ETS system user's guide.

Mode of access: Internet.

An intertemporal pricing model for CO2 allowances: The impact of the clean development mechanism

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Spagnolo Tecnico Semplificato

L’obiettivo della presente dissertazione è quello di creare un nuovo linguaggio controllato, denominato Español Técnico Simplificado (ETS). Basato sulla specifica tecnica del Simplified Technical English (STE), ufficialmente conosciuta come ASD-STE100, lo spagnolo controllato ETS si presenta come un documento metalinguistico in grado di fornire ad un redattore o traduttore tecnico alcune regole specifiche per produrre un documento tecnico. La strategia di implementazione conduce allo studio preliminare di alcuni linguaggi controllati simili all’inglese STE, quali il Français Rationalisé e il Simplified Technical Spanish. Attraverso un approccio caratteristico della linguistica dei corpora, la soluzione proposta fornisce il nuovo linguaggio controllato mediante l’estrazione di informazioni specifiche da un corpus ad-hoc di lingua spagnola appositamente creato ed interrogato. I risultati evidenziano un metodo linguistico (controllato) utile a produrre documentazione tecnica priva di ogni eventuale ambiguità. Il sistema ETS, infatti, si fonda sul concetto della intelligibilità in quanto condizione necessaria da soddisfare nell’ambito della produzione di un testo controllato. E, attraverso la sua macrostruttura, il documento ETS fornisce gli strumenti necessari per rendere il testo controllato univoco. Infatti, tale struttura bipartita suddivide in maniera logica i dettami: una prima parte riguarda e contiene regole sintattiche e stilistiche; una seconda parte riguarda e contiene un dizionario di un numero limitato di lemmi opportunamente selezionati. Il tutto a favore del principio della biunivocità dei segni, in questo caso, della lingua spagnola. Il progetto, nel suo insieme, apre le porte ad un linguaggio nuovo in alternativa a quelli presenti, totalmente creato in accademia, che vale come prototipo a cui far seguire altri progetti di ricerca.

The evolution and consequences of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

"Jon B. Skjaerseth, professeur associé, Fridtjof Nansen Institute (Norvège), a présenté dans le cadre du panel Gestion des risques environnementaux par les institutions financières,  une conférence intitulée ""The evolution and consequences of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)""."

Respiratory metabolism in the marine macroalga, Ulva spp: exploratory studies with the respiratory electron transport system (ETS)

Máster en Oceanografía

Exploring respiration and respiratory electron transport system (ETS) in Ulva spp.

[ES] Respiration is a key ecological index. For either individuals or communities, it can be use to assess carbon and energy, demand and expenditure as well as carbon flow rates through food webs. When combined with productivity measurements it can establish the level of metabolic balance. When combined with measurements of respiratory capacity, it can indicate physiological state. Here, we report pilot studies the metabolism of the green algae, Ulva rotundata that inhabits intertidal pools of Gran Canaria. As a starting point we used the electron transport system (ETS) to differentiate between different growing conditions in the natural environment. We suspected different levels of stress associated with these conditions and looked for the influence of this stress in the ETS measurements. This technique has been successfully applied to study bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton in the ocean, but it has not been used to study sessile marine macroalgae. These neritic and littoral macrophytes have major ecological and industrial importance, yet little is known about their respiratory physiology. Such knowledge would strengthen our understanding of the resources of the coastal ocean and facilitate its development and best use. Here, we modified the ETS methodology for Ulva rotundata. With this modified ETS assay we investigated the capacity of Ulva to resist anoxia. We measured respiration with optodes (Fibox 4, Presens) in the dark to the point of oxygen exhaustion and through 24 h of anoxia. Then we exposed the Ulva to light and followed the oxygen increase due to photosynthesis. We discuss here the capacity of Ulva to survive during anoxia.

Relationship between respiration and Electron Transfer System (ETS) in zooplankton

[EN]Respiration of zooplanktonic organisms is an significant fraction of the global carbon cycle. However, it estimation in order to obtain the data required in oceanography is still a problem. In this work, we studied respiration rates in laboratory and field experiments. Laboratory experiments using Daphnia spp. showed a significant decrease of respiration rates during starvation. In addition, we measured the gut fluorescence and enzymatic activity (electron transfer system, ETS). The former did not show the expected decrease probably due to the volume of the incubators. The relationship between respiration and ETS presented the classical variability ranging between 0.5 and 1 as observed in previous works. Copepod respiration rates were measured during RAPROCAN 1504 cruise around the Canary Islands.

