Development of the nervous system in Dugesia tigrina during regeneration after fission and decapitation

In the present study of Dugesia tigrina the development of the nervous system is followed and compared during regeneration after fission and after decapitation. Immunocytochemistry was used, with antisera raised against the biogenic amine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the two neuropeptides, neuropeptide F (NPF), and FMRF amide. The results indicate that two processes are involved in the formation of the new cerebral ganglion. First, new processes sprouting from the original main longitudinal nerve cords bend transversely, indicating the position of the developing horseshoe-shaped anterior cerebral commissure. Then new nerve cells in front of the commissure differentiate from neoblasts and their growth cones fasciculate with the fibres from the old main longitudinal nerve cords. In the cerebral ganglion, 5-HT-IR cells appear before NPF-IR cells, in contrast to the pharynx where NPF-IR cells differentiate before the 5-HT-IR cells. In the peripheral nervous system, NPF-IR fibres and cells appear at a very early stage and dominate the whole regeneration process. A role for the PNS in early pattern formation is suggested.

Low power laser radiation at 685 nm stimulates stem-cell proliferation rate in Dugesia tigrina during regeneration

Today's scientific interest in tissue engineering for organ transplantations and regeneration from stem cells, allied with recent observations on biostimulation of tissues and cells by laser radiation, stands as a strong motivation for the present work, in which we examine the effects of the low power laser radiation onto planarians under regenerative process. To investigate those effects, a number of 60 amputated worms were divided in three study groups: a control group and two other groups submitted to daily 1 and 3 min long laser treatment sections at similar to 910 W/m(2) power density. A 685 nm diode laser with 35 mW optical power was used. Samples were sent to histological analysis at the 4th, the 7th and the 15th (lays after amputation. A remarkable increase in stem cells counts for the fourth day of regeneration was observed when the regenerating worms was stimulated by the laser radiation. Our findings encourage further research works on the influence of optical radiation onto stem cells and tissue regeneration. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efecto del período de maduración del estiércol bovino sobre el comportamiento productivo de lombrices rojas en la zona de Camoapa

El presente trabajo se realizó en la finca de la Universidad Nacional Agraria sede Camoapa, ubicada en el municipio de Camoapa del departamento de Boaco, en el período comprendido de abril a agosto del 2003. La explotación de lombrices representa un gran potencial para nuestro país, genera ingresos adicionales por la comercialización de lombrices y lombrihumus que pueden ser utilizados como alimentación animal, humana y como una valiosa fuente de fertilización. El objetivo principal de este trabajo investigativo fue valorar el comportamiento productivo de lombrices rojas (Eisenia foetida y Eudrillus eugeniae) bajo diferentes tiempos de maduración del sustrato bovino. Actualmente hay desconocimiento sobre el tiempo de maduración necesario del estiércol para usarse como sustrato en lombricultura y con frecuencia se utiliza sustrato muy fresco o muy avanzado que conlleva a la liberación de sustancias tóxicas en el primer caso, y el desarrollo de la planaria (Dugesia sp.) en ambos casos se ve afectada la calidad del producto final. Para realizar el estudio se utilizó un Diseño Completamente Aleatorio con cuatro tratamientos y ocho repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en los períodos 9, 13, 17 y 21 días de maduración respectivamente. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis estadístico en Statistical Análisis System consistente en la realización de un modelo aditivo lineal (M.A.L.) que permitiera la determinación de diferencias o no entre los tratamientos. Los datos que presentaron diferencias significativas en el Modelo Aditivo Lineal, fueron sometidos a un análisis de regresión para determinar la relación de los períodos de maduración del estiércol con las variables evaluadas y de esa manera pronosticar el período de maduración de mayor relevancia en la producción de humus y lombrices. Como resultado del presente estudio se obtuvo que no hay efecto del período de maduración sobre la producción de lombrices pero si sobre el peso total de humus producido (P < 0.0112) y se puede predecir a partir del análisis de regresión que el aumento en el tiempo de maduración provoca un aumento significativo (P > 0.0545) en la producción de humus siguiendo el modelo lineal y =19.1+1.26X; R-Sq = 89.4%.

