Concepção e instalação de tabelas multifunções para recintos desportivos cobertos

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica – Sistemas Eléctricos de Energia

Controlo por computador de um sistema de levitação magnética

Ao longo deste projecto são efectuados vários passos para a realização de um sistema de levitação magnética controlado por computador. O objectivo deste projecto é a levitação de um objecto de material ferromagnético. Para a sua realização foi essencialmente necessário um electroíman, que exerce a força electromagnética sobre a bola, um circuito de potência para accionar o electroíman, um circuito sensor constituído por um LDR e por fim, o circuito constituído pelo PIC 18F4550. Para a comunicação entre o sistema e o PC foi estabelecida a comunicação série RS232. No que concerne ao controlo do sistema, foi aplicado um controlador PD e um controlador em avanço, ambos projectados directamente no domínio digital, através do método do Lugar de raízes. Posteriormente foi desenvolvida uma interface gráfica em ambiente MATLAB, para comunicação, via RS232, entre o PC e o sistema.

A novel human-machine interface using subdermal magnetic implants

This paper explores a novel tactile human-machine interface based on the controlled stimulation of mechanoreceptors by a subdermal magnetic implant manipulated through an external electromagnet. The selection of a suitable implant magnet and implant site is discussed and an external interface for manipulating the implant is described. The paper also reports on the basic properties of such an interface, including magnetic field strength sensitivity and frequency sensitivity obtained through experimentation on two participants. Finally, the paper presents two practical application scenarios for the interface.

The Stern-Gerlach Phenomenon According to Classical Electrodynamics

We present a description of the Stem-Gerlach type experiments using only the concepts of classical electrodynamics and the Newton`s equations of motion. The quantization of the projections of the spin (or the projections of the magnetic dipole) is not introduced in our calculations. The main characteristic of our approach is a quantitative analysis of the motion of the magnetic atoms at the entrance of the magnetic field region. This study reveals a mechanism which modifies continuously the orientation of the magnetic dipole of the atom in a very short time interval, at the entrance of the magnetic field region. The mechanism is based on the conservation of the total energy associated with a magnetic dipole which moves in a non uniform magnetic field generated by an electromagnet. A detailed quantitative comparison with the (1922) Stem-Gerlach experiment and the didactical (1967) experiment by J.R. Zacharias is presented. We conclude, contrary to the original Stern-Gerlach statement, that the classical explanations are not ruled out by the experimental data.

Montagem e construção de um magnetômetro a efeito Kerr magneto-óptico

n this master s dissertation a Kerr Magneto Optic s magnetometer effect was set up to do characterization of samples type films fine and ultra thin, these samples will be grown after the implementation of the sputtering technique at the magnetism laboratory of of this department. In this work a cooled electromagnet was also built the water and that it reaches close values to 10kOe with a gap of 22 mm including an area of uniform field of 25mm of diameter. The first chapter treats of the construction of this electromagnet from its dimensioning to the operation tests that involve measures of reached maximum field and temperature of the reels when operated during one hour. The second chapter is dedicated to the revision of the magnetism and the magnetization processes as well as it presents a theoretical base regarding the magnetic energies found in films and magnetic multilayer. In the sequence, the third chapter, is especially dedicated the description of the effects magneto opticians the effect kerr in the longitudinal, traverse and polar configurations, using for so much only the classic approach of the electromagnetism and the coefficients of Fresnel. Distinguished the two areas of observation of the effect regarding thickness of the film. The constructive aspects of the experimental apparatus as well as the details of its operation are explained at the room surrender, also presenting the preliminary results of the measures made in one serializes of permalloy films and concluding with the results of the characterization of the first films of iron and permalloy grown here at the theoretical and experimental physics department at UFRN

Permanent Magnet Hall Thruster for satellite orbit raising with low power energy consumption

Electric propulsion is now a succeful method for primary propulsion of deep space long duration missions and for geosyncronous satellite attitude control. Closed Drift Thruster, so called Hall Thruster or SPT (Stationary Plasma Thruster), was primarily conceived in USSR (the ancient Soviet Union) and, since then, it has been developed by space agencies, space research institutes and industries in several countries such as France, USA, Israel, Russian Federation and Brazil. In this work we present the main features of the Permanent Magnet Hall Thruster (PMHT) developed at the Plasma Laboratory of the University of Brasilia. The idea of using an array of permanent magnets, instead of an electromagnet, to produce a radial magnetic field inside the plasma channel of the thruster is very significant. It allows the development of a Hall Thruster with power consumption low enough to be used in small and medium size satellites. Description of a new vacuum chamber used to test the second prototype of the PMHT (PHALL II) will be given. PHALL II has an aluminum plasma chamber and is smaller with 15 cm diameter and will contain rare earth magnets. We will show plasma density and temperature space profiles inside and outside the thruster channel. Ion temperature measurements based on Doppler broadening of spectral lines and ion energy measurements are also shown. Based on the measured plasma parameters we constructed an aptitude figure of the PMHT. It contains the specific impulse, total thrust, propellant flow rate and power consumption necessary for orbit raising of satellites. Based on previous studies of geosyncronous satellite orbit positioning we perform numerical simulations of satellite orbit raising from an altitude of 700 km to 36000 km using a PMHT operating in the 100 mN - 500 mN thrust range. In order to perform these calculations integration techniques were used. The main simulation paraters were orbit raising time, fuel mass, total satellite mass, thrust and exaust velocity. We conclude comparing our results with results obtainned with known space missions performed with Hall Thrusters. © 2008 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.

