988 resultados para Einfluss


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This dissertation deals with the terminology of the Euro currency. Its aims are to determine the characteristics of the designations in a certain LSP and to discover whether the recommendations and rules that have been given to the formation of designations and 'ideal' designations have any influence on the usage of the designations. The characteristics analysed include length of the designation, part of speech, form, formation method, constancy, monosemy, suitability to a concept system and degree of specialty. The study analyses the actual usage of the designations in texts and the implementation of the designations. The study is an adaptation of a terminometric survey and uses concept analysis and quantitative analysis as its basic methods. The frequency of each characteristic is measured in terms of statistics. It is assumed that the 'ideality' of a designation influences its usage, for example that if a designation is short, it is used more than its longer rivals (synonyms). The results are analysed in a corpus consisting of a compilation of different texts concerning the Euro. The corpus is divided according to three features: year (1998-2003), genre (judicial texts, annual reports and brochures) and language (Finnish and German). Each analysis is performed according to each of these features and compared with the others. The results indicate that some of the characteristics of the designations indeed seem to have an influence on the usage of the designations. For example, monosemy and suitability to the concept system often lead to the implementation of the designation having the ideal or certain value in these characteristics in the analysed Finnish material. In German material, an 'ideal' value in the characteristics leads to the implementation of the designations more often than in Finnish. The contrastive study indicates that, for example, suitability to a concept system leads to implementation of a designation in judicial texts more often than in other genres. The recommendations given to an 'ideal' designation are thus often acceptable, but they cannot be generalized for all languages in the same extent.

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The use of differential scanning calorimetry for investigating the yolk proteins of the roe of rainbow trout allows to monitor the influence of maturation and vitellogenesis which modifies the DSC curves with regard to transition temperature and enthalpy. Two endothermic peaks become more and more pronounced with increasing maturation of the roe. However, it is still not known which protein fraction is represented by each of the peaks. DSC curves of yolk protein depend on fish species. They are also influenced by technological treatments. Further investigation is necessary to discover whether or not yolk proteins of other fish species are influenced in the same manner by maturation and vitellogenesis and which protein fraction represent the individual peaks.

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The implementation of the precautionary approach in the mid-1990s required commercial fish stocks to be classified into different categories. These are based on the degree to which stocks have been exploited or are threatened by fishing activities. According to current ICES terminology, stocks are classified as being either “within” or “outside safe biological limits”, or as being “harvested outside safe biological limits”. Between 1996 and 2002, the relative share of stocks in these three categories remained relatively stable (at about 20 %, 30 % and 15 %, respectively). Over the same time span, the number of stocks were insufficient data is available to quantify and thus to appropriately classify the state of the spawning stock biomass (“status unknown”) has increased. Neglecting potential impacts of fishing pressure, the combined average proportion of all stocks with sufficiently high spawning stock biomass is at about one third, while only one fifth of the stocks assessed have been managed sustainably. For some important fish stocks in the ICES environment – specifically demersal ones –, science recently had to call for rebuilding plans or even a closure of the fishery to allow recovery, in spite of the management’s agreement to manage the resources according to the precautionary approach. This obvious difference between approach and implementation has a number of potential causes: erroneous or imprecise input data (landings, discard and sampling information), insufficient assessment models, problems in the understanding of the scientific advice, and implementation errors. The latter could be either a difference between advised and implemented total allowable catches (TACs), or an excess of legal TACs. During the fifteen years covered by this analysis (1987 to 2002), the average deviation between the implemented TACs for a specific stock and that recommended by ICES for the same stock was more than 30 %. The overall average deviation (summed over all stocks) for the entire period was 34 %, excluding, however, four extreme outliers in the data, representing cases in which scientific recommendations were exceeded by as much as 1000 to 2500 %. If these were included, the overall average would be as high as 45 %. The annual deviation has substantially increased in recent years (from roughly 20 % in earlier years of the surveyed period). This recently observed high deviation also matches ICES’s estimate that the fishing mortality in the ICES convention area in the 1990s was well above recommended sustainable levels in the pelagic and demersal fishery. A direct comparison of scientifically proposed and politically implemented TACs is problematic in many case

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Influence of fish processing methods on changes of chlordane and toxaphene residue concentrations were studied in various fishery products. Investigation included smoking, marinating and canning of fish. Smoking of Greenland halibut and ocean perch led to an increase in chlordane and toxaphene residue amounts in the edible part in relation to the raw material. A similar increase was observed during the marinating process of herring fillets. In both cases, loss of water was responsible for the observed changes in residue contents. The fat and thus the lipophilic organochlorine compounds remained completely in the products. Canning of herring fillets in tomato sauce reduced the residue concentration of the final product due to dilution by the tomato sauce. The concentrations in the fillets kept nearly unchanged even after storage of cans for six months. No equilibration was observed between residue concentrations in fillets and sauce.

