Factors of Home Dream Recall and Nightmare Frequency in a Non-Student Sample

Home dream recall frequencies and nightmare frequencies show great inter-individual differences. Most of the studies trying to explain these differences, however, studied young participants, so these findings might not be true for persons older than 25 years. The present study investigated the relationship between dream recall, nightmare frequency, age, gender, sleep parameters, stress, and subjective health in a community-based sample (N = 455) with a mean age of about 55 years. Some of the factors that have been shown to be associated with dream recall and nightmare frequency were also associated with these variables in non-student sample like frequency of nocturnal awakenings, current stress, and tiredness during the day. We were not able to replicate the effect of sex-role orientation on dream recall and nightmare frequency, supporting the idea that age might mediate the effect of daytime variables on dream recall and nightmare frequency. As nightmare frequency was related to sleep quality, stress, health problems, and tiredness during the day, it would be desirable that clinicians include a question about nightmares in their anamneses.

Dream characteristics in a Brazilian sample: an online survey focusing on lucid dreaming

During sleep, humans experience the offline images and sensations that we call dreams, which are typically emotional and lacking in rational judgment of their bizarreness. However, during lucid dreaming (LD), subjects know that they are dreaming, and may control oneiric content. Dreaming and LD features have been studied in North Americans, Europeans and Asians, but not among Brazilians, the largest population in Latin America. Here we investigated dreams and LD characteristics in a Brazilian sample (n=3,427; median age=25 years) through an online survey. The subjects reported recalling dreams at least once a week (76%), and that dreams typically depicted actions (93%), known people (92%), sounds/voices (78%), and colored images (76%). The oneiric content was associated with plans for the upcoming days (37%), memories of the previous day (13%), or unrelated to the dreamer (30%). Nightmares usually depicted anxiety/fear (65%), being stalked (48%), or other unpleasant sensations(47%). These data corroborate Freudian notion of day residue in dreams, and suggest that dreams and nightmares are simulations of life situations that are related to our psychobiological integrity. Regarding LD, we observed that 77% of the subjects experienced LD at least once in life (44% up to 10 episodes ever), and for 48% LD subjectively lasted less than 1 min. LD frequency correlated weakly with dream recall frequency (r =0.20,p< 0.01), and LD control was rare (29%). LD occurrence was facilitated when subjects did not need to wake up early (38%), a situation that increases rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) duration, or when subjects were under stress (30%), which increases REMS transitions into waking. These results indicate that LD is relatively ubiquitous but rare, unstable, difficult to control, and facilitated by increases in REMS duration and transitions to wake state. Together with LD incidence in USA, Europe and Asia, our data from Latin America strengthen the notion that LD is a general phenomenon of the human species.

Dream characteristics in a Brazilian sample: an online survey focusing on lucid dreaming

During sleep, humans experience the offline images and sensations that we call dreams, which are typically emotional and lacking in rational judgment of their bizarreness. However, during lucid dreaming (LD), subjects know that they are dreaming, and may control oneiric content. Dreaming and LD features have been studied in North Americans, Europeans and Asians, but not among Brazilians, the largest population in Latin America. Here we investigated dreams and LD characteristics in a Brazilian sample (n=3,427; median age=25 years) through an online survey. The subjects reported recalling dreams at least once a week (76%), and that dreams typically depicted actions (93%), known people (92%), sounds/voices (78%), and colored images (76%). The oneiric content was associated with plans for the upcoming days (37%), memories of the previous day (13%), or unrelated to the dreamer (30%). Nightmares usually depicted anxiety/fear (65%), being stalked (48%), or other unpleasant sensations(47%). These data corroborate Freudian notion of day residue in dreams, and suggest that dreams and nightmares are simulations of life situations that are related to our psychobiological integrity. Regarding LD, we observed that 77% of the subjects experienced LD at least once in life (44% up to 10 episodes ever), and for 48% LD subjectively lasted less than 1 min. LD frequency correlated weakly with dream recall frequency (r =0.20,p< 0.01), and LD control was rare (29%). LD occurrence was facilitated when subjects did not need to wake up early (38%), a situation that increases rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) duration, or when subjects were under stress (30%), which increases REMS transitions into waking. These results indicate that LD is relatively ubiquitous but rare, unstable, difficult to control, and facilitated by increases in REMS duration and transitions to wake state. Together with LD incidence in USA, Europe and Asia, our data from Latin America strengthen the notion that LD is a general phenomenon of the human species.

