Doenças tropicais

Discutem-se os componentes biogeográfico e econômico das doenças tropicais, ou, em sentido mais amplo, das doenças definidas como negligenciadas pela OMS. Doenças tropicais surgem graças a um conjunto de fatores biológicos, ecológicos e evolutivos que condicionam a sua ocorrência exclusivamente às proximidades do Equador, entre os trópicos de Câncer e Capricórnio. Nesse sentido, reconhece-se que há, de fato, uma "fatalidade tropical". Porém, a perpetuação das doenças tropicais em países aí situados depende fundamentalmente da precária situação econômica vigente e é conseqüência direta do subdesenvolvimento.

Internalização de farmoquímicos e medicamentos para doenças tropicais negligenciadas: proposta de interação entre Governo - Universidade - Empresa

History shows that public health actions to combat epidemics are most effective when there is constant synergy of both government and society, exemplified by prevention actions in the fight against dengue fever, H1N1 influenza etc. Private-public-partnerships (PPP) can also provide more dynamic and consistent results in production through interaction among Government, University and Enterprise actors. This article puts forward proposals to tackle the problem of neglected tropical diseases via the formation of a Management Council using Etzkowitz's Triple Helix concept to attenuate this public health issue in Brazil.

Doenças tropicais negligenciadas: uma nova era de desafios e oportunidades

In an article recently published in Química Nova, entitled "Chemistry Without Borders" ("Química Sem Fronteiras") [Pinto, A. C.; Zucco, C.; Galembeck, F.; Andrade, J. B.; Vieira, P. C. Quim. Nova 2012, 35, 2092], the authors highlighted the important aspects of science and technology with special emphasis on the field of Chemistry and its contributions toward a more prosperous Brazil of future. As a second step in that direction, this article extends the discussion of a key issue for the country in the framework of the chemistry community through the so called position papers in strategic areas. This document is a part of the contribution of the Brazilian Chemical Society to the World Science Forum to be held in Rio de Janeiro in November 2013. In this context, the present paper provides a brief discussion on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with emphasis on the current challenges and opportunities towards the development and evolution of the field. NTDs leads to illness, long-term disability or death, and has severe social, economic and psychological consequences for millions of men, women, and children worldwide. In most cases, the available treatments are inadequate and extremely limited in terms of efficacy and safety, leading to an urgent demand for new drugs. In addition to the traditional challenges involved in any drug discovery process, it is widely recognized that there is an innovation gap and a lack of investment for research and development (R&D) in the area of NTDs. In the last few decades, methods toward combating, eradication, prevention, and treatment of NTDs have been repeatedly emphasized in the major international agendas. Developments in these strategies and alliances have continued to have an essential impact, particularly in the area of drug discovery, both in Brazil and globally and should be encouraged and supported. Several examples of international activities dedicated to the reduction of the devastating global impact of NTDs can be provided. Despite the beneficial developments in the past 30 years, NTDs continue to devastate poor communities in remote and vulnerable areas, in large part, due to market failures and public policies. Recent studies have shown that among 756 new drugs approved between 2000 and 2011, only four new chemical entities (NCEs) were identified for the treatment of malaria, while none were developed against NTDs or tuberculosis. Furthermore, only 1.4% of approximately 150,000 clinical trials were registered for neglected diseases, with a smaller number of trials for NCEs. Establishment and strengthening of global strategies involving the triad "government-academia-industry" is fundamental to the success in R&D of new drugs for NTDs. National and international public-private initiatives that aim to create, encourage, and invest in R&D projects have been implemented and therefore are of utmost importance to successfully integrate Brazil into this new paradigm. It is essential to lay the foundation for mechanisms that will intensify investments in infrastructure, training, and qualification of personnel with an ultimate strategic vision that foresees continuity. Our research group has made significant contributions to the development of this field with the goal of forging new frontiers while tackling both current and future challenges that include indispensable elements such as innovation and integration.

