AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION OF AMINO-ACIDS IN A FLOW-INJECTION SYSTEM WITH A NICKEL(II)-MODIFIED ELECTRODE WITH AN EASTMAN-AQ POLYMER FILM

Amperometic flow measurements were made at +0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1 mol l-1 KOH electrolyte with an Ni(II) chemically modified electrode (CME) with an Eastman-AQ polymer film. The use and characteristics of a Ni(II)-containing crystalline and polymer-modified electrode obtained by a double coating step as a detector for amino acids in a flow-injection system using reversed-phase liquid chromatography are described. The detection of these analytes is based on the higher oxidation state of nickel (NiOOH) controlled by the applied potential. The electroanalytical parameters and the detection current for a series of amines and amino acids were investigated. The use of such a CME in the flow-injection technique was found to be suitable in a solution at low pH. The linear range for glycine is 5 X 10(-6)-0.1 mol 1-1 with a detection limit of 1.0 X 10(-6) mol l-1. A 1 X 10(-4) mol 1-1 mixture of serine and tyrosine was also detected after separation on an Nucleosil C18 column.

EASTMAN-AQ/NIII MODIFIED ELECTRODE CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION IN FLOW-INJECTION DETERMINATION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND AMINO-ACIDS

A novel Eastman-AQ/Ni(II) chemically modified electrode (CME) produced by "double coating step" deposition of a poly(ester sulphonic acid) polymer film and Ni2+-containing crystalline species onto glassy carbon instead of a metallic nickel electrode exhibited stable electrocatalytic oxidation of numerous alpha-hydrogen compounds including carbohydrates, amines and amino acids. In cyclic voltammetry, the electrocatalysis appeared with an irreversible anodic wave at +0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The CME was adapted for constant-potential amperometric detection of these compounds in flow injection analysis. Using the CME, the linear response concentration range was between 1.0 x 10(-5) and 5.0 x 10(-2) mol/l and the detection limit was 5.0 x 10(-6) mol/l for glucose. The stability of the CME was adequate for routine quantitative application.

Effects of divalent metal ions on electrochemiluminescence sensor with Ru(bPY)(3)(2+) immobilized in Eastman-AQ membrane

Different effects of divalent metal ions on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor with Ru(bPY)(3)(2+) immobilized in Eastman-AQ membrane were investigated. Mg2+,Ca2+ and Fe2+ can elevate the ECL of Ru(bpY)(3)(2+)/proline; while metal ions that underwent redox reactions on the electrode such as Mn2+ and Co2+ presented intensive quenching effects on Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL. Also, the quenching effect of Mn2+ on the ECL sensor with Ru(bpY)(3)(2+) immobilized in Eastman-AQ membrane enhanced to about 30-folds compared with the case that Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was dissolved in phosphate buffer, and the enhanced quenching effects of Mn2+ were studied.

Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on sol-gel-derived glasses doped with Eastman AQ polymer

A hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on sol-gel-derived glasses doped with poly(ester sulfonic acid) Eastman AQ 55D was constructed. Thionine (TH), as a mediator, was incorporated in this matrix by electrostatic force between TH+ and the negatively charged sulfonic acid group in Eastman AQ polymer. Performance and characteristics of the sensor were evaluated with respect to response time, sensitivity and storage stability. The enzyme electrode has a sensitivity of 11.36 muA mM(-1) with a detection limit of 5.0 x 10(-7) M H2O2, and the sensor achieved 95% of the steady state current within 20 s. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Eastman-AQ/四硫富瓦烯修饰碳纤维微盘电极

利用新型的阳离子聚合物膜将四硫富瓦烯修饰到电极表面上，并研究了修饰电极的电化学行为。研究了浸泡时间、扫描速度和支持电解质对修饰电极性能的影响；循环伏安法、计时电流法和交流阻抗法表明四硫富瓦烯在膜中的扩散是控制步骤。四硫富瓦烯在膜中的第一对氧化还原峰呈现可逆的、单电子反应。用循环伏安法测得了ＴＴＦ＋ＴＴＦＺＴＴＦ反应的平衡常数。