Results of the Austrian-Ceylonese hydrobiological mission 1970 of the 1st Zoological Institute of the University of Vienna (Austria) and the Department of Zoology of the Vidyalankara University of Ceylon, Kelaniya. Pt. 10. Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria, Tricladida) from Ceylon

The collection of Triclads from the Austrian-Ceylonese hydrobiological mission originates from 23 streams in the mountains of the south of Sri Lanka. All collected animals are of the Dugesia gonocephala (Dug.) type. Unfortunately the determinable mature animals were very rare in the samples but it seems certain that all the Triclads, found by the mission, belong to Dugesia nannophallus, described by Ball in 1970 after two individuals from Dunhinda, Badulla (Prov. Uva, Sri Lanka).

Platyhelminth FMRFamide-related peptides

Platyhelminths are the most primitive metazoan phylum to possess a true central nervous system, comprising a brain and longitudinal nerve cords connected by commissures. Additional to the presence of classical neurotransmitters, the nervous systems of all major groups of flatworms examined have widespread and abundant peptidergic components, Decades of research on the major invertebrate phyla, Mollusca and Arthropoda, have revealed the primary structures and putative functions of several families of structurally related peptides, the best studied being the FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs). Recently, the first platyhelminth FaRP was isolated from the tapeworm, Moniezia expansa, and was found to be a hexapeptide amide, GNFFRFamide. Two additional PaRPs were isolated from species of turbellarians; these were pentapeptides, RYIRFamide (Artioposthia triangulata) and GYIRFamide (Dugesia tigrina). The primary structure of a monogenean or digenean FaRP has yet to be deduced. Preliminary physiological studies have shown that both of the turbellarian FaRPs elicit dose-dependent contractions of isolated digenean and turbellarian somatic muscle fibres. Unlike the high structural diversity of FaRPs found in molluscs, arthropods and nematodes, the complement of FaRPs in individual species of platyhelminths appears to be restricted to 1 or 2 related molecules. Much remains to be learnt about platyhelminth PaRPs, particularly from peptide isolation, molecular cloning of precursor proteins, receptor localization, and physiological studies. Copyright (C) 1996 Australian Society for Parasitology.

LOCALIZATION, QUANTITATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEUROPEPTIDE-F-IMMUNOREACTIVE AND FMRFAMIDE-IMMUNOREACTIVE PEPTIDES IN TURBELLARIANS AND A MONOGENEAN - A COMPARATIVE-STUDY

Over the past decade it has become clear that the nervous systems of platyhelminths are both complex and highly developed, particularly in peptidergic elements. The central position of an ancestral flatworm in the evolution of the Bilateria has placed a greater importance on the study of modern flatworms. Using antisera generated to the C-terminal region of platyhelminth neuropeptide F and the molluscan neuropeptide, FMRFamide, in immunocytochemistry at both Light and ultrastructural levels, immunoreactivities have been localised within the nervous systems of three species of triclad turbellarians, Dugesia lugubris, Dendrocoelum lacteum, and Polycelis nigra, and one species of monogenean trematode, Diclidophora merlangi. Extensive immunostaining was obtained with both antisera throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems of all species studied, but intensity and abundance was significantly greater in the turbellarians. Indirect electron-immunogold labeling demonstrated that immunoreactivity to both neuropeptides was often colocalised in neurosecretory vesicles, although discrete populations of vesicles were also observed. Radioimmunoassay of extracts of all species confirmed that neuropeptide F immunoreactivity was consistently more abundant than FMRFamide immunoreactivity, and that the levels of both in the three turbellarians were several orders of magnitude greater than those found in the monogenean. Chromatographic analyses of turbellarian extracts revealed that neuropeptide F and FMRFamide immunoreactivities were attributable to different peptides. These data imply that the neuropeptidergic systems of turbellarians are considerably more extensive than those of monogeneans, and would suggest that a regression has occurred in the latter as a consequence of the adoption of a more sedentary parasitic lifestyle. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Avaliação do potencial tóxico e genotóxico do sulfato de cobre em planária : utilidade deste organismo para biomonitoramento ambiental

