994 resultados para Electrical imaging


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Unstable density-driven flow can lead to enhanced solute transport in groundwater. Only recently has the complex fingering pattern associated with free convection been documented in field settings. Electrical resistivity (ER) tomography has been used to capture a snapshot of convective instabilities at a single point in time, but a thorough transient analysis is still lacking in the literature. We present the results of a 2 year experimental study at a shallow aquifer in the United Arab Emirates that was designed to specifically explore the transient nature of free convection. ER tomography data documented the presence of convective fingers following a significant rainfall event. We demonstrate that the complex fingering pattern had completely disappeared a year after the rainfall event. The observation is supported by an analysis of the aquifer halite budget and hydrodynamic modeling of the transient character of the fingering instabilities. Modeling results show that the transient dynamics of the gravitational instabilities (their initial development, infiltration into the underlying lower-density groundwater, and subsequent decay) are in agreement with the timing observed in the time-lapse ER measurements. All experimental observations and modeling results are consistent with the hypothesis that a dense brine that infiltrated into the aquifer from a surficial source was the cause of free convection at this site, and that the finite nature of the dense brine source and dispersive mixing led to the decay of instabilities with time. This study highlights the importance of the transience of free convection phenomena and suggests that these processes are more rapid than was previously understood.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Este trabalho mostra os resultados obtidos com ensaios geofísicos realizados em uma área contaminada por hidrocarboneto no Polo Industrial de Cubatão - São Paulo, com objetivo de caracterizar as anomalias geoelétricas associadas à presença dos hidrocarbonetos, bem como delimitar e cubar tais anomalias. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método da eletrorresistividade, por meio das técnicas de Sondagem Elétrica Vertical (SEV) e Imageamento Elétrico 3D. Os resultados obtidos permitem indicar que a presença de hidrocarboneto está associada a anomalias condutivas devido aos produtos da biodegradação. As anomalias condutivas ocorrem de forma disseminada na área, totalizando um volume de 1365,3 m³; entretanto, este volume corresponde somente à presença de contaminante em fase residual.

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Due to lack of environmental protection with which the process of burying the corpses was conducted over the decades, many cemeteries have become areas contaminated by organic and inorganic substances and pathogenic microrganisms. This paper presents the results of electrical imaging in delineation of areas potentially contaminated by necrochorume in the municipal cemetery of Vila Rezende, Piracicaba - SP. The results indicate a depth of water table among 3,1 and 5,1 m, with two flow directions, being one to SW and another to SE. So the probable contamination plume, that has the same directions of underground flow, as for the conductive anomalies verified at the geoelectrics sections confirm the suspicions of contamination in the area. The probable plume the SE is prolonged to out of the cemetery. The location of the conductive anomalies and likely contamination plumes demonstrated that the contamination is linked with the depth of water table level and the burial time.

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Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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A maioria dos perfis de poço utilizados nas avaliações petrofísicas de reservatórios possuem uma resolução vertical na ordem de um metro. Isto cria um problema quando as espessuras típicas das camadas são inferiores a um metro, uma vez que não há correção das leituras. Os perfis de alta resolução vertical como da ferramenta de propagação eletromagnética (EPT, Schlumberger), o dipmeter (SHDT, Schlumberger) ou das ferramentas de varredura acústica ou elétrica possuem uma resolução vertical da ordem de centimetros, mas apresentam uma limitada aplicação para as avaliações petrofísicas. Nós apresentamos um método para a deconvolução de um perfil de baixa resolução vertical que utiliza informações de um perfil de alta resolução vertical para identificar uma nítida interface entre camadas que apresentam valores da propriedade petrofísica contrastante, mas localmente constante em ambos os lados. A partir desse intervalo de controle, nós determinamos a função resposta vertical da ferramenta sob as condições atuais do poço com base no teorema da convolução. Utilizamos várias interfaces de modo a obter valores mais representativos da resposta da ferramenta. O perfil de baixa resolução é então deconvoluido utilizando a transformada discreta de Fourier (FFT) sobre todo o intervalo de interesse. É importante destacar que a invasão do filtrado da lama e a presença do bolo de lama não produzem efeitos danosos sobre o método, que foi aplicado a perfis sintéticos e a dados de campo, onde a aplicação de filtros com um correto ajuste de profundidade, bem como a própria escolha do intervalo de controle, antes da deconvolução, são de extrema importância para o sucesso do método.