Dream characteristics in a Brazilian sample: an online survey focusing on lucid dreaming

During sleep, humans experience the offline images and sensations that we call dreams, which are typically emotional and lacking in rational judgment of their bizarreness. However, during lucid dreaming (LD), subjects know that they are dreaming, and may control oneiric content. Dreaming and LD features have been studied in North Americans, Europeans and Asians, but not among Brazilians, the largest population in Latin America. Here we investigated dreams and LD characteristics in a Brazilian sample (n=3,427; median age=25 years) through an online survey. The subjects reported recalling dreams at least once a week (76%), and that dreams typically depicted actions (93%), known people (92%), sounds/voices (78%), and colored images (76%). The oneiric content was associated with plans for the upcoming days (37%), memories of the previous day (13%), or unrelated to the dreamer (30%). Nightmares usually depicted anxiety/fear (65%), being stalked (48%), or other unpleasant sensations(47%). These data corroborate Freudian notion of day residue in dreams, and suggest that dreams and nightmares are simulations of life situations that are related to our psychobiological integrity. Regarding LD, we observed that 77% of the subjects experienced LD at least once in life (44% up to 10 episodes ever), and for 48% LD subjectively lasted less than 1 min. LD frequency correlated weakly with dream recall frequency (r =0.20,p< 0.01), and LD control was rare (29%). LD occurrence was facilitated when subjects did not need to wake up early (38%), a situation that increases rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) duration, or when subjects were under stress (30%), which increases REMS transitions into waking. These results indicate that LD is relatively ubiquitous but rare, unstable, difficult to control, and facilitated by increases in REMS duration and transitions to wake state. Together with LD incidence in USA, Europe and Asia, our data from Latin America strengthen the notion that LD is a general phenomenon of the human species.

Attitudes et croyances envers les rêves : une approche multidimensionnelle

L'accord des co-auteurs est inclus dans le mémoire

Alexithymie et appauvrissement onirique chez des populations cliniques souffrant de troubles du sommeil

Le premier objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la relation entre l’alexithymie et différents troubles du sommeil chez des patients diagnostiqués (N= 580) selon la polysomnographie et la classification de l’American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) et chez des sujets contrôle (N= 145) en utilisant l’Échelle d’Alexithymie de Toronto à 20 items (TAS-20). Le deuxième objectif était d’estimer le lien entre l’alexithymie et des caractéristiques de rêves suivant un Questionnaire sur les Rêves de 14 items. Les résultats confirment un lien entre l’alexithymie et les troubles du sommeil. Sa prévalence était supérieure dans le groupe clinique comparativement au groupe contrôle, et était différente selon les troubles. Les hommes cotaient plus haut que les femmes à l’Échelle d’Alexithymie de Toronto à 20 items (TAS-20) et sur ses sous-échelles DDF (difficulty describing feeling) et EOT (externally oriented thinking). L’EOT pourrait être impliquée dans les troubles de sommeil en étant l’unique sous-échelle, où un effet principal des diagnostics était significatif dans le groupe clinique. Pour les rêves, le score du TAS-20 corrélait positivement avec le facteur « détresse des cauchemars »; et négativement avec « rappel de rêves » et « signification des rêves ». Les sous-échelles du TAS-20 avaient des corrélations différentes: positive entre DIF et « détresse des cauchemars », négative entre DDF et « rappel de rêves » et EOT avec « signification des rêves ». À part quelques exceptions, ces modèles sont obtenus pour les groupes cliniques et non-cliniques, et pour les hommes et les femmes dans ces deux groupes. Ces résultats suggèrent un modèle consistant, et reproductible, de relations entre l’alexithymie et les composantes des rêves.