A poluição do meio ambiente por metais pesados apresenta um problema grave devido a sua alta toxicidade e a capacidade de bioacumulação. Tendo em vista o vasto uso do sulfato de cobre em algumas indústrias e nas lavouras do Rio Grande do Sul, e a importância de se avaliar possíveis danos causados nos seres vivos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o potencial tóxico do sulfato de cobre em Planária e verificar a utilidade deste organismo para biomonitoramento ambiental. O sulfato de cobre induziu dano dose-dependente no DNA após exposição aguda e crônica, sendo que o efeito observado é a primeira evidência da genotoxicidade do cobre detectada com o Teste Cometa. A interferência dos íons de cobre com o processo de reparo do dano no DNA induzido pelo MMS sugere que o cobre poderia modular os efeitos genotóxicos associados com a exposição às misturas complexas no meio ambiente. Monitoramento da cinética do reparo no DNA em planárias mostrou reparo mais lento in vivo em comparação aos dados obtidos em cultura de células, acentuando a importância dos testes in vivo na avaliação do risco associado com a exposição adversa. O conteúdo da proteína hsp60 em planária Dugesia schubarti não foi alterado em resultado da exposição ao cobre, mostrando que não é um parâmetro adequado para avaliação da contaminação química. Animais não tratados apresentaram quantidades detectáveis de proteína hsp60, revelando um alto nível basal de expressão desta proteína que poderia mascarar possível indução em resultado da exposição química. Contudo, indução da hsp60 foi observada após choque térmico. A atividade da catalase em planária foi significativamente induzida após exposição às baixas concentrações de sulfato de cobre, mostrando-se um indicador sensível para exposição aguda ao cobre e sugerindo possível uso deste ensaio em estudos com outros agentes oxidantes. A atividade relativamente alta da catalase, detectada nas planárias não tratadas, provavelmente está relacionada com o alto nível de oxigênio dissolvido no seu habitat. A exposição das planárias ao mutagênico conhecido MMS, in vivo, induziu quebras no DNA, de maneira dose-dependente, em concentrações similares com as da referência em células de mamíferos, comprovando a sensibilidade do sistema utilizado. A planária se mostrou também um organismo bastante apropriado para a detecção de danos no DNA utilizando-se o Teste Cometa, sugerindo que poderia ser útil para o monitoromento de efeitos genotóxicos induzidos por agentes químicos no ambiente aquático. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo revelam o potencial tóxico e genotóxico do sulfato de cobre em planárias e também sugerem que este organismo-teste pode ser considerado um sistema valioso para avaliação da contaminação química em estudos ambientais.

Biodegradação da vinhaça resíduo da produção de etanol

The State of São Paulo is responsible for the largest sugar cane production in Brazil, as well as the largest production of ethanol made of this raw material – which is widely used as fuel for automobiles. This utilization began in the 1970’s, with the institution by the Brazilian government of the National Alcohol Program (PRO-ÁLCOOL), as a consequence of the petroleum crisis, rising again five years ago, with the development of flex fuel cars. The obtaining process of ethanol originates residues; amongst them, vinasse is the one that’s generated in the largest amount (an average of 10 to 13 litres/litre of ethanol produced). The disposal of this residue in waters was only forbidden in 1978, but before that, researchers had already been investigating its utilization as raw material. This paper had the objective of accompany the biodegradation of vinasse by evaluating the oxygen comsumption during it until the ultimate Biochemical Oxygen Demand (uBOD), performed in twenty days; another objective was to analyse the biomass production of Saccharomyces cerevisae in this residue. Physical and chemical analyses of the residue were also performed, as well as acute toxicity essays using Daphnia similis and Dugesia tigrina, before and after its biodegradation. The physical and chemical analyses pointed elevated acidness (pH = 3,98), conductivity (8,30 mS/cm) and COD (25.693,43 mg O2/L) and mean quantity of suspended solids (5.246 mg/L). The toxicity essays indicated absence of toxic potential in vinasse after biodegradation for both species. The uBOD degradated until 88,22% of the COD, demonstrating the possibility of biodegradation of most of the residue’s organic load in a relatively short period of time. S. cerevisae caused a 37,03% COD diminution in vinasse, diminished its conductivity and promoted a slight elevation of the pH; it obtained low biomass...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Análise do uso das águas de uma empresa do ramo petroquímico via análise de sobrevivência