Desenvolvimento de um conjunto de modelagem de alta resolução para os métodos eletromagnéticos indutivos

A Modelagem Eletromagnética Analógica tem sido uma poderosa ferramenta no estudo das respostas eletromagnéticas de uma grande variedade das técnicas de levantamentos e de modelos geológicos. Nas aplicações de métodos eletromagnéticos nas investigações de contaminação no subsolo, recentemente em grande demanda, são obtidas anomalias muito baixas (da ordem de 0,01% do campo primário). Com o objetivo de estudar em laboratório os problemas de levantamentos eletromagnéticos para alvos de baixo número de indução, um conjunto de modelagem em escala reduzida de alta sensibilidade, foi projetado e construído. Este conjunto opera na faixa de freqüência de 1 kHz até 1 MHz com excelente linearidade. O transdutor de transmissão gera suficiente densidade de fluxo magnético com corrente de até 3 App (pico a pico) circulando nele. O sistema de recepção, isto é, o conjunto de bobinas receptoras mais o pré-amplificador acoplado apresenta sensibilidade 3 V/A/m na freqüência de 10 kHz com inclinação de 20 dB/dec de freqüência. A alta sensibilidade do sistema de recepção combinada com a boa capacidade de geração do sistema transmissor, permite alcançar a resolução de 0,025% do campo primário. O conjunto dispõe ainda, de um sistema mecânico que permite posicionar o sistema de transdutores (transmissor e receptor) em posições arbitrárias com resolução de 1 mm e precisão de 0,05 mm. A precisão no deslocamento linear do sistema de sonda numa linha de 1715 mm de comprimento é alcançada por meio de um motor de passo controlado por um microcontrolador, que é rigidamente acoplado a um fuso que converte o movimento angular do motor em movimento linear. Com este conjunto, é possível simular uma grande variedade de técnicas de levantamentos eletromagnéticos no formato Slingram, isto é, dipolo-dipolo. Além da boa resolução mecânica e boa resolução de medida eletromagnética do conjunto, todo o processo de controle e aquisição de dados é operacionalizado por meio de um computador mestre.

Optisch detektierte Magnetresonanz an NV-Zentren in Diamant

Die rasante Entwicklung der Computerindustrie durch die stetige Verkleinerung der Transistoren führt immer schneller zum Erreichen der Grenze der Si-Technologie, ab der die Tunnelprozesse in den Transistoren ihre weitere Verkleinerung und Erhöhung ihrer Dichte in den Prozessoren nicht mehr zulassen. Die Zukunft der Computertechnologie liegt in der Verarbeitung der Quanteninformation. Für die Entwicklung von Quantencomputern ist die Detektion und gezielte Manipulation einzelner Spins in Festkörpern von größter Bedeutung. Die Standardmethoden der Spindetektion, wie ESR, erlauben jedoch nur die Detektion von Spinensembles. Die Idee, die das Auslesen von einzelnen Spins ermöglich sollte, besteht darin, die Manipulation getrennt von der Detektion auszuführen.rn Bei dem NV−-Zentrum handelt es sich um eine spezielle Gitterfehlstelle im Diamant, die sich als einen atomaren, optisch auslesbaren Magnetfeldsensor benutzen lässt. Durch die Messung seiner Fluoreszenz sollte es möglich sein die Manipulation anderer, optisch nicht detektierbaren, “Dunkelspins“ in unmittelbarer Nähe des NV-Zentrums mittels der Spin-Spin-Kopplung zu detektieren. Das vorgeschlagene Modell des Quantencomputers basiert auf dem in SWCNT eingeschlossenen N@C60.Die Peapods, wie die Einheiten aus den in Kohlenstoffnanoröhre gepackten Fullerenen mit eingefangenem Stickstoff genannt werden, sollen die Grundlage für die Recheneinheiten eines wahren skalierbaren Quantencomputers bilden. Die in ihnen mit dem Stickstoff-Elektronenspin durchgeführten Rechnungen sollen mit den oberflächennahen NV-Zentren (von Diamantplatten), über denen sie positioniert sein sollen, optisch ausgelesen werden.rnrnDie vorliegende Arbeit hatte das primäre Ziel, die Kopplung der oberflächennahen NV-Einzelzentren an die optisch nicht detektierbaren Spins der Radikal-Moleküle auf der Diamantoberfläche mittels der ODMR-Kopplungsexperimente optisch zu detektieren und damit entscheidende Schritte auf dem Wege der Realisierung eines Quantenregisters zu tun.rn Es wurde ein sich im Entwicklungsstadium befindende ODMR-Setup wieder aufgebaut und seine bisherige Funktionsweise wurde an kommerziellen NV-Zentrum-reichen Nanodiamanten verifiziert. Im nächsten Schritt wurde die Effektivität und Weise der Messung an die Detektion und Manipulation der oberflächennah (< 7 nm Tiefe) implantieren NV-Einzelzenten in Diamantplatten angepasst.Ein sehr großer Teil der Arbeit, der hier nur bedingt beschrieben werden kann, bestand aus derrnAnpassung der existierenden Steuersoftware an die Problematik der praktischen Messung. Anschließend wurde die korrekte Funktion aller implementierten Pulssequenzen und anderer Software-Verbesserungen durch die Messung an oberflächennah implantierten NV-Einzelzentren verifiziert. Auch wurde der Messplatz um die zur Messung der Doppelresonanz notwendigen Komponenten wie einen steuerbaren Elektromagneten und RF-Signalquelle erweitert. Unter der Berücksichtigung der thermischen Stabilität von N@C60 wurde für zukünftige Experimente auch ein optischer Kryostat geplant, gebaut, in das Setup integriert und charakterisiert.rn Die Spin-Spin-Kopplungsexperimente wurden mit dem sauerstoffstabilen Galvinoxyl-Radikalals einem Modell-System für Kopplung durchgeführt. Dabei wurde über die Kopplung mit einem NVZentrum das RF-Spektrum des gekoppelten Radikal-Spins beobachtet. Auch konnte von dem gekoppelten Spin eine Rabi-Nutation aufgenommen werden.rn Es wurden auch weitere Aspekte der Peapod Messung und Oberflächenimplantation betrachtet.Es wurde untersucht, ob sich die NV-Detektion durch die SWCNTs, Peapods oder Fullerene stören lässt. Es zeigte sich, dass die Komponenten des geplanten Quantencomputers, bis auf die C60-Cluster, für eine ODMR-Messanordnung nicht detektierbar sind und die NV-Messung nicht stören werden. Es wurde auch betrachtet, welche Arten von kommerziellen Diamantplatten für die Oberflächenimplantation geeignet sind, für die Kopplungsmessungen geeignete Dichte der implantierten NV-Zentren abgeschätzt und eine Implantation mit abgeschätzter Dichte betrachtet.