Fréquence et contenu des cauchemars des victimes de maltraitance dans l'enfance

Les troubles de sommeil et les cauchemars occupent une position centrale dans le tableau clinique des victimes de traumatismes. Cette thèse, composée d’un article théorique et d’un article empirique, vise à clarifier le lien entre la fréquence et le contenu des cauchemars et l’exposition à un traumatisme. Plus spécifiquement, l’article théorique propose une synthèse des études sur la fréquence et le contenu de différents types de rêves que l’on retrouve dans la période post-traumatique. La fréquence des rêves, des mauvais rêves et des cauchemars est examinée en fonction des caractéristiques du traumatisme et des variables relatives à l’individu. Enfin, le contenu des rêves des victimes de différents types de traumatismes est décrit et exploré, afin de clarifier l’impact onirique d’un traumatisme. Quant à l’article empirique, il s’intéresse spécifiquement à la maltraitance qui fait partie des événements traumatiques les plus répandus au cours de l’enfance. L’étude réalisée examine la relation entre une histoire de maltraitance dans l'enfance, la fréquence des rêves troublants (c.-à-d. cauchemars et mauvais rêves), la détresse associée à ces rêves et la psychopathologie. Les participants de l’étude (n=352 femmes) ont répondu à des questionnaires évaluant le rappel de rêves, la fréquence des rêves troublants, la détresse associée aux cauchemars, le niveau de dépression et d’anxiété ainsi qu’un passé de maltraitance. Quatre groupes ont été formés selon le type et la sévérité des expériences d'abus ou de négligence vécues dans l’enfance. Les femmes qui ont subi les mauvais traitements les plus sévères rapportent davantage de rêves troublants et des scores plus élevés de psychopathologie. Les analyses démontrent que la détresse associée aux rêves troublants et le niveau de psychopathologie sont des médiateurs du lien entre les traumatismes subis et la fréquence des rêves troublants. Les implications des deux articles issus de cette thèse sont discutées à la lumière des différents modèles théoriques accordant une fonction de régulation affective au processus onirique. Le rôle central des rêves dans l’adaptation des individus à la suite d’un traumatisme est mis en évidence ainsi que l’importance clinique et empirique d’évaluer la détresse associée aux rêves troublants indépendamment de la fréquence de ces rêves.

Cauchemars et mauvais rêves : impact différentiel des méthodes de collecte et analyse descriptive de leur contenu.

Cette thèse avait pour objectif général d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les rêves dysphoriques (mauvais rêves et cauchemars), selon deux axes. Premièrement, nous avons voulu éclaircir les implications méthodologiques reliées aux différentes mesures de la fréquence de rappel de rêves (articles 1 et 2). Deuxièmement, nous avons voulu étudier un aspect encore peu exploré des rêves dysphoriques : leur contenu (article 3). Dans la première étude, nous avons comparé systématiquement différentes méthodes rétrospectives et prospectives utilisées pour mesurer la fréquence des cauchemars et des mauvais rêves chez 411 participants. En plus de reproduire les résultats d’études antérieures selon lesquelles les mesure rétrospectives sous-estiment la fréquence des rêves dysphoriques, nous avons démontré que ces fréquences n’étaient pas affectées de manière différentielle par le format de la mesure prospective (journaux de rêves narratifs ou à choix de réponse). Dans la deuxième étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la fréquence de rappel onirique en général (i.e. de tous les rêves) auprès d'un échantillon de 358 participants pour approfondir les résultats relatifs à la comparaison entre les deux types de journaux de rêves obtenus dans la première étude. Nos résultats soulignent que la fréquence de rappel obtenue par un journal à choix de réponse est plus élevée que celle obtenue d’un journal narratif, et que le présumé effet d’augmentation de rappel attribué aux mesures prospectives est limité dans le temps. Ces résultats suggèrent que des facteurs motivationnels sont impliqués dans la tenue d’un journal de rêves, et que dans le cas des journaux narratifs, ces facteurs outrepasseraient les facteurs attentionnels favorisant le rappel onirique. Dans la troisième étude, nous avons comparé le contenu de 253 cauchemars et 431 mauvais rêves obtenus prospectivement auprès de 331 participants, offrant ainsi l’une des descriptions de ce type des plus détaillées à ce jour. Nos résultats démontrent que cauchemars et mauvais rêves partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques mais se différencient en plusieurs points : le contenu des cauchemars est davantage caractérisé par des menaces physiques, et celui des mauvais rêves par des menaces psychologiques. De plus, les cauchemars ont plus souvent la peur comme émotion principale, ont une intensité émotionnelle plus forte, se terminent plus souvent de façon négative et sont plus bizarres que les mauvais rêves. Ces différences de contenu entre mauvais rêves et cauchemars suggèrent que ces deux types de rêves sont des manifestations d’un même phénomène variant en termes d’intensité, et que cette intensité est multidimensionnelle. Les résultats de l’étude 3 sont discutés en lien avec différentes théories sur l’étiologie et la fonction des rêves.