The electrochemical behavior of Eastman AQ/meldola blue-coated microelectrodes

Eastman-AQ 55D was coated onto a carbon fiber microelectrode surface, and the resulting modified electrodes exhibited high stability. Substantial improvement in the stability was observed as a result of good adhesion and the strong binding of large hydrophobic cations of Eastman AQ 55D. The electrode reaction of meldola blue bound in the polymer film showed a reversible, one-electron transfer process. The effects of solution pH and influence of supporting electrolyte on the modified carbon fiber microelectrode are discussed. The diffusion coefficient of meldola blue in the AQ polymer film determined by chronoamperometry is 2.3 x 10(-18) cm(2) s(-1), and the heterogeneous rate constant of meldola blue at the AQ polymer film/electrode determined by normal pulse voltammetry is 3.97 x 10(-3) cms(-1).

Kinetics of electrocatalytic ascorbic acid at ultramicroelectrode modified by Eastman-AQ polymer containing tris(2,2-'-bipyridine) osmium(III/II) complexes as electron-transfer centers

The theoretical model[17] of an ultramicroelectrode modified with a redox species film is used as the diagnostic tool to characterize the catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid at carbon fiber ultramicrodisk electrodes coated with an Eastman-AQ-Os(bpy)(3)(2+) film. The electrocatalytic behavior of ascorbic acid at the ultramicroelectrode modified by an Eastman-AQ polymer containing tris(2,2'-bipyridine) osmium(III/II) as mediators is described. In order to determine the five characteristic currents quantitatively, the radius of the ultramicroelectrode and the concentration of ascorbic acid are varied systematically. The kinetic zone diagram has been used to study the electrocatalytic system. This system with 0.5-2.75 mM ascorbic acid belongs to SR + E case, and the concentration profiles of the catalyst in the film are given in detail. Finally, optimizing the design of catalytic system is discussed.

STUDY ON MASS-TRANSPORT IN EASTMAN-AQ POLYMER FILM BY USING NON-STEADY-STATE CHRONOAMPEROMETRY AT AN ULTRAMICRODISK ELECTRODE

Non-steady-state chronoamperometry of ultramicroelectrodes is a powerful method for the study of mass transport in polymer films. This method has many advantages over the conventional methods at a macroelectrode and the steady state method at an ultramicroelectrode, which yield the most information. The apparent diffusion coefficient, D(app), and the concentration of reactant in the film, c(f), can be determined from a single experiment without knowing the thickness of the film. We studied the transport of several species such as Ru(NH3)63+, Ru(bpy)3(2+), NR and MV2+ in Eastman-AQ polymer film coated ultramicroelectrodes by using this method.

以AQ膜中沉积铂的玻碳电极为基底的葡萄糖传感器

生物传感器所面临的两个主要问题就是电活性物质对测定的干扰和生物样品中大分子物质对电极的污染.人们很早就在研究解决这两个问题的方法.使用透析膜可以一定程度地解决上述问题,但这种传感器的响应时间太长.从80年代起,人们开始研究使用化学修饰电极来解决干扰和污染的问题,先后研制了以醋酸纤维素膜、聚邻苯二胺膜、Nation 膜修饰电极为基底的葡萄糖传感器.Eastman AQ 是一种全氟代磺酯,具有阳离子交换性质,易溶于水,而干燥后不再溶于水.利用这个性质,J.Wang 用 AQ-55在铂电极表面用一步法固定了葡萄糖氧化酶,在+0.7V(vs.Ag/Ag-Cl)下.AQ 膜可以使干扰低到最小的程度.Hale等在碳糊葡萄糖氧化酶电极表面涂一层 AQ-29D 膜,用来消除干扰和防止酶的流失.

