Aplicación del método electre para la evaluación de alternativas en la realización de un estudio de impacto ambiental

p.69-77

Clitemnestra y la construcción de un discurso en dos obras de Marguerite Yourcenar: "Clytemnestre ou le crime" y "Electre ou la chute des masques" : Las palabras inscriptas en el cuerpo de una mujer con voz propia

Fil: Alvarez, Adriana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Clitemnestra y la construcción de un discurso en dos obras de Marguerite Yourcenar: "Clytemnestre ou le crime" y "Electre ou la chute des masques" : Las palabras inscriptas en el cuerpo de una mujer con voz propia

Fil: Alvarez, Adriana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Clitemnestra y la construcción de un discurso en dos obras de Marguerite Yourcenar: "Clytemnestre ou le crime" y "Electre ou la chute des masques" : Las palabras inscriptas en el cuerpo de una mujer con voz propia

Fil: Alvarez, Adriana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Electre, tragédie en trois actes.

Libretto by N. F. Guillard.

Uma aplicação do método fuzzy-electre-topsis para seleção de serviços de computação em nuvem

This work presents an application of a hybrid Fuzzy-ELECTRE-TOPSIS multicriteria approach for a Cloud Computing Service selection problem. The research was exploratory, using a case of study based on the actual requirements of professionals in the field of Cloud Computing. The results were obtained by conducting an experiment aligned with a Case of Study using the distinct profile of three decision makers, for that, we used the Fuzzy-TOPSIS and Fuzzy-ELECTRE-TOPSIS methods to obtain the results and compare them. The solution includes the Fuzzy sets theory, in a way it could support inaccurate or subjective information, thus facilitating the interpretation of the decision maker judgment in the decision-making process. The results show that both methods were able to rank the alternatives from the problem as expected, but the Fuzzy-ELECTRE-TOPSIS method was able to attenuate the compensatory character existing in the Fuzzy-TOPSIS method, resulting in a different alternative ranking. The attenuation of the compensatory character stood out in a positive way at ranking the alternatives, because it prioritized more balanced alternatives than the Fuzzy-TOPSIS method, a factor that has been proven as important at the validation of the Case of Study, since for the composition of a mix of services, balanced alternatives form a more consistent mix when working with restrictions.

Vertical Handoff Target Selection in a Heterogeneous Wireless Network Using Fuzzy ELECTRE

Global connectivity is on the verge of becoming a reality to provide high-speed, high-quality, and reliable communication channels for mobile devices at anytime, anywhere in the world. In a heterogeneous wireless environment, one of the key ingredients to provide efficient and ubiquitous computing with guaranteed quality and continuity of service is the design of intelligent handoff algorithms. Traditional single-metric handoff decision algorithms, such as Received Signal Strength (RSS), are not efficient and intelligent enough to minimize the number of unnecessary handoffs, decision delays, call-dropping and blocking probabilities. This research presents a novel approach for of a Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) model based on an integrated fuzzy approach for target network selection.

Modeling multi-stakeholder multi-objective decisions during public participation in major infrastructure and construction projects: A decision rule approach

Major infrastructure and construction (MIC) projects are those with significant traffic or environmental impact, of strategic and regional significance and high sensitivity. The decision making process of schemes of this type is becoming ever more complicated, especially with the increasing number of stakeholders involved and their growing tendency to defend their own varied interests. Failing to address and meet the concerns and expectations of stakeholders may result in project failures. To avoid this necessitates a systematic participatory approach to facilitate decision-making. Though numerous decision models have been established in previous studies (e.g. ELECTRE methods, the analytic hierarchy process and analytic network process) their applicability in the decision process during stakeholder participation in contemporary MIC projects is still uncertain. To resolve this, the decision rule approach is employed for modeling multi-stakeholder multi-objective project decisions. Through this, the result is obtained naturally according to the “rules” accepted by any stakeholder involved. In this sense, consensus is more likely to be achieved since the process is more convincing and the result is easier to be accepted by all concerned. Appropriate “rules”, comprehensive enough to address multiple objectives while straightforward enough to be understood by multiple stakeholders, are set for resolving conflict and facilitating consensus during the project decision process. The West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD) project is used as a demonstration case and a focus group meeting is conducted in order to confirm the validity of the model established. The results indicate that the model is objective, reliable and practical enough to cope with real world problems. Finally, a suggested future research agenda is provided.