Les rêves durant la grossesse : étude de leur nature et de leur rôle prédictif dans l’adaptation psychologique à la maternité

De nombreux cliniciens œuvrant en périnatalité constatent que l’activité onirique est plus foisonnante et perturbée durant la grossesse. Certains croient d’ailleurs que le caractère plus vif, réaliste et marquant des rêves de cette période permette aux femmes d’avoir une plus grande accessibilité à leur monde intrapsychique, ce qui faciliterait la résolution d’enjeux relationnels laissés jusqu’alors en suspens. D’autres avancent aussi que les rêves permettent aux futures mères d’intérioriser leur rôle maternel grâce au développement de représentations mentales ayant trait, entre autres, à la future relation mère-bébé. Or, bien que ces notions soient fortement ancrées dans la littérature clinique, elles demeurent, en revanche, peu étudiées sur le plan empirique. Le premier objectif de cette thèse visait à offrir une meilleure description de l’activité onirique au troisième trimestre (≥26 semaines) d’une première grossesse, incluant le rappel onirique, la prévalence des rêves dysphoriques et le contenu des rêves. Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que, lorsqu’ils sont collectés prospectivement, les rêves des femmes enceintes ne sont pas plus fréquents, mais ils sont nettement plus perturbés (article 1) et globalement plus négatifs (article 2) que ceux d’un groupe témoin constitué de femmes non enceintes et sans enfant. Le deuxième article montre aussi que, sur le plan thématique, les rêves de la grossesse incorporent, en plus des préoccupations typiques de cette période, des images de la femme en relation avec un enfant. Les processus plus généraux de la formation d’imageries oniriques, tels que le développement de la trame narrative et la valence des interactions entre personnages, se montrent quant à eux similaires entre les femmes enceintes et non enceintes. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse visait à évaluer le rôle prédictif des rêves de la grossesse dans l’adaptation psychologique à la maternité, via l’étude de caractéristiques oniriques affectives et représentationnelles bien spécifiques (article 3). Nous montrons pour la première fois que les rêves qui dépeignent négativement la rêveuse et ceux qui incorporent la relation de la rêveuse avec sa propre mère prédisent indépendamment, et au-delà des symptômes dépressifs prénataux, l’adaptation de la femme aux chamboulements affectifs et relationnels que suscite la venue d’un premier enfant. Les résultats de cette thèse appuient l’hypothèse de la continuité onirique, qui stipule que les préoccupations de l’éveil transparaissent dans les rêves. Ce travail s’inscrit également dans la lignée des conceptions théoriques voulant que les rêves occupent une fonction adaptative pour l’équilibre psychologique.

Aspectos epidemiológicos, cognitivo-comportamentais e neurofisiológicos do sonho lúcido

