Prática do Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) em pequenos e médios supermercados : realidade ou fantasia?

As empresas estão atuando, hoje, frente a um mercado global que elevou os padrões de competitividade e intensificou as mudanças no comportamento do consumidor que está cada vez mais exigente, buscando alternativas cada vez mais precisas para o atendimento de suas necessidades. Para tanto, tornou-se necessário o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de gestão que focasse a eficiência da cadeia de abastecimento como um todo. O Efficient Cosumer Response (ECR) surge na década de 90 para permitir que as empresas respondam a essas mudanças no ambiente. O objetivo do ECR é o de integrar os processos logísticos e comerciais ao longo de toda a cadeia de abastecimento, propiciando a maximização da satisfação ao consumidor, ao mesmo tempo em que permite a redução dos custos excedentes da cadeia. Essa estratégia de gestão, introduzida em 1992 nos Estados Unidos, teve sua difusão no Brasil em 1997, com a criação da Associação ECR Brasil que passou a coordenar diversos projetos-piloto de ECR no País. A partir de então, esse tema ganhou destaque junto aos membros que compõem a cadeia de abastecimento de produtos de mercearia básica. No entanto, existe uma carência de publicações acadêmicas sobre o tema. Amparada na relevância do segmento supermercadista para a economia, e pela constatação da carência de estudos científicos relacionando o tema ao segmento, este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever como os pequenos e médios supermercados de Caxias do Sul trabalham as estratégias que embasam o ECR. Para tanto, inicialmente buscou-se o embasamento, através da literatura existente, sobre os aspectos que compõem o ECR, para, num segundo momento, com base na realização de uma pesquisa exploratória junto a uma amostra não-probabilística, buscar responder ao problema de pesquisa acima exposto. A partir da pesquisa realizada, constatouse que as empresas, participantes da pesquisa, não possuem estrutura, pessoas e tecnologia capazes de suportar a aplicação formalizada e padronizada dos processos que operacionalizam as estratégias como sugerem os modelos conceituais do ECR. No entanto, constatou-se que as estratégias do ECR são utilizadas como elementos-chave para a orientação da gestão das empresas.

The significance of occupancy steadiness in residential consumer response to Time of Use pricing: Evidence from a stochastic adjustment model

The recent roll-out of smart metering technologies in several developed countries has intensified research on the impacts of Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing on consumption. This paper analyses a TOU dataset from the Province of Trento in Northern Italy using a stochastic adjustment model. Findings highlight the non-steadiness of the relationship between consumption and TOU price. Weather and active occupancy can partly explain future consumption in relation to price.

Consumer response to gift promotions

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to better understand the factors that influence consumers' responses toward gift promotions. Specifically, the aim is to analyse four variables: the nature of the promoted product, the fit between the product and the gift, the type of brand used in the promotion and the deal-proneness. Design/methodology/approach: In an experimental context, 247 subjects were randomly assigned to a 2 (product type: utilitarian vs hedonic)×2 (gift type: utilitarian vs hedonic)×2 (brand type: high equity vs medium equity) between-subjects factorial design. Findings: Results indicate that the nature of the promoted product does not influence consumer response. Overall evaluation of gift promotions is more favourable when simultaneously the brand promoted has high equity and the fit between the promoted product and the gift is high. Offering a gift that fits with the product and using high equity brands is a wise strategy to positively influence purchase intentions. Findings also show that deal proneness has a positive impact on purchase intentions. Research limitations/implications: A limited set of product categories, gifts and brands were used. Future research should also examine other variables and use a representative sample. Practical implications: Findings provide useful guidelines for the design of gift promotions. Originality/value: Most previous research has focused on monetary promotions with little about non-monetary promotions. This paper addresses this gap by analysing consumers' responses to gift promotions incorporating key determinants in the analysis. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Kysynnän hallinnan vaikutukset päivittäistavararyhmän kustannustehokkuuteen

Tutkielman konkreettisena tavoitteena oli rakentaa kauppaketjulle kysynnän hallinnan pohjalta malli, jonka avulla ketju voi parantaa asiakaslähtöisyyttään ja samalla tehostaa toimintaansa. Tutkielman teoriaosassa muodostetun viitekehyksen pitävyyttä kokeiltiin TOKMANNI-ketjun makeistuoteryhmään. Tutkielman teoriaosassa seurattiin päivittäistavarakauppaan suunnatun ECR-toiminnan teoreettista viitekehystä, josta saatiin tietoa kirjallisuudesta, konsulttiraporteista sekä artikkeleista. Empiirinen osa toteutettiin kvantitatiivisilla kohdeyrityksen tuottamilla dokumenteilla, joita täydennettiin kvalitatiivisilla haastattelututkimuksilla. Tutkielman pohjalta ketjun makeistuoteryhmään rakennettiin uudelleen määritelty ja yhtenäinen valikoima sekä esillepano. Valikoiman selkiyttämisellä ja yhtenäistämisellä parannettiin tuoteryhmän hallittavuutta sekä helpotettiin henkilökunnan työskentelyä tilaustoiminnassa, esillepanossa ja kampanjoinnissa. Lisäksi tuoteryhmän selkiytymisen ja kulutuskysynnän mukaisen valikoiman nähtiin parantavan myös tuoteryhmän kannattavuutta ja asiakaslähtöisyyttä siisteinä, selkeinä hyllyinä sekä kulutuskysynnän mukaisena valikoimana. Teoreettinen malli tuntui toimivan myös käytännössä.