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Echo integration is an established method for stock estimation. However, this method is not free of errors like every other measuring method. Especially the variation between day and night behaviour of fish may lead to large measuring errors. A new method is represented detecting such systematic errors, exemplified by investigations during the international hydroacoustic survey on the spring spawning herring in the Norwegian Sea. For this method all measured sA-values are sorted by starting time of the measuring unit distance. In order to reduce random influences a moving average over five time intervals is computed. When displaying these values in a diagram makes it is very easy to detect systematic errors based on the differences in day-night behaviour. For both species, herring and blue whiting, stock estimations are calculated based on the measured sA-values and the results of the analysed trawl catches. The influence of the differnt day and night behaviour of herring on the results of its biomass estimation is rather low. For blue whiting the measured values were about three time higher during day time than during night time. The result of this investigation should initiate a change of the evaluation procedure for stock estimation based on hydroacoustic measurements.

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Fatty acid composition of fish changes according to season, the catching area, the size, the sexuality, the physiological condition and the quantity of fat. The fatty acid composition was evaluated according to size and the catching season of anchovies Engraulis encrasicolus (L. 1758). It was observed that polyunsaturated fatty acids increasmed to highest level and saturated fatty acids decreased to lowest level in March. On the other hand, in April, it was observed that the saturated fatty acids increased to its highest level, monounsaturated fatty acids decreased to its lowest level.

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Untersuchungen zur Festigkeit von Klebverbindungen werden im allgemeinen mit dünnen Klebschichten durchgeführt. In der Praxis können die dünnen Schichten jedoch meistens nicht hergestellt werden. Es ist daher mit einem veränderten Tragverhalten zu rechnen.

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Altruistisches Verhalten ist ein fester Bestandteil im Leben von Menschen. Die Bereitschaft sich gegenseitig zu unterstützen ist durch unterschiedliche Motive gekennzeichnet. Manche Menschen helfen, ohne einen eigenen Nutzen daraus zu ziehen. Andere Menschen dagegen verhalten sich in gewissem Maße hilfsbereit, erwarten hierfür aber eine Gegenleistung. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die altruistischen Verhaltensweisen von Studierenden verschiedener Fachrichtungen. Basierend auf der Technik der verlorenen Briefe wurde in einem Feldexperiment das altruistische Verhalten von Studierenden der Fakultät IV (Wirtschaft und Informatik) und der Fakultät V (Diakonie, Gesundheit und Soziales) der Hochschule Hannover untersucht. Dabei wurden Briefe an unterschiedlichen Stellen platziert und deren Mitnahme- und Rücklaufergebnis gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Studierende der Fakultät IV (Wirtschaft und Informatik) eher zu altruistischem Verhalten neigen, als die durch ihren Studiengang vermeintlich stärker sozial geprägten Studierenden der Fakultät V (Diakonie, Gesundheit und Soziales). Ferner nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines altruistischen Verhaltens mit steigender Anzahl an anwesenden Personen ab.

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Die Studie basiert auf einem Experiment, bei dem Einflussfaktoren auf Korruptionsbereitschaft untersucht wurden. Es wurden personale und situative Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigt. Mithilfe eines 2x2x2-Vignettendesigns wurden die situativen Einflussfaktoren operationalisiert und methodenkritisch überprüft, ob eine homogene Geschlechtswahl der Vignettenprotagonisten die Antworten der Versuchspersonen beeinflusst. Befragt wurden 171 Studierende der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. Es konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Effekte nachgewiesen werden, die schlussfolgern ließen, dass die Versuchspersonen in ihren Antworten durch die homogene Geschlechtswahl der Vignettenprotagonisten beeinflusst wurden. Die Versuchspersonen wählten ihre Antworten unabhängig davon, ob eine Vignette mit weiblichen Protagonisten oder eine Vignette mit männlichen Protagonisten vorlag.

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Im Rahmen seiner Forschungsaufgaben hat das Institut für Betriebswirtschaft und Marktforschung den Einfluss der Kapazitätsgröße und -auslastung auf den Kostenverlauf von 8 ausgewählten Molkereiproduktionsabteilungen untersucht und die Ergebnisse 1975/76 in "Milchwissenschaft", "Deutsche Molkereizeitung" und "Nordeuropäische Molkerei-Zeitschrift" veröffentlicht. Inzwischen sind die Modellkalkulationen überarbeitet und die Kosten auf den Preisstand von Januar 1976 umgewertet worden. Diese Kalkulationen bilden die Basis für die Ermittlung des Personalkosteneinflusses auf die Kapazitätsgröße von Molkereiabteilungen.

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Kurze Darstellung zur Kostenanalyse der Kälteversorgung in Molkereien.

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Die Kostenanalyse zur Bestimmung des Einflusses der Kapazitätsgröße und -auslastung auf den Kostenverlauf von Hilfskostenstellen (Hilfsabteilungen) erfolgt mit Hilfe von Modellkalkulationen. Eine spezielle Form der Teilkostenrechnung ermöglicht die Zurechnung der Kosten nach Kostenkategorien (jahresfix, tagesfix, ggf. chargenfix und mengenproportional) auf die entsprechenden Kostenträger (z. B. Kälte, Dampf) der jeweiligen Hilfskostenstelle. Durch computergestützte Simulationen können die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Kosteneinflußfaktoren im einzelnen quantifiziert werden.