Lucid dreaming (LD) is a mental state in which the subject is aware of being dreaming while dreaming. The prevalence of LD among Europeans, North Americans and Asians is quite variable (between 26 and 92%) (Stepansky et al., 1998; Schredl & Erlacher, 2011; Yu, 2008); in Latin Americans it is yet to be investigated. Furthermore, the neural bases of LD remain controversial. Different studies have observed that LD presents power increases in the alpha frequency band (Tyson et al., 1984), in beta oscillations recorded from the parietal cortex (Holzinger et al., 2006) and in gamma rhythm recorded from the frontal cortex (Voss et al., 2009), in comparison with non-lucid dreaming. In this thesis we report epidemiological and neurophysiological investigations of LD. To investigate the epidemiology of LD (Study 1), we developed an online questionnaire about dreams that was answered by 3,427 volunteers. In this sample, 56% were women, 24% were men and 20% did not inform their gender (the median age was 25 years). A total of 76.5% of the subjects reported recalling dreams at least once a week, and about two-thirds of them reported dreaming always in the first person, i.e. when the dreamer observes the dream from within itself, not as another dream character. Dream reports typically depicted actions (93.3%), known people (92.9%), sounds/voices (78.5%), and colored images (76.3%). The oneiric content was related to plans for upcoming days (37.8%), and memories of the previous day (13.8%). Nightmares were characterized by general anxiety/fear (65.5%), feeling of being chased (48.5%), and non-painful unpleasant sensations (47.6%). With regard to LD, 77.2% of the subjects reported having experienced LD at least once in their lifetime (44.9% reported up to 10 episodes ever). LD frequency was weakly correlated with dream recall frequency (r = 0.20, p <0.001) and was higher in men (χ2=10.2, p=0.001). The control of LD was rare (29.7%) and inversely correlated with LD duration (r=-0.38, p <0.001), which is usually short: to 48.5% of the subjects, LD takes less than 1 minute. LD occurrence is mainly associated with having sleep without a fixed time to wake up (38.3%), which increases the chance of having REM sleep (REMS). LD is also associated with stress (30.1%), which increases REMS transitions into wakefulness. Overall, the data suggest that dreams and nightmares can be evolutionarily understood as a simulation of the common situations that happen in life, and that are related to our social, psychological and biological integrity. The results also indicate that LD is a relatively common experience (but not recurrent), often elusive and difficult to control, suggesting that LD is an incomplete stationary stage (or phase transition) between REMS and wake state. Moreover, despite the variability of LD prevalence among North Americans, Europeans and Asians, our data from Latin Americans strengthens the notion that LD is a general phenomenon of the human species. To further investigate the neural bases of LD (Study 2), we performed sleep recordings of 32 non-frequent lucid dreamers (sample 1) and 6 frequent lucid dreamers (sample 2). In sample 1, we applied two cognitive-behavioral techniques to induce LD: presleep LD suggestion (n=8) and light pulses applied during REMS (n=8); in a control group we made no attempt to influence dreaming (n=16). The results indicate that it is quite difficult but still possible to induce LD, since we could induce LD in a single subject, using the suggestion technique. EEG signals from this one subject exhibited alpha (7-14 Hz) bursts prior to LD. These bursts were brief (about 3s), without significant change in muscle tone, and independent of the presence of rapid eye movements. No such bursts were observed in the remaining 31 subjects. In addition, LD exhibited significantly higher occipital alpha and right temporo-parietal gamma (30-50 Hz) power, in comparison with non-lucid REMS. In sample 2, LD presented increased frontal high-gamma (50-100 Hz) power on average, in comparison with non-lucid REMS; however, this was not consistent across all subjects, being a clear phenomenon in just one subject. We also observed that four of these volunteers showed an increase in alpha rhythm power over the occipital region, immediately before or during LD. Altogether, our preliminary results suggest that LD presents neurophysiological characteristics that make it different from both waking and the typical REMS. To the extent that the right temporo-parietal and frontal regions are related to the formation of selfconsciousness and body internal image, we suggest that an increased activity in these regions during sleep may be the neurobiological mechanism underlying LD. The alpha rhythm bursts, as well as the alpha power increase over the occipital region, may represent micro-arousals, which facilitate the contact of the brain during sleep with the external environment, favoring the occurrence of LD. This also strengthens the notion that LD is an intermediary state between sleep and wakefulness

Exploring the effectiveness of virtual product placement on recall and recognition of new brands

This paper investigates the effectiveness of virtual product placement as a marketing tool by examining the relationship between brand recall and recognition and virtual product placement. It also aims to address a gap in the existing academic literature by focusing on the impact of product placement on recall and recognition of new brands. The growing importance of product placement is discussed and a review of previous research on product placement and virtual product placement is provided. The research methodology used to study the recall and recognition effects of virtual product placement are described and key findings presented. Finally, implications are discussed and recommendations for future research provided.

Exploring product placement in video games : an investigation of recall effects

Despite its growth and prominence, product placement is generally under-researched and this is even more apparent in the area of placement in video gaming. This paper presents exploratory focus group research into this practice. Findings indicate that the introductory footage to a game provides placement opportunities with the highest level of recall, while peripheral non-action is the worst. Interestingly, recall also appears to be higher for individual brands as opposed to manufacturer brands.

Recall

One of the key issues in today’s competitive business environment advertising effectiveness. An important component to any advertising campaign or commercial is, whether or not it will be remembered. If a consumer cannot remember one’s brand name, how can one persuade them to buy it? Over the years, various techniques have been designed to measure the impact and effectiveness of advertisements, as well as how well they are remembered.

