Seismic soil-interaction on earth retaining structures. Performance-based seismic design of a Retaining Wall

The design of containment walls suffering seismic loads traditionally has been realized with methods based on pseudoanalitic procedures such as Mononobe- Okabe's method, which it has led in certain occasions to insecure designs, that they have produced the ruin of many containment walls suffering the action of an earthquake. A method is proposed in this papers for the design of containment walls in different soils, suffering to the action of an earthquake, based on the Performance-Based Seismic Design.

Performance of Gabion Faced Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls

Gabion faced re.taining walls are essentially semi rigid structures that can generally accommodate large lateral and vertical movements without excessive structural distress. Because of this inherent feature, they offer technical and economical advantage over the conventional concrete gravity retaining walls. Although they can be constructed either as gravity type or reinforced soil type, this work mainly deals with gabion faced reinforced earth walls as they are more suitable to larger heights. The main focus of the present investigation was the development of a viable plane strain two dimensional non linear finite element analysis code which can predict the stress - strain behaviour of gabion faced retaining walls - both gravity type and reinforced soil type. The gabion facing, backfill soil, In - situ soil and foundation soil were modelled using 20 four noded isoparametric quadrilateral elements. The confinement provided by the gabion boxes was converted into an induced apparent cohesion as per the membrane correction theory proposed by Henkel and Gilbert (1952). The mesh reinforcement was modelled using 20 two noded linear truss elements. The interactions between the soil and the mesh reinforcement as well as the facing and backfill were modelled using 20 four noded zero thickness line interface elements (Desai et al., 1974) by incorporating the nonlinear hyperbolic formulation for the tangential shear stiffness. The well known hyperbolic formulation by Ouncan and Chang (1970) was used for modelling the non - linearity of the soil matrix. The failure of soil matrix, gabion facing and the interfaces were modelled using Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion. The construction stages were also modelled.Experimental investigations were conducted on small scale model walls (both in field as well as in laboratory) to suggest an alternative fill material for the gabion faced retaining walls. The same were also used to validate the finite element programme developed as a part of the study. The studies were conducted using different types of gabion fill materials. The variation was achieved by placing coarse aggregate and quarry dust in different proportions as layers one above the other or they were mixed together in the required proportions. The deformation of the wall face was measured and the behaviour of the walls with the variation of fill materials was analysed. It was seen that 25% of the fill material in gabions can be replaced by a soft material (any locally available material) without affecting the deformation behaviour to large extents. In circumstances where deformation can be allowed to some extents, even up to 50% replacement with soft material can be possible.The developed finite element code was validated using experimental test results and other published results. Encouraged by the close comparison between the theory and experiments, an extensive and systematic parametric study was conducted, in order to gain a closer understanding of the behaviour of the system. Geometric parameters as well as material parameters were varied to understand their effect on the behaviour of the walls. The final phase of the study consisted of developing a simplified method for the design of gabion faced retaining walls. The design was based on the limit state method considering both the stability and deformation criteria. The design parameters were selected for the system and converted to dimensionless parameters. Thus the procedure for fixing the dimensions of the wall was simplified by eliminating the conventional trial and error procedure. Handy design charts were developed which would prove as a hands - on - tool to the design engineers at site. Economic studies were also conducted to prove the cost effectiveness of the structures with respect to the conventional RCC gravity walls and cost prediction models and cost breakdown ratios were proposed. The studies as a whole are expected to contribute substantially to understand the actual behaviour of gabion faced retaining wall systems with particular reference to the lateral deformations.

Expert system application on preliminary design of water retaining structures

Design of liquid retaining structures involves many decisions to be made by the designer based on rules of thumb, heuristics, judgment, code of practice and previous experience. Various design parameters to be chosen include configuration, material, loading, etc. A novice engineer may face many difficulties in the design process. Recent developments in artificial intelligence and emerging field of knowledge-based system (KBS) have made widespread applications in different fields. However, no attempt has been made to apply this intelligent system to the design of liquid retaining structures. The objective of this study is, thus, to develop a KBS that has the ability to assist engineers in the preliminary design of liquid retaining structures. Moreover, it can provide expert advice to the user in selection of design criteria, design parameters and optimum configuration based on minimum cost. The development of a prototype KBS for the design of liquid retaining structures (LIQUID), using blackboard architecture with hybrid knowledge representation techniques including production rule system and object-oriented approach, is presented in this paper. An expert system shell, Visual Rule Studio, is employed to facilitate the development of this prototype system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Knowledge-based system on optimum design of liquid retaining structures with genetic algorithms

This paper delineates the development of a prototype hybrid knowledge-based system for the optimum design of liquid retaining structures by coupling the blackboard architecture, an expert system shell VISUAL RULE STUDIO and genetic algorithm (GA). Through custom-built interactive graphical user interfaces under a user-friendly environment, the user is directed throughout the design process, which includes preliminary design, load specification, model generation, finite element analysis, code compliance checking, and member sizing optimization. For structural optimization, GA is applied to the minimum cost design of structural systems with discrete reinforced concrete sections. The design of a typical example of the liquid retaining structure is illustrated. The results demonstrate extraordinarily converging speed as near-optimal solutions are acquired after merely exploration of a small portion of the search space. This system can act as a consultant to assist novice designers in the design of liquid retaining structures.