Pós-graduação em Biometria - IBB

Avaliação da qualidade da água dos rios Jaguarí e Atibaia por meio do índice de qualidade da água - IQA e ensaios toxicológicos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Macroinvertebrate abundance and proportion of trait categories in river biotopes across England and Wales

There is a long tradition of river monitoring using macroinvertebrate communities to assess environmental quality in Europe. A promising alternative is the use of species life-history traits. Both methods, however, have relied on the time-consuming identification of taxa. River biotopes, 1-100 m**2 'habitats' with associated species assemblages, have long been seen as a useful and meaningful way of linking the ecology of macroinvertebrates and river hydro-morphology and can be used to assess hydro-morphological degradation in rivers. Taxonomic differences, however, between different rivers had prevented a general test of this concept until now. The species trait approach may overcome this obstacle across broad geographical areas, using biotopes as the hydro-morphological units which have characteristic species trait assemblages. We collected macroinvertebrate data from 512 discrete patches, comprising 13 river biotopes, from seven rivers in England and Wales. The aim was to test whether river biotopes were better predictors of macroinvertebrate trait profiles than taxonomic composition (genera, families, orders) in rivers, independently of the phylogenetic effects and catchment scale characteristics (i.e. hydrology, geography and land cover). We also tested whether species richness and diversity were better related to biotopes than to rivers. River biotopes explained 40% of the variance in macroinvertebrate trait profiles across the rivers, largely independently of catchment characteristics. There was a strong phylogenetic signature, however. River biotopes were about 50% better at predicting macroinvertebrate trait profiles than taxonomic composition across rivers, no matter which taxonomic resolution was used. River biotopes were better than river identity at explaining the variability in taxonomic richness and diversity (40% and <=10%, respectively). Detailed trait-biotope associations agreed with independent a priori predictions relating trait categories to near river bed flows. Hence, species traits provided a much needed mechanistic understanding and predictive ability across a broad geographical area. We show that integration of the multiple biological trait approach with river biotopes at the interface between ecology and hydro-morphology provides a wealth of new information and potential applications for river science and management.

Macroinvertebrate abundance in tropical Andean streams, Ecuador

Deforestation in the tropical Andes is affecting ecological conditions of streams, and determination of how much forest should be retained is a pressing task for conservation, restoration and management strategies. We calculated and analyzed eight benthic metrics (structural, compositional and water quality indices) and a physical-chemical composite index with gradients of vegetation cover to assess the effects of deforestation on macroinvertebrate communities and water quality of 23 streams in southern Ecuadorian Andes. Using a geographical information system (GIS), we quantified vegetation cover at three spatial scales: the entire catchment, the riparian buffer of 30 m width extending the entire stream length, and the local scale defined for a stream reach of 100 m in length and similar buffer width. Macroinvertebrate and water quality metrics had the strongest relationships with vegetation cover at catchment and riparian scales, while vegetation cover did not show any association with the macroinvertebrate metrics at local scale. At catchment scale, the water quality metrics indicate that ecological condition of Andean streams is good when vegetation cover is over 70%. Further, macroinvertebrate community assemblages were more diverse and related in catchments largely covered by native vegetation (>70%). Overall, our results suggest that retaining an important quantity of native vegetation cover within the catchments and a linkage between headwater and riparian forests help to maintain and improve stream biodiversity and water quality in Andean streams affected by deforestation. Also, this research proposes that a strong regulation focused to the management of riparian buffers can be successful when decision making is addressed to conservation/restoration of Andean catchments.