酶电极的制备

酶电极是生物传感器领域发展最早，最活跃的部分，理论上有许多问题需要探索，应用上有极为广阔的领域面临开拓，本文着重于电化学信号为基础的酶电极的研究，共分以下几个部分：1、文献综述-酶电极总论。概括介绍了酶电极的概念，原理，分类及应用前景，尤其对酶电极的特点进行了较为细致的评述。2、醇脱氢酶电极的研制。通过化学交联法，将ADH固定在玻碳电极表面，使用PMS和K_3Fe(CN)_6为介体，间接测定酶促反应中生成的NADH，使测定电位大大降低，从而提高测定的重现性和选择性。3、以铁氰化钾为介体的L-乳酸传感器。以PMS和氰化钾为介体，间接测定酶促反应中生成的NADH，工作电位由+0.8V降为+0.3V vs.SEC.，酶电极的线性范围为0.08～3.0mmol/L。响应时间30s，电极具有良好的选择性与重现性。4、以铁氰化钾为介体的L-苹果酸传感器。以PMS和铁氰化钾为介体，间接测定酶促反应中生成的NADH，由于使用Zn~(2+)激活MDH，电极的响应时间大约60s，比以往报道过的L-MDH电极的响应时间要快的多。电极测定的线性范围为25～300ummol/L。电极具有良好的选择性和重现性。5、介体型双酶D-氨基酸传感器采用一步法用Eastman AQ-55同时将D-氨基酸氧化酶，辣根过氧化物酶，1，1’-二（α-羟基乙基）二茂铁固定在玻碳电极表面，操作简单，电极具有响应快，灵敏度高的特点。6、以AQ膜中沉积铂的玻碳电极为基底的葡萄糖传感器在涂有EastmanAQ的玻碳电极上，电化学沉积铂，制成AQ膜中沉积铂的化学修饰电极，用戊二醛通过化学交联法将葡萄糖氧化酶固定在修饰电极表面，制成酶电极。AQ膜的选择渗透性可以防止电活性物质如抗坏血酸，尿酸等的干扰，同时可以防止大分子物质对电极的污染。镀铂电极具有对过氧化氢响应快，灵敏度高的特点，在空气饱和的情况下，葡萄糖的测定上限可达15mmol/L，响应时间50s，电极可以使用600次。7、以Nafion修饰的镀铂电极为基底的半乳糖传感器。在镀铂的玻碳电极表面，修饰一层全氟代磺酸酯（Nafion）膜，制成基底电极。化学交联法将半乳糖氧化酶固定在基底电极表面，制成半乳糖传感器，和光亮铂电极相比，镀铂电极对过氧化氢有更高的响应。Nafion膜可以消除抗坏血酸，尿酸等对测定的干扰，提高了酶电极测定的选择性。D-半乳糖测定的线性范围为0.25～4.25mmol/L，响应时间小于30s，酶电极连续使用300次无明显的电流变化。8、以聚邻苯二胺修饰的镀铂玻碳电极为基底的葡萄糖传感器。在镀铂的玻碳电极表面，电聚合邻苯二胺，制成基底电极，化学交联法将葡萄糖氧化酶固定在基底电极表面，制成葡萄糖传感器。聚邻苯二胺膜具有选择渗透性，可以防止抗坏血酸，尿酸等电活性物质对电极表面的污染，提高了电极的选择性和使用寿命。电极保留了葡萄糖氧化酶电极灵敏度高，响应快，线性宽的优点。9、以氟离子选择电极为基底的半乳糖传感器。用戊二醛和牛血清白蛋白将半乳糖氧化酶固定在80目尼龙网上，制成酶膜，将酶膜和氟电极上起构成半乳糖传感器，当底液中含有20U/mL的辣根过氧化物酶的0.001mol/L的对氟苯酚时，该传感器可以用来测定D-半乳糖，在pH6左右，测定的线性范围为1.2 * 10~(-4) ～ 1.2 * 10~(-3) mol/L，根据底物浓度的不同，响应时间在5 ～ 8min，酶电极具有良好的重现性和选择性，电极寿命10天左右。