Aplicabilidade de algumas técnicas de análise multiobjetivo ao processo decisório no âmbito de comites de gerenciamento de bacia hidrográfica

A complexidade das ações no plano decisório da Gestão das Águas e a necessidade do atendimento simultâneo das exigências que visam à obtenção do desenvolvimento sustentável, impõem uma abordagem multiobjetivo. O uso múltiplo das águas, o caráter multidisciplinar e subjetivo dos agentes envolvidos no processo, a aleatoriedade dos eventos hidrológicos, a incerteza dos processos econômicos, sociais e ambientais, a necessária consideração de aspectos de difícil mensuração, como o bem estar social, a preservação do ambiente e as questões culturais e estéticas, além da tradicional eficiência econômica, caracterizam o contexto presente. Este trabalho apresenta, descreve e compara algumas técnicas de análise multiobjetivo como importante meio de apoio à tomada de decisões diante dos problemas de Gestão das Águas. Três métodos são aplicados e comparados em um estudo de caso, para suporte à decisão em um Comitê de Gerenciamento, tendo como objetivo estratégico o desenvolvimento sustentável em uma Bacia Hidrográfica, com um cenário configurado a partir da experiência acumulada na última década no Rio Grande do Sul e à luz da legislação vigente para a Política de Recursos Hídricos. Na análise desenvolvida através dos métodos ELECTRE I e II, Programação de Compromisso e Analítico Hierárquico, consideram-se a participação de múltiplos decisores, a questão da subjetividade e o reconhecimento da incerteza como inerente ao processo.

Estratégias baseadas em análise multicritério para seleção de tecnologia de acesso de primeira milha em padrão ISDB-T

Esta Tese propõe o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de planejamento que combina: caracterização de carga de uma aplicação típica de TV Digital, extração de vetor peso por meio de redes de crença e tomada de decisão multicriterio a partir da aplicação de métodos analíticos (TOPSIS e ELECTRE III), para fornecer suporte a decisão junto a provedores de serviços, objetivando-se permitir optar-se por uma tecnologia para canal de retorno (ADSL2+, PLC, WiMAX e 3G), considerando a carga típica de um cenário de TV Digital interativo, padrão ISDB-T. A estratégia proposta apresenta cinco etapas, sendo estas: definição dos canais de retorno e das métricas de desempenho, realização de medições das tecnologias de acesso em cenários reais, simulação dos dados em ambientes simulados, aplicação de técnicas de correlação de dados para geração do vetor peso e aplicação de métodos analíticos de tomada de decisão para escolha da melhor tecnologia a ser implantada em determinado cenário. Como resultado principal se obteve um modelo genérico e flexível que foi validado através de um estudo de caso que ordenou a preferência das tecnologias avaliadas.