O movimento E.C.R.: estudo de caso Sendas

Este estudo demonstrou os impactos do E.C.R. ¿ Resposta Eficiente ao Consumidor na cadeia de suprimentos de uma empresa de varejo, precisamente do grupo Sendas, empresa esta que busca na logística um diferencial competitivo para sobreviver neste mercado acompanhando as mudanças e as melhorias operacionais no fluxo de produtos e das operações, causadas pela evolução tecnológica que o varejo vem sofrendo nos últimos anos. Para tanto foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental, de forma a embasar conceitualmente e com informações relevantes a caracterização da empresa inserindo a mesma neste contexto de cadeia de suprimentos e foco no cliente, estabelecendo uma relação entre a empresa pesquisada e a aplicação da tecnologia existente. Quanto aos aspectos relacionados aos ganhos de eficiência, houve uma preocupação com a implantação das ferramentas do E.C.R. como um fator determinante para a perpetuação do negócio. Os ganhos de eficiência permitiram a empresa este diferencial competitivo na disputa pelo mercado, certamente outros aspectos como atendimento são relevantes para garantir a eficiência da cadeia, portanto, avaliamos as interfaces entre os participantes da cadeia (fabricantes, fornecedores), grupo Sendas (varejista) e consumidores. Assim, concluímos este estudo mapeando pontos fortes e fracos desta relação, identificando as barreiras a serem vencidas e algumas recomendações.

ECR e o consumidor: um estudo sobre o comportamento do consumidor, em relação aos valores ofertados por ECR

Este trabalho destinou-se a investigar a existência de diferenças no comportamento do consumidor diante dos valores ofertados por ECR - Efficient Consumer Response, considerando duas categorias de produtos diferentes. O principal objetivo era verificar se um mesmo grupo de consumidores atribuía importâncias diferentes para os valores ofertados por ECR com ou sem preço e se estas diferenças também existiam entre classes sociais. Também se investigou a existência de um processo de escolha próprio, por parte dos consumidores que avaliavam os valores de ECR e preço. Foram realizados 300 levantamentos, junto a moradores da Grande São Paulo, tendo sido utilizado um instrumento de pesquisa auto-preenchível. Como principais resultados encontrou-se: a) diferenças no comportamento dos consumidores tanto em relação às categorias de produto consideradas, como em relação à importância atribuída a cada valor ofertado, com ou sem preço. b) diferenças no comportamento dos consumidores de classes sociais diferentes, quando consideravam as mesmas categorias de produtos com ou sem preço; c) um processo de escolha próprio a determinados grupos de consumidores e diferentes quando se consideravam um e outro produto, e d) o valor preço com importância destacada.

Uso de Data Mining e do ECR para incremento da competitividade de pequenas e médias empresas: um estudo multicaso sobre varejo e indústria alimentícia

O setor supermercadista sofreu grandes alterações nos últimos anos, principalmente com o avanço das tecnologias, a competição, a concentração e algumas insuficiências em seus processos. Estes e outros fatores favoreceram ao surgimento do movimento de ECR (Resposta de Consumidor Eficiente) que procura criar um relacionamento mais forte entre indústria e varejo através de novas visões para suas estratégias operacionais. A evolução das tecnologias de informação permitiram ao setor varejista gerar uma maior volume de dados a partir, principalmente, de seus check-outs. Entretanto, estes dados nem sempre são armazenados de forma correta ou utilizados de forma a se aproveitar a plenitude das informações neles contidas. O processo de transformar os dados em informação e conhecimento vem evoluindo constantemente. Uma das atuais metodologias de trabalhar dados é o Data Mining ou Mineração de Dados, que pode ser descrito como sendo uma variedade de ferramentas e estratégias que processam dados aumentando a utilidade destes em bancos de dados. Este trabalho analisa através de um estudo multicaso exploratório na região de Ribeirão Preto, no interior de São Paulo, a avaliação da capacidade do uso da tecnologia Data Mining para o fortalecimento do movimento ECR, principalmente em pequenos e médios varejistas e indústrias alimentícias, no sentido de oferecer a estes um diferencial de negociação para formação de alianças estratégias.

A soluble hexameric form of CD40 ligand activates human dendritic cells and augments memory T cell response.

A strategy to improve the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines is to trigger the innate immune system. Triggering of CD40 at the surface of dendritic cells (DC) is essential in the induction of an efficient immune response. Although CD40 agonist antibodies have been shown to be potent inducers of immune responses in experimental models, serious safety concerns have been raised for their use in humans. In addition, the production of soluble functional CD40 ligand has been challenging and the soluble form existing so far is not developed anymore. Here, we have evaluated the potency of a new soluble form of hexameric CD40 ligand (sCD40L) to serve as an adjuvant for anti-viral T cell responses. sCD40L was able to activate human DC and to enhance virus-specific memory T cell responses. These results demonstrate that this soluble form of CD40 ligand may serve as an adjuvant for T cell response and thus provide the rationale for its potential use in T cell based vaccine strategies.