Highly sensitive electrogenerated chemiluminescence produced at Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) in Eastman-AQ55D-carbon nanotube composite film electrode

The electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemilurninescence (ECL) of tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) ion-exchanged in Eastman-AQ-carbon nanotube (CNT) composite films were investigated at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Eastman-AQ55D is a poly (ester sulfonic acid) cation exchanger available in a commercial dissolved form. It is much more hydrophilic than Nafion due to its unique structure, so Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) does not diffuse into the hydrophobic region where it may lose its electroactivity as that in Nafion. The interfused CNT could act as electronic wires that connect the electrode with Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), which made the composite film much more electronically which finally led to the increasing of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) conductive. Besides, the negatively charged CNT could also absorb some Ru(bpy)(3)(2+). Moreover, the strong electrostatic interaction between AQ and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) made the composite films much more stable. The combination of AQ and CNT brings excellent sensitivity with the detection limit as low as 3 x 10(-11) M for TPA.

阳离子交换型聚合物AQ薄膜修饰碳纤维电极及伏安行为

本文成功地制备了Eastman-AQ-55D聚合物修饰碳纤维电极,用循环伏安法探讨了一些实验参数的影响,并对Ru(NH_3)_6~(3+)、甲基紫精进行了分析,结果表明,AQ-55D修饰的微电极稳定性好,修饰方法简单,灵敏度和选择性都有一定的提高,Ru(NH_3)_6~(3+)、甲基紫精的峰电流与浓度在1.2×10~(-6)～1.2×10~(-5)mol/L、1.7×10~(-6)～1.4×10~(-5)mol/L范围内呈线性关系,其相关系数分别为0.999、0.998.利用此电极测定了几种离子在膜中的扩散系数.

二茂铁-AQ修饰碳纤维微葡萄糖传感器的研究

本文用二茂铁、AQ成功地制备了微葡萄糖传感器。Eastman-AQ(AQ-55D,AQ29D)是一种新型的聚合物(磺酸酯)阳离于交换剂,涂于电极表面上,形成的膜除具有强的附着力外,同时还具有预富集、离子交换及防污性能。制得的电极具有制作方法简单、快速、重现性好,抗干扰能力强等特点。检测上限15.0 mmol/L,响应时间小于6s。由于AQ强的附着力,二茂铁及酶的流失较小。电极的稳定性有所提高。

聚合物AQ-二甲基二茂铁修饰微组合电极的电化学行为及葡萄糖传感器的研究

本文用聚合物AQ(Eastman-AQ)将二甲基二茂铁、葡萄糖氧化酶固定在微组合电极上制成了葡萄糖微传感器。二甲基二茂铁作为一个介体将电子从电极传递给葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)。催化电流与葡萄糖浓度在1～12mmol/L呈线性关系,探讨了温度、pH对催化电流的影响。微传感器的响应时间小于15秒,AQ膜的阳离子交换特性和很强的附着力以及二甲基二茂铁的工作电位低,使微传感器的稳定性有所提高,并且消除了抗坏血酸、尿酸的干扰。血清中葡萄糖浓度的测定与分光光度法的结果基本相符。

阳离子交换型聚合物AQ薄膜修饰电极及其溶出行为

Eastman-AQ(AQ-55D,AQ-29D)是一种新的聚合物(磺酸酯)阳离子交换剂,涂于玻碳电极上,形成的膜具有强的附着力、高的选择性、良好的离子交换及防污性能。用于溶出伏安分析,可从稀的溶液中富集痕量或超痕量的疏水阳离子,显著地提高了分析的选择性和灵敏度。本项研究用AQ-29D修饰电极对苯甲基紫精、中性红、去甲肾上腺素、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Bi~(3+)及Ru(NH_3)_6~(3+)等进行了溶出伏安分析,结果良好。在选定条件下,苯甲基紫精、Cd~(2+)的检测限可分别达到2×10~(-10)mol/L、2×10~(-9)mol/L。