Simulació d'un sistema dinàmic: el creixement del pi blanc i la seva resposta davant dels incendis

Treball de recerca realitzat per un alumne d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2006. La capacitat d’entendre i predir sistemes naturals ha rebut un suport important gràcies als ordinadors i, amb ells, la capacitat de simular processos. En aquest cas es concreta en la creació d’un model de simulació pel creixement del pi blanc i la seva regeneració després d’un incendi. En una primera part es fa una aproximació des de l’àmbit de la biologia a aspectes com la successió forestal, els incendis forestals i la descripció del pi blanc i la seva regeneració després d’un incendi. L’última part té una vessant més tecnològica, explicant la simulació, i en concret, l’autòmat cel•lular. Aquest és el tipus que s’ha emprat per a la realització d’un programa de simulació que no s’inclou aquí.

Estràtegies de gestió per al manteniment de la biodiversitat a la sabana brasilera: control d'especies exòtiques amb foc

Report for the scientific sojourn at the Instituto de Biociências, of the Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 2007 to 2009. African exotic grasses, used as forage crops for cattle, found optimal conditions in Brazilian savannas for their spread. They established as invasive grasses in almost all conservation units, becoming a serius threat to native biote and to most ecological processes. Fire is a cyclical event in Brazilian savannas and can be used as a management tool for enhancing competitivity of native grasses and controlling exotic grasses. Seeking for alternatives for the management of these grasses, this study investigates the effect of recurrent burnings in different periods of the year (fire regimes) on: distribution patterns of exotic grasses and their associations wotih native grasses, the local edaphic characteristics, the nutrient pool of the aerial biomass of both native and exotic grasses, and soil seed banks. This project is held on the IBGE Ecological Reserve, in Brasília (Brazil), in an area destined specifically for research of fire effects on brazilian savannas. The project quantifies: aerial biomass of native and exotic grasses, soil seed bank of exotic grasses, nutrient pool in soil and also in grasses tissues. Spatial relationships for any association between species, as well as for nutrient pools in soil and in plant tissues will be established. A better understanding of these processes will provide useful tools for adopting specific policies on the management of exotic grasses in Brazilian savanna.

Avaluació, seguiment i propostes de millora de les actuacions de recuperació del Massís del Montgrí després de l’incendi del 2004

El treball pretén donar unes pautes generals de com actuar en una zona cremada després d’un incendi, tant pel que es refereix als treballs d’urgència, com el que fa referència als treballs destinats a la restauració, concretament, estudia el cas de l’incendi que va patir el massís del Montgrí el setembre de 2004, tenint en compte que aquesta zona forma part dels espais PEIN de Catalunya, es troba proposada com a zona ZEPA per la Xarxa Natura 2000 i es preveu la seva integració en un nou Parc Natural

Efectos del fuego controlado en la velocidad de infiltración del agua en los suelos forestales: un caso de estudio en la costa norte de California

Utilizando infiltrómetros cilíndricos de gran tamaño -1 m de diámerto- se midieron velocidades de infiltración e suelos, tanto quemados como sin quemar, y en ambos casos bajo pinares de Pinus muricata D. Don en la costa Norte de California (Noroeste de la Ciudad de Santa Rosa). Las condiciones de suelo quemado se obtuvieron mediante fuego prescrito. Las velocidades (o tasas) de infiltración (de 1,17 a 1,34 x 10-4 m/s) no difirieron significativamente entre el control y miniparcelas bajo quemas controladas de pequeña intensidad lineal del fuego (menor que 60 kW/m) y pequeño/moderado consumo de combustible (50-120 mm). Resulta alentador poder reducir la cantidad de combustible acumulado (biomasa) mediante el uso de quemas prescritas sin comprometer los ritmos de los procesos hidrológicos del lugar. Además los fuegos no muy severos pueden diversificar los mosaicos de agrupaciones vegetales del paisaje: pirodiversidad genera biodiversidad.

Uso del fuego prescrito para la creación de rodales cortafuegos: estudio del caso de Las Mesas de Ana López, Vega de San Mateo, Gran Canaria (España)

Los regímenes de fuegos forestales están cambiando en Gran Canaria y los grandes incendios forestales son más probables que antiguamente. Esto es un cambio importante en el régimen de perturbaciones y una grave amenaza a la biodiversidad. El Plan de Prevención de Incendios Forestales de Gran Canaria, año 2002 dejó clara la obligación de cambiar las estructuras de vegetación de la Isla en dos ámbitos: paisaje y protección de zonas sensibles. El uso de fuego prescrito (años 2002-2005) ha resultado ser una herramienta especialmente eficiente en este ámbito y muy adecuada para compatibilizar las acciones de prevención de incendios con el mantenimiento de los procesos ecológicos. Estas primeras experiencias en Gran Canaria muestran la idoneidad de los tratamientos para establecer rodales resistentes al paso del fuego en zonas estratégicas (deducidas tras simulación con Farsite y FlamMap). Y revelan lo conveniente que es que estos rodales resistentes estén distribuidos por nuestros montes de modo que los incendios potencialmente grandes encuentren zonas en las que sea factible controlar los perímetros. Este control se pudo hacer eficientemente en el incendio de las Mesas de 17 de agosto de 2004.