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Este estudo foi realizado na Área de Depósito de Rejeitos Sólidos (ADRS) da ALBRAS (Alumínio Brasileiro S.A.), localizada no município de Barcarena, Estado do Pará. Os resultados alcançados permitiram estabelecer um padrão de caracterização da subsuperfície, a partir de medidas geofísicas, fornecendo informações sobre as camadas geológicas e sobre parâmetros hidrogeológicos, tais como direção e velocidade do fluxo subterrâneo. Na realização do trabalho foram utilizados três métodos geofísicos: os métodos elétricos (Potencial Espontâneo e Eletrorresitividade) e eletromagnético (Slingram). A distribuição dos potenciais medidos através do Método do Potencial Espontâneo indicaram o sentido do fluxo subterrâneo local. Durante o estudo, foi montado um experimento de infiltração de solução salina no solo e seu efeito foi monitorado através de imageamento elétrico. Esse experimento permitiu que se estimasse a velocidade e o sentido do fluxo subterrâneo local ao longo da linha de imageamento. Os modelos interpretativos obtidos através da inversão de dados de resistividade aparente obtidos em sondagens elétricas verticais apresentaram uma boa correlação com perfis de raios gama corridos em poços tubulares da área de estudo. Estas Sondagens Elétricas Verticais permitiram que se detalhasse as unidades litológicas rasas através da estimativa de seus valores de resistividade e espessura. A interpretação dos dados eletromagnéticos através da análise de perfis de medidas, sondagens eletromagnéticas e mapas de contornos permitiu identificar a presença de zonas mais condutivas (material argiloso) e zonas mais resistivas (material arenoso). Além disso, observou-se que o mapa de contornos para a freqüência de 14080 Hz apresentou uma boa correlação com o mapa de contornos do Potencial Espontâneo referente a mesma área.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Background: Hyperpolarised helium MRI (He3 MRI) is a new technique that enables imaging of the air distribution within the lungs. This allows accurate determination of the ventilation distribution in vivo. The technique has the disadvantages of requiring an expensive helium isotope, complex apparatus and moving the patient to a compatible MRI scanner. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) a non-invasive bedside technique that allows constant monitoring of lung impedance, which is dependent on changes in air space capacity in the lung. We have used He3MRI measurements of ventilation distribution as the gold standard for assessment of EIT. Methods: Seven rats were ventilated in supine, prone, left and right lateral position with 70% helium/30% oxygen for EIT measurements and pure helium for He3 MRI. The same ventilator and settings were used for both measurements. Image dimensions, geometric centre and global in homogeneity index were calculated. Results: EIT images were smaller and of lower resolution and contained less anatomical detail than those from He3 MRI. However, both methods could measure positional induced changes in lung ventilation, as assessed by the geometric centre. The global in homogeneity index were comparable between the techniques. Conclusion: EIT is a suitable technique for monitoring ventilation distribution and inhomgeneity as assessed by comparison with He3 MRI.

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Resistivity imaging of a reconfigurable phantom with circular inhomogeneities is studied with a simple instrumentation and data acquisition system for Electrical Impedance Tomography. The reconfigurable phantom is developed with stainless steel electrodes and a sinusoidal current of constant amplitude is injected to the phantom boundary using opposite current injection protocol. Nylon and polypropylene cylinders with different cross sectional areas are kept inside the phantom and the boundary potential data are collected. The instrumentation and the data acquisition system with a DIP switch-based multiplexer board are used to inject a constant current of desired amplitude and frequency. Voltage data for the first eight current patterns (128 voltage data) are found to be sufficient to reconstruct the inhomogeneities and hence the acquisition time is reduced. Resistivity images are reconstructed from the boundary data for different inhomogeneity positions using EIDORS-2D. The results show that the shape and resistivity of the inhomogeneity as well as the background resistivity are successfully reconstructed from the potential data for single or double inhomogeneity phantoms. The resistivity images obtained from the single and double inhomogeneity phantom clearly indicate the inhomogeneity as the high resistive material. Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and contrast recovery (CR) of the reconstructed images are found high for the inhomogeneities near all the electrodes arbitrarily chosen for the entire study. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A current injection pattern in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) has its own current distribution profile within the domain under test. Hence, different current patterns have different sensitivity, spatial resolution and distinguishability. Image reconstruction studies with practical phantoms are essential to assess the performance of EIT systems for their validation, calibration and comparison purposes. Impedance imaging of real tissue phantoms with different current injection methods is also essential for better assessment of the biomedical EIT systems. Chicken tissue paste phantoms and chicken tissue block phantoms are developed and the resistivity image reconstruction is studied with different current injection methods. A 16-electrode array is placed inside the phantom tank and the tank is filled with chicken muscle tissue paste or chicken tissue blocks as the background mediums. Chicken fat tissue, chicken bone, air hole and nylon cylinders are used as the inhomogeneity to obtained different phantom configurations. A low magnitude low frequency constant sinusoidal current is injected at the phantom boundary with opposite and neighboring current patterns and the boundary potentials are measured. Resistivity images are reconstructed from the boundary data using EIDORS and the reconstructed images are analyzed with the contrast parameters calculated from their elemental resistivity profiles. Results show that the resistivity profiles of all the phantom domains are successfully reconstructed with a proper background resistivity and high inhomogeneity resistivity for both the current injection methods. Reconstructed images show that, for all the chicken tissue phantoms, the inhomogeneities are suitably reconstructed with both the current injection protocols though the chicken tissue block phantom and opposite method are found more suitable. It is observed that the boundary potentials of the chicken tissue block phantoms are higher than the chicken tissue paste phantom. SNR of the chicken tissue block phantoms are found comparatively more and hence the chicken tissue block phantom is found more suitable for its lower noise performance. The background noise is found less in opposite method for all the phantom configurations which yields the better resistivity images with high PCR and COC and proper IRMean and IRMax neighboring method showed higher noise level for both the chicken tissue paste phantoms and chicken tissue block phantoms with all the inhomogeneities. Opposite method is found more suitable for both the chicken tissue phantoms, and also, chicken tissue block phantoms are found more suitable compared to the chicken tissue paste phantom. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.