A coupled knowledge-based expert system for design of liquid-retaining structures

This paper describes a coupled knowledge-based system (KBS) for the design of liquid-retaining structures, which can handle both the symbolic knowledge processing based on engineering heuristics in the preliminary synthesis stage and the extensive numerical crunching involved in the detailed analysis stage. The prototype system is developed by employing blackboard architecture and a commercial shell VISUAL RULE STUDIO. Its present scope covers design of three types of liquid-retaining structures, namely, a rectangular shape with one compartment, a rectangular shape with two compartments and a circular shape. Through custom-built interactive graphical user interfaces, the user is directed throughout the design process, which includes preliminary design, load specification, model generation, finite element analysis, code compliance checking and member sizing optimization. It is also integrated with various relational databases that provide the system with sectional properties, moment and shear coefficients and final member details. This system can act as a consultant to assist novice designers in the design of liquid-retaining structures with increase in efficiency and optimization of design output and automated record keeping. The design of a typical example of the liquid-retaining structure is also illustrated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

An expert system on design of liquid-retaining structures with blackboard architecture

The design of liquid-retaining structures involves many decisions to be made by the designer based on rules of thumb, heuristics, judgement, codes of practice and previous experience. Structural design problems are often ill structured and there is a need to develop programming environments that can incorporate engineering judgement along with algorithmic tools. Recent developments in artificial intelligence have made it possible to develop an expert system that can provide expert advice to the user in the selection of design criteria and design parameters. This paper introduces the development of an expert system in the design of liquid-retaining structures using blackboard architecture. An expert system shell, Visual Rule Studio, is employed to facilitate the development of this prototype system. It is a coupled system combining symbolic processing with traditional numerical processing. The expert system developed is based on British Standards Code of Practice BS8007. Explanations are made to assist inexperienced designers or civil engineering students to learn how to design liquid-retaining structures effectively and sustainably in their design practices. The use of this expert system in disseminating heuristic knowledge and experience to practitioners and engineering students is discussed.

Dimensionamento de estruturas de suporte rígidas

A Norma Portuguesa EN 1997-1:2007 - Eurocódigo 7 (EC 7) quando comparada, quer com a versão anterior ENV 1997-1:1994, cujo estatuto foi de pré-norma, quer com a prática tradicional corrente, introduz alterações significativas na abordagem ao dimensionamento geotécnico de estruturas de suporte. Assim, neste trabalho pretende-se aplicar a abordagem por meio de cálculos preconizada na Norma ao caso do dimensionamento de estruturas de suporte rígidas, comparando-a com os critérios tradicionais de dimensionamento utilizados em Portugal. Para tal realizou-se o plano de estudos seguinte: i) recensão bibliográfica síntese sobre o tema; ii) formulação geral do problema da verificação da segurança de estruturas de suporte rígidas de acordo com o preconizado no EC 7 e: iii) desenvolvimento de uma aplicação em Excel para a verificação da segurança daquelas estruturas nos moldes preconizados no EC 7. A folha de cálculo foi utilizada para comparar, através de dois exemplos - um relativo a um muro gravidade, e o outro relativo a um muro em T invertido - as diferenças entre a via tradicional e o EC 7 no respectivo dimensionamento.