A phenomenological explication of dream interpretation among rural and urban Nguni people

Psychologists investigating dreams in non-Western cultures have generally not considered the meanings of dreams within the unique meaning-structure of the person in his or her societal context. The majority of dream studies in African societies are no exception. Researchers approaching dreams within rural Xhosa and Zulu speaking societies have either adopted an anthropological or a psychodynamic orientation. The latter approach particularly imposes a Western perspective in the interpretation of dream material. There have been no comparable studies of dream interpretation among urban blacks participating in the African Independent Church Movement. The present study focuses on the rural Xhosa speaking people and the urban black population who speak one of the Nguni languages and identify with the African Independent Church Movement. The study is concerned with understanding the meanings of dreams within the cultural context in which they occur. The specific aims of the study are: 1. To explicate the indigenous system of dream interpretation as revealed by acknowledged dream experts. 2. To examine the commonalities and the differences between the interpretation of dreams in two groups, drawn from a rural and urban setting respectively. 3. To elaborate upon the life-world of the participants by the interpretations gained from the above investigation. One hundred dreams and interpretations are collected from two categories of participants referred to as the Rural Group and the Urban Group. The Rural Group is made up of amagqira [traditional healers] and their clients, while the Urban Group consists of prophets and members of the African Independent Churches. Each group includes acknowledged dream experts. A phenomenological methodology is adopted in explicating the data. The methodological precedure involves a number of rigorous stages of expl ication whereby the original data is reduced to Constituent Profiles leading to the construction of a Thematic Index File. By searching and reflect ing upon the data, interpretative themes are identified. These themes are explicated to provide a rigorous description of the interpretative-reality of each group. Themes explicated w i thin the Rural Group are: the physiognomy of the dreamer's life-world as revealed by ithongo, the interpretation of ithongo as revealed through action, the dream relationship as an anticipatory mode-of-existence, iphupha as disclosing a vulnerable mode-of-being, human bodiliness as revealed in dream interpretations and the legitimation of the interpretative-reality within the life-world. Themes explicated within the Urban Group are: the phys iognomy of the dreamer's life-world revealed in their dream-existence, the interpretative-reality revealed through the enaction of dreams, tension between the newer Christian-based cosomology and the traditional cultural-based cosmology, a moral imperative, prophetic perception and human bodiliness, as revealed in dream interpretations and the legitimation of the interpretative-reality within the life-world. The essence of the interpretative-reality of both groups is very similar and is expressed in the notion of relatedness to a cosmic mode-of-being. The cosmic mode-of-being includes a numinous dimension which is expressed through divine presence in the form of ancestors, Holy Spirit or God. These notions cannot be apprehended by theoretical constructs alone but may be grasped and given form in meaning-disclosing intuitions which are expressed in the lifeworld in terms of bodiliness, revelatory knowledge, action and healing. Some differences b e tween the two groups are evident and reveal some conflict between the monotheistic Christian cosmology and the traditional cosmology. Unique aspects of the interpetative-reality of the Urban Group are expressed in terms of difficulties in the urban social environment and the notion of a moral imperative. It is observed that cul tural self-expression based upon traditional ideas continues to play a significant role in the urban environment. The apparent conflict revealed between the respective cosmologies underlies an integration of the aditional meanings with Christian concepts. This finding is consistent with the literature suggesting that the African Independent Church is a syncretic movement. The life-world is based upon the immediate and vivid experience of the numinous as revealed in the dream phenomenon. The participants' approach to dreams is not based upon an explicit theory, but upon an immediate and pathic understanding of the dream phenomenon. The understanding is based upon the interpreter's concrete understanding of the life-world, which includes the possibility of cosmic integration and continuity between the personal and transpersonal realms of being. The approach is characterized as an expression of man's primordial attunement with the cosmos. The approach of the participants to dreams may not b e consistent with a Western rational orientation, but neverthele ss, it is a valid approach . The validity is based upon the immediate life-world of experience which is intelligible, coherent, and above all, it is meaning-giving in revealing life-possibility within the context of human existence.

Do androids dream of electric chimera?

This paper describes the use of the Chimera Architecture as the basis for a generative rhythmic improvisation system that is intended for use in ensemble contexts. This interactive soft- ware system learns in real time based on an audio input from live performers. The paper describes the components of the Chimera Architecture including a novel analysis engine that uses prediction to robustly assess the rhythmic salience of the input stream. Analytical results are stored in a hierarchical structure that includes multiple scenarios which allow ab- stracted and alternate interpretations of the current metrical context. The system draws upon this Chimera Architecture when generating a musical response. The generated rhythms are intended to have a particular ambiguity in relation to the music performance by other members of the ensemble. Ambi- guity is controlled through alternate interpretations of the Chimera. We describe an implementation of the Chimera Ar- chitecture that focuses on rhythmic material, and present and discuss initial experimental results of the software system playing along with recordings of a live performance.