Avaluació, seguiment i propostes de millora de les actuacions de recuperació del Massís del Montgrí després de l’incendi del 2004

El treball pretén donar unes pautes generals de com actuar en una zona cremada després d’un incendi, tant pel que es refereix als treballs d’urgència, com el que fa referència als treballs destinats a la restauració, concretament, estudia el cas de l’incendi que va patir el massís del Montgrí el setembre de 2004, tenint en compte que aquesta zona forma part dels espais PEIN de Catalunya, es troba proposada com a zona ZEPA per la Xarxa Natura 2000 i es preveu la seva integració en un nou Parc Natural

Naturalització d’estanys artificials a zones urbanes a tavés de plantes macròfites aquàtiques

L’objectiu és fer una proposta alternativa en la gestió dels estanys urbans artificials a la província de Barcelona per tal de disminuir l’alt cost de manteniment actual. Els tractaments habituals en la gestió d’estanys urbans són insostenibles tant ecològicament com econòmicament. Concretament es fa un estudi de naturalització d’estanys urbans de Barcelona mitjançant l’ús de les plantes macròfites aquàtiques de la regió, per tal de substituir els tractaments habituals que es fan a piscines públiques per tractaments similars als de les piscines naturals

Fish ecology in Lake Banyoles (NE Spain): a tribute to Ramon Margalef

Lake Banyoles is the second largest lake in the Iberian Peninsula and due to this relative uniqueness, its peculiar geological origin, and its considerable age attracted the early attention of the late Professor Ramon Margalef. One of the first papers by Margalef was on the biota of Lake Banyoles and two of the first four Ph.D. theses that he supervised were about the limnology of this lake. Unfortunately, the uniqueness of this lake also implied that it was the first place of introduction into the Iberian Peninsula of several exotic fish species, early in the XXth Century and nowadays the lake fish assemblage is dominated by invasive species, and some native ones have been extirpated. Although the limnological studies in Lake Banyoles were pioneering within the Iberian Peninsula, studies on fish ecology of the lake did not start until 1989. Thereafter, four Ph.D. theses have been completed on different aspects of the fish assemblages of Lake Banyoles. The aim of this paper is to provide a short overview of this research, largely brought about by the considerable limnological information previously available for this lake, thanks to the insightful, pioneering work of Professor Margalef

Nutrientes y renovación del agua en aiguamolls de l’Empordà. (NE de la península Ibérica). Uso potencial de agua residual para la inundación de zonas húmedas

The monitoring of the ecological water quality of 'Aiguamolls de l’Empordà' Natural Park was carried out between September 1996 to August 1997. The aim was to evaluate the impact of effluent from a nearby wastewater treatment plant, on the flooding of marshes in the Natural Park. In this paper we present physical and chemical data together nutrient concentrations and its changes in the lentic system of the 'Aiguamolls de l’Empordà'. The ultimate aim was to evaluate the effect of reclaimed wastewater on the salt marsh system. Seasonal variation in nutrients concentrations and their relationship to turnover and source of water were analysed. Significant variation in the N/P ratio was related to water turnover. Confined systems presented lower values for this ratio. Taking into account the nutrient concentrations of the reclaimed water, which is rich in nitrogen, it is recommended flooding applied in zones with high water turnover and higher N/P ratios

El bosc mesofil a les Muntanyes Catalanidiques septentrionals

Descripció de l¿estructura, la composició florística i l'ecologia dels boscs mesòfils de les Muntanyes Catalanidiques septentrionals. És analitzada la Variabilitat d'aquest bosc a les diverses parts de la serralada. Són estudiats els sintàxons Doronico-Fraxinetum, representat per les subassociacions doronicetosum, melampyretosum, vincetosum, festucetosum, luzuletosum i aretosum.