Biomasse e loro quantificazione economica per un efficiente uso dell'energia

Biomasses and their possible use as energy resource are of great interest today, and the general problem of energy resources as well. In the present study the key questions of the convenience, from both energy and economy standpoints, have been addressed without any bias: the problem has been handled starting from “philosophical” bases disregarding any pre-settled ideology or political trend, but simply using mathematical approaches as logical tools for defining balances in a right way. In this context quantitative indexes such as LCA and EROEI have been widely used, together with multicriteria methods (such as ELECTRE) as decision supporting tools. This approach permits to remove mythologies, such as the unrealistic concept of clean energy, or the strange idea of biomasses as a magic to solve every thing in the field of the energy. As a consequence the present study aims to find any relevant aspect potentially useful for the society, looking at any possible source of energy without prejudices but without unrealistic expectations too. For what concerns biomasses, we studied in great details four very different cases of study, in order to have a scenario as various as much we can. A relevant result is the need to use biomasses together with other more efficient sources, especially recovering by-products from silviculture activities: but attention should be paid to the transportation and environmental costs. Another relevant result is the very difficult possibility of reliable evaluation of dedicated cultures as sources for “biomasses for energy”: the problem has to be carefully evaluated case-by-case, because what seems useful in a context, becomes totally disruptive in another one. In any case the concept itself of convenience is not well defined at a level of macrosystem: it seems more appropriate to limit this very concept at a level of microsystem, considering that what sounds fine in a limited well defined microsystem may cause great damage in another slightly different, or even very similar, microsystem. This approach seems the right way to solve the controversy about the concept of convenience.

Discrete Multi-Criteria Methods for lands use and conservation planning on La Colacha in Arroyos Menores (Río Cuarto, Province of Córdoba, Argentina)

The study area is La Colacha sub-basins from Arroyos Menores basins, natural areas at West and South of Río Cuarto in Province of Córdoba of Argentina, fertile with loess soils and monsoon temperate climate, but with soil erosions including regressive gullies that degrade them progressively. Cultivated gently since some hundred sixty years, coordinated action planning became necessary to conserve lands while keeping good agro-production. The authors had improved data on soils and on hydrology for the study area, evaluated systems of soil uses and actions to be recommended and applied Decision Support Systems (DSS) tools for that, and were conducted to use discrete multi-criteria models (MCDM) for the more global views about soil conservation and hydraulic management actions and about main types of use of soils. For that they used weighted PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, and AHP methods with a system of criteria grouped as environmental, economic and social, and criteria from their data on effects of criteria. The alternatives resulting offer indication for planning depending somehow on sub basins and on selections of weights, but actions for conservation of soils and water management measures are recommended to conserve the basins conditions, actually sensibly degrading, mainly keeping actual uses of the lands.

Algoritmos de decisión para priorizar las acciones de restauración en el mantenimiento de redes

En la actualidad, cualquier compañía de telecomunicaciones que posea su propia red debe afrontar el problema del mantenimiento de la misma. Ofrecer un mínimo de calidad de servicio a sus clientes debe ser uno de sus objetivos principales. Esta calidad debe mantenerse aunque ocurran incidencias en la red. El presente trabajo pretende resolver el problema de priorizar el orden en que se restauran los cables, caminos y circuitos, dañados por una incidencia, dentro de una red troncal de transporte perteneciente a una operadora de telecomunicaciones. Tras un planteamiento detallado del problema y de todos los factores que influirán en la toma de decisión, en primer lugar se acomete una solución basada en Métodos Multicriterio Discretos, concretamente con el uso de ELECTRE I y AHP. A continuación se realiza una propuesta de solución basada en Redes Neuronales (con dos aproximaciones diferentes al problema). Por último se utiliza un método basado en la Optimización por Enjambre de Partículas (PSO), adaptado a un problema de permutación de enteros (ordenación), y con una forma particular de evaluar la mejor posición global del enjambre. Complementariamente se realiza una exposición de lo que es una empresa Operadora de telecomunicaciones, de sus departamentos y procesos internos, de los servicios que ofrece, de las redes sobre las que se soportan, y de los puntos clave a tener en cuenta en la implementación de sus sistemas informáticos de gestión integral. ABSTRACT: Nowadays, any telecommunications company that owns its own network must face the problem of maintaining it (service assurance). Provide a minimum quality of service to its customers must be one of its main objectives. This quality should be maintained although any incidents happen to occur in the network. This thesis aims to solve the problem of prioritizing the order in which the damaged cables, trails, path and circuits, within a backbone transport network, should be restored. This work begins with a detailed explanation about network maintenance issues and all the factors that influence decision-making problem. First of all, one solution based on Discrete Multicriteria methods is tried (ELECTRE I and AHP algorithms are used). Also, a solution based on neural networks (with two different approaches to the problem) is analyzed. Finally, this thesis proposes an algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), adapted to a problem of integers permutation, and a particular way of evaluating the best overall position of the swarm method. In addition, there is included an exhibition about telecommunications companies, its departments, internal processes, services offered to clients, physical networks, and key points to consider when implementing its integrated management systems.