Estruturas de suporte de terras executadas com pneus

O aproveitamento de pneus em fim de vida revela ser uma alternativa eficaz e promissora na indústria da construção civil, na utilização deste resíduo em muros de suporte. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo a apresentação de uma técnica de aproveitamento de pneus em fim de vida na execução de muros de gravidade, combinando solo e pneus. Neste sentido, tomou-se como referência um estudo realizado no Brasil por Sieira, Sayão, Medeiros e Gerscovich, para avaliar a eficiência e o custo deste tipo de estruturas, comparando-o com um muro de suporte tradicional de betão simples. Inicialmente, avaliou-se a segurança do muro de solo-pneus, de acordo com a metodologia proposta no Eurocódigo 7 (NP EN 1997-1, 2010), considerando a geometria e as características dos materiais apresentados no estudo referido e usando o programa de cálculo automático Slide, da Rocscience, para a verificação da estabilidade global. Reproduziu-se a análise numérica realizada no âmbito do caso de estudo brasileiro de referência, recorrendo também a uma formulação por elementos finitos com o programa de cálculo automático Phase2, da Rocscience. Por último, utilizando uma vez mais o programa Slide, definiu-se a geometria de um muro de betão simples cuja geometria garantisse o mesmo valor do fator de segurança à estabilidade global, obtido com o muro de solo-pneus e compararam-se os custos respetivos. O presente trabalho confirmou a eficiência e o baixo custo desta solução construtiva, sendo necessários, no entanto, estudos mais detalhados que reforcem estas conclusões.

Estruturas de Suporte de Terras Executadas Com Pneus. Estudo Paramétrico e Conceção de Protótipo

No presente trabalho descreve-se o estudo realizado no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP) com o objetivo de comprovar a viabilidade da utilização de pneus em fim de vida em estruturas de solo reforçado. As estruturas de suporte de terras materializadas com pneus preenchidos com solo são usadas em alguns países, sobretudo em estruturas do tipo gravidade. Investiga-se neste trabalho o seu desempenho em estruturas de solo reforçado. Com a finalidade de prever o comportamento da construção, foi utilizado um software desenvolvido pela empresa Canadiana Rocscience, denominado Phase2. Com este software foi possível fazer uma análise paramétrica da secção transversal do modelo, avaliando os esforços e os deslocamentos que se desenvolvem no interior da estrutura, através da utilização do Método dos Elementos Finitos. Foi efetuada uma campanha de ensaios laboratoriais, realizados com amostras de solo retiradas do local de construção do protótipo, com o intuito de caracterizar os parâmetros do solo A definição destes parâmetros tem como objetivo tornar a simulação o mais fidedigna possível. Estruturas de Suporte de Terras Executadas Com Pneus. Estudo Paramétrico e Conceção de Protótipo Como validação da modelação realizada no programa Phase2, o protótipo será devidamente instrumentado com equipamentos de monitorização; a informação recolhida receberá um tratamento posterior e permitirá a calibração do modelo numérico. No presente trabalho define-se o plano de monitorização a instalar no protótipo.

Aplicação do FMEA na avaliação de risco de taludes e muros de contenção tradicionais em alvenaria de pedra

Ao longo das últimas décadas o município de Amarante tem-se deparado com inúmeros problemas de instabilidade de estruturas de suporte de terras, maioritariamente instabilidade de taludes artificiais, (escavação e/ou aterro) e muros de contenção tradicionais em alvenaria de pedra. A unidade técnica de projeto, ou UTP da Câmara Municipal de Amarante tem vindo a elaborar estudos, projetos e adjudicar as obras para repor a normalidade apos a instabilização desses elementos, contudo a frequência de ocorrência destes fenómenos e os recursos necessários para a sua resolução ultrapassam a capacidade desta unidade, levando a que muitos destes casos se arrastem durante anos antes de ser reposta a sua normalidade. Perante este panorama revelou-se necessário efetuar um estudo de forma a listar, avaliar e priorizar os vários casos de instabilidade existentes, para uma eficiente alocação dos recursos disponíveis. Esta análise pretende ainda identificar as principais causas de instabilidade destas estruturas, de forma a eliminar ou mitigar a ocorrência de futuros problemas semelhantes. Para o estudo destes elementos de contenção de terras adotou-se o método de análise de risco conhecido como FMEA, “Failure Modes and Effects Analysis” ou Analise dos Modos de Falha e Efeitos, com as adaptações necessárias de forma a maximizar a confiabilidade das avaliações mediante a especificidade dos casos a avaliar e realidade da instituição.

Dimensionamento de uma estrutura de contenção de terras flexível com vários níveis de apoio

