析结果发现7个居群明显分化为两支，居群3704，4704和3712为一支，其他居群为一支，等位酶资料获得的结果也得到形态和生殖特征的支持．3704、4704和3712在毛被、花朵大小、小坚果大小和颜色在均与其他居群有差异，繁育系统上，这三个居群表现出更明显的异交特性．小鱼仙草居群之间遗传分化甚至大于少数亲缘种之间的遗传分化，平均遗传距离达到0.034，但杂交实验发现，居群之间并不存在生殖隔离，不同的居群之间在叶片大小、叶形、苞片长短和花萼上唇中裂片的长短也有所不同．杭州石荠苎和小鱼仙草种内居群之间的形态和等位酶分化说明居群之问正处于分化和物种形成的早期阶段，生殖隔离还没有建立。 突变（包括染色体结构变异）的积累和繁育系统的转变是石荠苎属物种形成的基础，苏州石荠苎和石荠苎的分化是由于染色体结构变异的积累，具体表现在核型不对称性上的差异，造成生殖隔离．另一些比较明显的物种形成机制为：染色体多倍化，形成M.pauciflora;染色体结构变异，如随体染色体的臂间易位，产生M.cavaleriei;繁育系统由异交转变为自交产生M．chinensis．另外，在物种形成过程中，花期和生态位分化等促进了生殖隔离的完善． 石荠苎属形态上界限清楚，而且存在生殖隔离的种有八个，它们是小花荠苎(M.cavaleriei Levl.);石香薷 (M. chinensis Maxim.);小鱼仙草 (M. dianthera (Buch.-Hamilt. ex Roxb.) Maxim.);杭州石荠苎(M．hangchouensis Matsuda);日本石荠苎(M. japonica (Benth.) Maxim.);疏花荠苎(M. pauciflora (C. Y. Wu) C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li);石荠苎(M. punctulata (J.F. Gmelin) Nakai)和苏州石荠苎(M. soochouensis Matsuda). 石荠苎属的近缘属是香薷属(Elsholtzia)、香简草属(Keiskea)和紫苏属(Perilla)。石荠苎属与近缘属的分化大约在260万年之前，因为那时石荠苎属的祖先就发生了分化，形成以杭州石荠苎一一石香薷的祖先和以小花荠苎一一小鱼仙草的祖先为代表的两条进化主线，从香薷属和香简草属的现代分布式样-以及石荠苎属的分布特点推断，华东地区可能是石荠苎属的起源和演化的舞台，华东地区具有最大的种类多样性、变异性、特有性和多度．

藏药细穗香薷挥发性化学成分的研究

研究细穗香薷(Elsholtzia ianthina)的挥发油成分.采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取,用气相色谱质谱联用技术进行分析,用面积归一法计算出有关的相对含量,鉴定出45个化合物,主要的挥发油化学成分为三环[4.3.1.13,8]十一烷-1-醇,2,3,5,6-四甲基酚,共占挥发油总量的56.29%.

藏药细穗香薷的化学成分

采用乙醇提取,硅胶柱层析和波谱方法鉴定结构,从细穗香薷(Elsholtzia.ianthina)中初步分离鉴定出5个化合物:二十六烷醇(1),齐墩果酸(2),β-谷甾醇(3),山柰酚(4), saussurenoside(5),这些化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到.

Fossil pollen record of composite sediment core TMD from Tso Moriri, analysis of modern surface pollen samples, mean annual precipitation reconstruction, and digitisation and recalibration of different discussed palaeoclimate proxy records

This paper presents a new fossil pollen record from Tso Moriri (32°54'N, 78°19'E, 4512 m a.s.l.) and seeks to reconstruct changes in mean annual precipitation (MAP) during the last 12,000 years. This high-alpine lake occupies an area of 140 km**2 in a glacial-tectonic valley in the northwestern Himalaya. The region has a cold climate, with a MAP <300 mm, and open vegetation. The hydrology is controlled by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), but winter westerly-associated precipitation also affects the regional water balance. Results indicate that precipitation levels varied significantly during the Holocene. After a rapid increase in MAP, a phase of maximum humidity was reached between ca. 11 to 9.6 cal ka BP, followed by a gradual decline in MAP. This trend parallels the reduction in the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Comparison of different palaeoclimate proxy records reveal evidence for a stronger Holocene decrease in precipitation in the northern versus the southern parts of the ISM domain. The long-term trend of ISM weakening is overlaid with several short periods of greater dryness, which are broadly synchronous with the North Atlantic cold spells, suggesting reduced amounts of westerly-associated winter precipitation. Compared to the mid and late Holocene, it appears that westerlies had a greater influence on the western parts of the ISM domain during the early Holocene. During this period, the westerly-associated summer precipitation belt was positioned at Mediterranean latitudes and amplified the ISM-derived precipitation. The Tso Moriri pollen record and moisture reconstructions also suggest that changes in climatic conditions affected the ancient Harappan Civilisation, which flourished in the greater Indus Valley from approximately 5.2 to 3 cal ka BP. The prolonged Holocene trend towards aridity, punctuated by an interval of increased dryness (between ca. 4.5 to 4.3 cal ka BP), may have pushed the Mature Harappan urban settlements (between ca. 4.5 to 3.9 cal ka BP) to develop more efficient agricultural practices to deal with the increasingly acute water shortages. The amplified aridity associated with North Atlantic cooling between ca. 4 to 3.6 and around 3.2 cal ka BP further hindered local agriculture, possibly causing the deurbanisation that occurred from ca. 3.9 cal ka BP and eventual collapse of the Harappan Civilisation between ca. 3.5 to 3 cal ka BP.