Abundance, Electron transport System (ETS) activity and respiration rates of pelagic decapods from the Benguela upwelling system during AFR258, D356 and MSM17/3

Decapods were sampled with a 1 m**2 MOCNESS (mainly upper 1000 m) in the northern Benguela Current during three cruises in December 2009, September/October 2010 and February 2011. Although pelagic decapods are abundant members of the micronekton community, information about their ecophysiology is very limited. Species-specific regional distribution limits were detected for various decapod species (e.g. Plesionika carinata, Sergestes arcticus, Pasiphaea semispinosa). Significant diel vertical migration patterns were determined for three caridean and three penaeiodean species. Biomass was variable and ranged from 23 to 2770 mg dry mass m**-2 with highest values for P. semispinosa. Fatty acid and stable isotope analyses revealed that the examined decapod species are omnivorous tocarnivorous except for the herbivorous to omnivorous species P. carinata. Calanid copepods such as Calanoides carinatus were identified as an important prey item especially for caridean species. Community consumption rates of pelagic decapods derived from respiration rates ranged from 7 mg C m**-2 d**-1 (231S) to 420 mg C m**-2 d**-1 (191S, 171S). A potential active respiratory carbon flux was calculated for migrating pelagic decapods with 4.4 mg C m**- d**-1 for the upper 200 m and with 2.6 mg C m**-2 d**-1 from the base of the euphotic zone to a depth of 600 m. Overall, pelagic decapods apparently play a more prominent role in the northern Benguela Current ecosystem than previously assumed and may exert a substantial predation impact on calanid copepods (up to 13% d**-1 of standing stock).

ʻEts ḥayim : Ahron ben Elia's aus Nikomedien des karäers System der Religionsphilosophie ... /

Introd. in German; text in Hebrew.

Industrial emissions abatement: Untangling the impact of the EU ETS and the economic crisis

In this study we use historical emission data from installations under the European Union Emissions Trading System, -EU ETS- to evaluate the impact of this policy on industrial greenhouse gas emissions during the first two trading phases, 2005-2012. As such the analysis seeks to disentangle two causes of emission abatement: that attributable to the EU ETS and that attributable to the economic crisis that hit the EU in 2008/09. Using a panel data approach the estimated emissions reduction attributable to the EU ETS is about 21 per cent of the total emission abatement during the observation period. These results suggest therefore that the lion’s share of abatement was attributable to the effects of the economic crisis, a finding that has serious implications for future policy adjustments affecting core elements of the EU ETS, including the distribution of EU emission allowances.

Reviewing the EU ETS review? Report of the CEPS TAsk Force on "Does the ETS market produce the 'right' price signal"? CEPS Task Force Report, 12 November 2012

Drawing on discussions within a CEPS Task Force on the revised EU emissions trading system, this report provides a comprehensive assessment of the pros and cons of the various measures put forward by different stakeholders to address the level and stability of the price of carbon in the EU. It argues that the European Commission, the member states, the European Parliament and other stakeholders need to give serious consideration to introducing some kind of ‘dynamic’ adjustment provision to address the relatively inelastic supply. The report also suggests that there is a need to improve communication of market-sensitive information, for example by leaving the management of the ETS to a specialised body.

A genomewide survey of developmentally relevant genes in Ciona intestinalis - III. Genes for Fox, ETS, nuclear receptors and NF kappa B

A survey against the draft genome sequence and the cDNA/EST database of Ciona intestinalis identified a number of genes encoding transcription factors regulating a variety of processes including development. In the present study, we describe almost complete sets of genes for Fox, ETS-domain transcription factors, nuclear receptors, and NFkappaB as well as other factors regulating NFkappaB activity, with their phylogenetic nature. Vertebrate Fox transcription factors are currently delineated into 17 subfamilies: FoxA to FoxQ. The present survey yielded 29 genes of this family in the Ciona genome, 24 of which were Ciona orthologues of known Fox genes. In addition, we found 15 ETS aenes, 17 nuclear receptor genes, and several NFkappaB signaling pathway genes in the Ciona genome. The number of Ciona genes in each family is much smaller than that of vertebrates, which represents a simplified feature of the ascidian genome. For example, humans have two NFkappaB genes, three Rel genes, and five NFAT genes, while Ciona has one gene for each family. The Ciona genome also contains smaller numbers of genes for the NFkappaB regulatory system, i.e. after the split of ascidians/vertebrates, vertebrates evolved a more complex NFkappaB system. The present results therefore provide molecular information for the investigation of complex developmental processes, and an insight into chordate evolution.