O presente trabalho, no âmbito de projeto final de curso de metrado em Engenharia da Construção, teve como objetivo o estudo do comportamento de estruturas de suporte de terras flexíveis multi-apoiadas (com diferentes tipos de apoio) para dois tipos solos homogéneos. Recorreu-se às teorias clássicas, como a de Rankine, desenvolvidas para estruturas de suporte de terras rígidas. Às teorias semi-empíricas de Terzaghi & Peck que culminaram nos diagramas de Terzaghi & Peck. Apesar de os digramas de Terzaghi & Peck serem diagramas de pressões de terras a usar em estruturas de suporte de terras flexíveis, apresentam algumas limitações importantes, como a sua aplicação apenas em solos heterogéneos, com presença ou não de níveis freáticos, e sem fornecer distribuição das pressões de terras na zona passiva (zona enterrada). Como na atualidade os modelos de elementos finitos permitem simular de modo muito mais rigoroso os problemas da engenharia. O presente trabalho esteve focado em analisar um caso prático em diferentes solos e com diferentes tipos de apoios. Será estudado mediante os métodos analíticos usando as teorias clássicas e posteriormente métodos numéricos (com diferentes programas de cálculo). Finalmente serão comparados os resultados obtidos mediante os diferentes métodos usados. As estruturas foram inicialmente pré-dimensionadas usando os métodos clássicos. Assim foram usados os diagramas de pressões de terras de Terzaghi & Peck para a zona ativa (zona em escavação) e a teoria de Rankine para conhecer as pressões de terras na zona enterrada da cortina (parede moldada) e recorrendo ao software Ftool para a obtenção dos parâmetros de dimensionamento de estruturas de suporte de terras objeto de estudo. Posteriormente utilizaram-se os programas de cálculo automático CYPE 2015 k, e o programa de cálculo de elementos finitos PLAXIS Introductory 2010. Estes programas permitem simular o faseamento construtivo do muro. Para estudar a influência de algúns parâmetros no comportamento da Resumo IV cortina o estudo foi realizado com dois solos distintos, um solo argiloso mole e um solo arenoso denso. Assim como para dois tipos de apoios distintos, ancoragens ativas e escoras passivas. Foram analisados diferentes parâmetros na estrutura de suporte; pressões horizontais das terras, deslocamentos horizontais, esforço axial, transverso e momento fletor.

Centrifuge modeling of earth-reinforced retaining walls

Object of this thesis has been centrifuge modelling of earth reinforced retaining walls with modular blocks facing in order to investigate on the influence of design parameters, such as length and vertical spacing of reinforcement, on the behaviour of the structure. In order to demonstrate, 11 models were tested, each one with different length of reinforcement or spacing. Each model was constructed and then placed in the centrifuge in order to artificially raise gravitational acceleration up to 35 g, reproducing the soil behaviour of a 5 metre high wall. Vertical and horizontal displacements were recorded by means of a special device which enabled tracking of deformations in the structure along its longitudinal cross section, essentially drawing its deformed shape. As expected, results confirmed reinforcement parameters to be the governing factor in the behaviour of earth reinforced structures since increase in length and spacing improved structural stability. However, the influence of the length was found out to be the leading parameter, reducing facial deformations up to five times, and the spacing playing an important role especially in unstable configurations. When failure occurred, failure surface was characterised by the same shape (circular) and depth, regardless of the reinforcement configuration. Furthermore, results confirmed the over-conservatism of codes, since models with reinforcement layers 0.4H long showed almost negligible deformations. Although the experiments performed were consistent and yielded replicable results, further numerical modelling may allow investigation on other issues, such as the influence of the reinforcement stiffness, facing stiffness and varying backfills.

Genetic algorithms for design of liquid retaining structure

In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to the optimum design of reinforced concrete liquid retaining structures, which comprise three discrete design variables, including slab thickness, reinforcement diameter and reinforcement spacing. GA, being a search technique based on the mechanics of natural genetics, couples a Darwinian survival-of-the-fittest principle with a random yet structured information exchange amongst a population of artificial chromosomes. As a first step, a penalty-based strategy is entailed to transform the constrained design problem into an unconstrained problem, which is appropriate for GA application. A numerical example is then used to demonstrate strength and capability of the GA in this domain problem. It is shown that, only after the exploration of a minute portion of the search space, near-optimal solutions are obtained at an extremely converging speed. The method can be extended to application of even more complex optimization problems in other domains.

Hybrid knowledge representation in a blackboard KBS for liquid retaining structure design

This paper highlights the importance of design expertise, for designing liquid retaining structures, including subjective judgments and professional experience. Design of liquid retaining structures has special features different from the others. Being more vulnerable to corrosion problem, they have stringent requirements against serviceability limit state of crack. It is the premise of the study to transferring expert knowledge in a computerized blackboard system. Hybrid knowledge representation schemes, including production rules, object-oriented programming, and procedural methods, are employed to express engineering heuristics and standard design knowledge during the development of the knowledge-based system (KBS) for design of liquid retaining structures. This approach renders it possible to take advantages of the characteristics of each method. The system can provide the user with advice on preliminary design, loading specification, optimized configuration selection and detailed design analysis of liquid retaining structure. It would be beneficial to the field of retaining structure design by focusing on the acquisition and organization of expert knowledge through the development of recent artificial intelligence technology. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.