Community structure in mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems: size-based vs. taxon-based approaches

The main environmental variables determining the community structure and the functioning of Mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems are described. These ecosystems are characterized by the unpredictability of their water inputs and the high variability in their water level and physical and chemical composition. Variations in flooding, salinity, and water turnover are determinant in species composition and nutrient dynamics. Taxon-based and size-based approaches to the study of the community structure of aquatic organisms that colonise these ecosystems are also compared. The conventional taxonomic approach, based on the determination of species composition, has been used for the identification of patterns in species richness, distribution and temporal dynamics, and for ecological requirements of species and their potential use as ecological indicators. This taxonbased approach has been compared with a size-based approach, where individuals are classified by their size. Size-based approach gives complementary information about community structure and dynamics, especially when communities are dominated by a single species. The use of size diversity combined with species diversity is suggested for a more complete understanding of community structuring in this type of ecosystem. Detailed examples of two Mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems, the salt marshes of the Empordà wetlands and the Espolla temporary karstic pond, which differ in hydrology and water origin, are used to discuss the suitability of these different approaches

The effect of pesticides and alien invesive species on soil biota and litter decomposition rates in a Mediterrean-climate ecosystem of Western Australia

Ecosystems are complex systems and changing one of their components can alter their whole functioning. Decomposition and biodiversity are two factors that play a role in this stability, and it is vital to study how these two factors are interrelated and how other factors, whether of human origin or not, can affect them. This study has tested different hypotheses regarding the effects of pesticides and invasive species on the biodiversity of the soil fauna and litter decomposition rate. Decomposition was measured using the litterbags technique. Our results indicate that pesticides had a negative effect on decomposition whereas invasive species increased decomposition rate. At the same time, the diversity of the soil biota was unaffected by either factor. These results allow us to better understand the response of important ecosystem functions to human‐induced alterations, in order to mitigate harmful effects or restore them wherever necessary.

Testing a new multigroup inference approach to reconstructing past environmental conditions

A new, quantitative, inference model for environmental reconstruction (transfer function), based for the first time on the simultaneous analysis of multigroup species, has been developed. Quantitative reconstructions based on palaeoecological transfer functions provide a powerful tool for addressing questions of environmental change in a wide range of environments, from oceans to mountain lakes, and over a range of timescales, from decades to millions of years. Much progress has been made in the development of inferences based on multiple proxies but usually these have been considered separately, and the different numeric reconstructions compared and reconciled post-hoc. This paper presents a new method to combine information from multiple biological groups at the reconstruction stage. The aim of the multigroup work was to test the potential of the new approach to making improved inferences of past environmental change by improving upon current reconstruction methodologies. The taxonomic groups analysed include diatoms, chironomids and chrysophyte cysts. We test the new methodology using two cold-environment training-sets, namely mountain lakes from the Pyrenees and the Alps. The use of multiple groups, as opposed to single groupings, was only found to increase the reconstruction skill slightly, as measured by the root mean square error of prediction (leave-one-out cross-validation), in the case of alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and altitude (a surrogate for air-temperature), but not for pH or dissolved CO2. Reasons why the improvement was less than might have been anticipated are discussed. These can include the different life-forms, environmental responses and reaction times of the groups under study.

Quantification of environment-driven changes in epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities associated to Phragmites australis

The epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities associated with the Common Reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel, were examined seasonally from summer 2004 to spring 2005 in eleven coastal lagoons of the Llobregat Delta (NE Spain) following the method proposed by Kornijów & Kairesalo (1994). The aims of the study were to: 1) characterise and quantify changes in epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities along environmental gradients; 2) assess the contribution of elements of the epiphytic compartment to structuring the community; 3) define the optima and tolerances of selected epiphytic macroinvertebrate taxa for the most relevant ecological factors responsible for assemblage composition; and 4) identify possible epiphytic species assemblages that would allow a lagoon"s typology to be established, as well as their representative indicator species. Communities showed statistically significant seasonal variation, with two faunal peaks: one in summer, with high chironomid densities, and the other in winter, with high naidid densities. These peaks showed a clear response to the influence of environmental factors. Salinity explained the highest percentage of total variance (36%), while trophic variables (nutrients, phytoplanktonic chlorophyll-a, and total organic carbon) and epiphyton biomass (19.2 and 4% of total variance explained, respectively) were secondary. Three different epiphytic macroinvertebrate species assemblages could be defined. These assemblages were directly linked to conductivity conditions, which determined the rate of survival of certain taxa, and to the existence of a direct connection with the sea, which permitted the establishment of 'brackish-water' species. In spite of the existence of these species assemblages, the species composition and biomass of epiphytic macroinvertebrates and epiphyton differed substantially between lagoons; both elements were subject to changes in the environment, which finally determined the site-to-site variation in the density and composition of the macroinvertebrate population