Validación de sistemas constructivos de los cerramientos de la edificación mediante la aplicación de los métodos de decisión multicriterio : aplicación al catálogo de elementos constructivos del Código Técnico de la Edificación

Como punto de partida para el desarrollo de la Tesis, se mantiene la hipótesis de que es posible establecer métodos de evaluación global sobre el grado de utilidad de los sistemas constructivos correspondientes a los cerramientos de la edificación. Tales métodos habrían de posibilitar, de entre una serie finita de sistemas alternativos, cuáles de ellos son los objetivamente más adecuados para su selección en un entorno de decisión concreto, y habrían de permitir fundamentar la justificación objetiva de tal decisión. Paralelamente a esta hipótesis de carácter general, se planteó desde el inicio la necesidad de comprobación de una hipótesis de partida particular según la cual los sistemas constructivos basados en la utilización de componentes prefabricados, o procesos de puesta en obra con un alto grado de industrialización arrojarían valores de utilidad mayores que los sistemas tradicionales basados en la albañilería. Para la verificación de estas dos hipótesis de partida se ha procedido inicialmente a la selección de un conjunto coherente de doce sistemas de cerramientos de la edificación que pudiese servir como testigo de su diversidad potencial, para proceder a su valoración comparativa. El método de valoración propuesto ha entrado a considerar una serie de factores de diversa índole que no son reducibles a un único parámetro o magnitud que permitiese una valoración de tipo lineal sobre su idoneidad relativa, ni que permitiese establecer un grado de prelación entre los distintos sistemas constructivos alternativos de manera absoluta. Para resolver este tour de force o desafío metodológico se ha acudido a la aplicación de metodologías de valoración que nos permitiesen establecer de forma racional dicha comparativa. Nos referimos a una serie de metodologías provenientes en primera instancia de las ciencias exactas, que reciben la denominación de métodos de ayuda a la decisión multicriterio, y en concreto el denominado método ELECTRE. Inicialmente, se ha planteado la aplicación del método de análisis sobre doce sistemas constructivos seleccionados de tal forma que representasen de forma adecuada las tres categorías establecidas para caracterizar la totalidad de sistemas constructivos posibles; por peso, grado de prefabricación y grado de ventilación. Si bien la combinación de las tres categorías básicas anteriormente señaladas produce un total de 18 subcategorías conceptuales, tomamos finalmente doce subcategorías dado que consideramos que es un número operativo suficiente por extenso para el análisis propuesto y elimina tipos no relevantes. Aplicado el método propuesto, a estos doce sistemas constructivos “testigo”, se constata el mayor grado de utilidad de los sistemas prefabricados, pesados y no ventilados. Al hilo del análisis realizado en la Parte II de la Tesis sobre los doce sistemas constructivos “testigo”, se ha realizado un volcado de los sistemas constructivos incluidos en el Catalogo de Elementos Constructivos del CTE (versión 2010) sobre las dieciocho subcategorías definidas en dicha Parte II para caracterizar los sistemas constructivos “testigo”. Posteriormente, se ha procedido a una parametrización de la totalidad de sistemas constructivos para cerramientos de fachadas incluidos en este Catálogo. La parametrización sistemática realizada ha permitido establecer, mediante el cálculo del valor medio que adoptan los parámetros de los sistemas pertenecientes a una misma familia de las establecidas por el Catálogo, una caracterización comparativa del grado de utilidad de dichas familias, tanto en lo relativo a cada uno de los parámetros como en una valoración global de sus valores, de carácter indicativo. Una vez realizada una parametrización completa de la totalidad de sistemas constructivos incluidos en el Catálogo, se ha realizado una simulación de aplicación de la metodología de validación desarrollada en la Parte II de la presente Tesis, con el objeto de comprobar su adecuación al caso. En conclusión, el desarrollo de una herramienta de apoyo a la decisión multicriterio aplicada al Catálogo de Elementos constructivos del CTE se ha demostrado técnicamente viable y arroja resultados significativos. Se han diseñado dos sistemas constructivos mediante la aplicación de la herramienta desarrollada, uno de fachada no ventilada y otro de fachada ventilada. Comparados estos dos sistemas constructivos