Bubble-included chocolate: relating structure with sensory response

Bubbles impart a very unique texture, chew, and mouth feel to foods. However, little is known about the relationship between structure of such products and consumer response in terms of mouth-feel and eating experience. The objective of this article is to investigate the sensory properties of 4 types of bubble-containing chocolates, produced by using different gases: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and argon. The structure of these chocolates were characterized in terms of (1) gas hold-up values determined by density measurements and (2) bubble size distribution which was measured by undertaking an image analysis of X-ray microtomograph sections. Bubble size distributions were obtained by measuring bubble volumes after reconstructing 3D images from the tomographic sections. A sensory study was undertaken by a nonexpert panel of 20 panelists and their responses were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis (QDA). The results show that chocolates made from the 4 gases could be divided into 2 groups on the basis of bubble volume and gas hold-up: the samples produced using carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide had a distinctly higher gas hold-up containing larger bubbles in comparison with those produced using argon and nitrogen. The sensory study also demonstrated that chocolates made with the latter were perceived to be harder, less aerated, slow to melt in the mouth, and having overall flavor intensity. These products were further found to be creamier than the chocolates made by using carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide; the latter sample also showed a higher intensity of cocoa flavor.

Impact of maternally derived immunity on piglets’ immune response and protection against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) after vaccination against PCV2 at different age

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical protection, the level of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia and the immune response (antibodies and IFN-γ secreting cells (SC)) in piglets derived from PCV2 vaccinated sows and themselves vaccinated against PCV2 at different age, namely at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The cohort study has been carried out over three subsequent production cycles (replicates). At the start/enrolment, 46 gilts were considered at first mating, bled and vaccinated. At the first, second and third farrowing, dams were bled and re-vaccinated at the subsequent mating after weaning piglets. Overall 400 piglets at each farrowing (first, second and third) were randomly allocated in three different groups (100 piglets/group) based on the timing of vaccination (4, 6 or 8 weeks of age). A fourth group was kept non-vaccinated (controls). Piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly with one dose (2 mL) of a commercial PCV2a-based subunit vaccine (Porcilis® PCV). Twenty animals per group were bled at weaning and from vaccination to slaughter every 4 weeks for the detection of PCV2 viremia, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Clinical signs and individual treatments (morbidity), mortality, and body weight of all piglets were recorded. RESULTS: All vaccination schemes (4, 6 and 8 weeks of age) were able to induce an antibody response and IFN-γ SC. The highest clinical and virological protection sustained by immune reactivity was observed in pigs vaccinated at 6 weeks of age. Overall, repeated PCV2 vaccination in sows at mating and the subsequent higher levels of maternally derived antibodies did not significantly interfere with the induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in their piglets after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of vaccination in sows at mating and in piglets at 6 weeks of age was more effective for controlling PCV2 natural infection, than other vaccination schemas, thus sustaining that some interference of MDA with the induction of an efficient immune response could be considered. In conclusion, optimal vaccination strategy needs to balance the levels of passive immunity, the management practices and timing of infection.

Response to out of stock produce and its underlying economic considerations

The goal of this research is to investigate consumer response to out-of-stock product in the produce category. We do this by comparing results from a survey conducted in Greece and the United States to previous research on consumer response to out-of-stock situations for other perishable and non-perishable products. We further examined the underlying economic reasoning as well as the cultural and physical differences between the United States and Greece as explanations of different reactions. Out of Stock produce response proved different in produce than in other perishables and non-perishables. There is some evidence that produce does follow previous the suggested economic reasoning from the previous research, especially within transaction costs. Finally, the respondent’s country proved very significant in dictating response.

The influence of brand equity on consumer responses

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a model to better understand brand equity. It seeks to investigate the effects of this construct on consumers' responses using data from two European countries. Design/methodology/approach: Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Measurement invariance and stability of the model across the two national samples was assessed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Findings: Results indicate that brand equity dimensions inter-relate. Brand awareness positively impacts perceived quality and brand associations. Brand loyalty is mainly influenced by brand associations. Finally, perceived quality, brand associations and brand loyalty are the main drivers of overall brand equity. Findings also corroborate the positive impact of brand equity on consumers' responses. In addition, the general framework proposed is found to be empirically robust across the studied countries. Only a few differences are observed. Research limitations/implications: A limited set of product categories, brands and countries were used. Practical implications: Findings provide useful guidelines for brand equity management. Managers can complement financial metrics with consumer-based brand equity measures to track brand performance over time and to benchmark against other brands. Building brand equity generates more value for corporations since a more favourable consumer response results from positive brand equity. Originality/value: This study contributes to the scarce international brand equity literature by testing the proposed model using data from a sample of consumers in two European countries. It also enriches the brand equity literature by empirically examining the relationships among consumer-based brand equity dimensions and its effects on consumers' responses. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.