Optimum Design of Electromagnets for Magnetic Levitation of Transport Systems based on the Inverse Problem Solutions

Article is devoted to design of optimum electromagnets for magnetic levitation of transport systems. The method of electromagnets design based on the inverse problem solution of electrical equipment is offered. The method differs from known by introducing a stage of minimization the target functions providing the stated levitation force and magnetic induction in a gap, and also the mass of an electromagnet. Initial values of parameters are received, using approximate formulas of the theory of electric devices and electrical equipment. The example of realization of a method is given. The received results show its high efficiency at design. It is practical to use the offered method and the computer program realizing it as a part of system of the automated design of electric equipment for transport with a magnetic levitation.

Solitons: permanent waves

Communications engineers are learning to create an electromagnet wave at will, to transmit information. This wave, the optical soliton, is the subject of astounding recent developments in nonlinear optics and lasers. The author describes the principles behind the use of solitons in optical communications and shows that in the context of such communications the most important property of solitons is that they are extremely stable. Not only do they not disperse, but an encounter with a perturbation (e.g. a joint in optical fibre) will usually leave the soliton unaltered.

Magnetic drive system for a new centrifugal rotary blood pump

The purpose of this investigation was to design a novel magnetic drive and bearing system for a new centrifugal rotary blood pump (CRBP). The drive system consists of two components: (i) permanent magnets within the impeller of the CRBP; and (ii) the driving electromagnets. Orientation of the magnets varies from axial through to 60° included out-lean (conical configuration). Permanent magnets replace the electromagnet drive to allow easier characterization. The performance characteristics tested were the axial force of attraction between the stator and rotor at angles of rotational alignment, Ø, and the corresponding torque at those angles. The drive components were tested for various magnetic cone angles, ?. The test was repeated for three backing conditions: (i) non-backed; (ii) steel-cupped; and (iii) steel plate back-iron, performed on an Instron tensile testing machine. Experimental results were expanded upon through finite element and boundary element analysis (BEM). The force/torque characteristics were maximal for a 12-magnet configuration at 0° cone angle with steel-back iron (axial force = 60 N, torque = 0.375 Nm). BEM showed how introducing a cone angle increases the radial restoring force threefold while not compromising axial bearing force. Magnets in the drive system may be orientated not only to provide adequate coupling to drive the CRBP, but to provide significant axial and radial bearing forces capable of withstanding over 100 m/s2 shock excitation on the impeller. Although the 12 magnet 0° (?) configuration yielded the greatest force/torque characteristic, this was seen as potentially unattractive as this magnetic cone angle yielded poor radial restoring force characteristics.

Solitons: permanent waves

Communications engineers are learning to create an electromagnet wave at will, to transmit information. This wave, the optical soliton, is the subject of astounding recent developments in nonlinear optics and lasers. The author describes the principles behind the use of solitons in optical communications and shows that in the context of such communications the most important property of solitons is that they are extremely stable. Not only do they not disperse, but an encounter with a perturbation (e.g. a joint in optical fibre) will usually leave the soliton unaltered.