mejorados con otros sistemas constructivos analizados Se comprueba el alto grado de utilidad objetiva de los dos sistemas diseñados en relación con el resto. La realización de este ejercicio de diseño de un sistema constructivo específico, que responde a los requerimientos de un decisor concreto viene a demostrar, así pues, la utilidad del algoritmo propuesto en su aplicación a los procesos de diseño de los sistemas constructivos. La tesis incorpora dos innovaciones metodológicas y tres innovaciones instrumentales. ABSTRACT The starting point for the thesis is the hypothesis that it is possible to devise suitability degree evaluation methods of building enclosure systems. Such methods should allow optimizing appraisal, given a specific domain of decision, among a finite number of alternative systems, and provide objective justification of such decision. Along with the above mentioned general assumption, a second hypothesis whereby constructive systems based on the use of prefabricated components, or high industrialization degree work processes, would throw efficiency values higher than traditional masonry systems needed to be tested. In order to validate these two hypothesis a coherent set of twelve enclosure systems that could serve as a reference sample of their potential diversity was selected and a comparative evaluation was carried out. The valuation method proposed has considered several different factors that are neither reducible to a single parameter or magnitude that would allow a linear evaluation of their relative suitability nor allow to establishing an absolute priority ranking between different alternative constructive systems. In order to resolve this tour de force or methodological challenge, valuation methodologies that enable use establishing rational assessments were used. We are referring to a number of methodologies taken from the exact sciences field, usually known as aid methods for multi-criteria decision, in particular the so-called ELECTRE method. Even though the combination of the mentioned three basic categories result in eighteen conceptual sub categories, we are finally considering just twelve since we deem it adequately extended for the our intended purpose and eliminates non relevant instances. The method of analysis was initially applied to the set of twelve selected constructive systems is a way that they could represent adequately the three previously established categories set out to characterize all possible enclosure systems, namely weight, prefabrication degree and ventilation degree. Once the proposed method is applied to the sample systems, the higher efficiency of the prefabricated, heavy and not ventilated systems was confirmed. In line with the analysis in Part II of the thesis on the twelve chosen enclosure systems, it has done an uploading data of construction systems listed in the Catalogue of constructive elements of the CTE (version 2010) according the eighteen subcategories used in this part II to characterize the construction systems taken as sample. Subsequently, a parameterization of all enclosure facade systems included in this catalog has been undertaken. The systematic parameterization has allowed to set, by means of calculating the average values of the parameters of the systems belonging to the same family of those established by the Catalog, a comparative characterization of the efficiency degree of these families, both in relation to each parameter as to an overall evaluation of its values, in a indicative way. After the parameterization of all enclosure systems included in the Catalog, a simulation of validation methodology application developed in Part II of this Thesis has been made, in order to assess its consistency to the referred case. In conclusion, the development of a multi-criteria decision aid tool, applied to the CTE Catalog of constructive elements, has proved to be technically feasible and yields significant results. Two building systems through the application of the developed tool, a non-ventilated façade and a ventilated façade have been designed. Comparing these two improved construction systems with other building systems analyzed, we were able to assess the high degree of objective efficiency of the two systems designed in relation to the rest. The exercise of designing a specific enclosure system that meets the requirements of a particular decision-maker hence shows the suitability of the proposed algorithm applied to the process of enclosure systems design. This Thesis includes two methodological innovations and three instrumental innovations.