Inovação do método MIA-QSAR: aplicação para doenças tropicais negligenciadas

Multivariate image analysis applied to the quantitative structure-activity relationships (MIA-QSAR) is a 2D QSAR technique that has been presenting promising outcomes for the development of new drug candidates, due to its simplicity, rapidity and low cost. In this way, the present study aims at introducing, consolidating and improving the new dimensions named aug-MIA-QSAR and aug-MIA-QSARcolor, as well as applying them to the study of neglected diseases, in order to obtain new drug targets using chemico-biological interpretation of the MIA molecular descriptors. Four compound data sets with experimental bioactivities against Chagas disease, malaria, dengue and schistosomiasis were evaluated using three approaches: MIA-QSARt, aug-MIA-QSAR and aug-MIA-QSARcolor. In general, representations of atoms as spheres with different colors and sizes proportional to the corresponding van der Waals radii (aug-MIA approaches) improved the predictive ability and interpretability in all data sets. The use of colors proportional to the Pauling´s electronegativity showed that MIA descriptors are capable of identifying periodic properties relevant for the studied activity. Finally, solid colors instead of spotlighted atoms allowed a correct identification of atoms by means of pixel values in the studies for malaria, dengue and schistosomiasis, which were, subsequently, useful for the chemical interpretation related to the bioactivity. It can be inferred that semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones derivative with a tri-substituted ring in R1 group and a trifluoro methyl group in the R 3 position instead of a chlorine antitripanossoma resulted in higher activity. The antimalarial activity of quinolon-4(1H)imines can be improved if: 1) R1 and R2 are electron donor groups, 2) R3 has long aminoalkyl chains, and 3) R4 possesses substituents with big atomic volume. In the study for dengue, it was found that tetrapeptides with unbranched small size amino acids in the A1 and A4 positions can increase the substrate affinity (Km) to the NS3 protein, and when in A1 and A2 positions, the substrate cleavage rate (kcat). On the other hand, acidic amino acids in the A2 and A4 positions were found to be related with low substrate affinity to the NS3 protein and when present in A1, with low substrate cleavage rate. Finally, the presence of metoxy substituents in R1 (or R2) and R5 in the neolignan backbone can favor their antischistosomal activity.

Doenças tropicais e infecciosas como causa de morte atestada e classificada: um estudo de concordância, no estado do Pará, no período de 1996 a 2001

A falta de decisão na declaração da causa básica de morte é uma fonte de erro particularmente importante nas análises de moralidade segundo causas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a concordância entre a causa de morte atestada por médicos e a classificada mediante o uso das regras internacionais de classificação de causa básica de morte e sua influência no perfil da mortalidade por doenças tropicais, infeccionas e parasitárias, no Estado do Pará, no período de 1996 a 2001. O estudo foi do tipo descritivo, exploratório, tendo como base de dados os atestados de óbitos do sistema de informações de mortalidade estadual. Utilizou-se, para seleção dos dados, recursos do programa Excel 7.0 e do EPI-INFO 6.04 e, para análise o Coeficiente de Mortalidade (CM) por causa, a concordância observada (CO) e o Kappa. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam um perfil de mortalidade semelhante para as causas atestadas e classificadas (septicemias, diarréias e gastroenterite de origem infecciosa presumível, SIDA/AIDS, tuberculose e malária), com diferenças significativas nos valores dos CM por causa nos anos estudados (1996,p=0,0426; 1997,p=0,0223; 1998, p=0,001; 1999, p=0,0023; 2000, p=0,009 e 2001, p=0,0023). Os valores, encontrados, da CO e de Kappa, refletem as limitações impostas pelo preenchimento incorreto dos atestados do óbito e para a necessidade da implantação, nos municípios, das tabulações de causa múltipla de morte

Doenças tropicais, estratégias e pesquisas em doenças negligenciadas associadas à pobreza

Os sinais de deterioração do ambiente na escala planetária são notórios. A destruição de ecossistemas, a contaminação crescente da atmosfera, solo e água, bem como o aquecimento global são exemplos dos impactos das atividades humanas sobre o ambiente. Todas essas transformações impactam de forma direta ou indireta na saúde das populações podendo resultar em doenças negligenciadas, as quais fazem parte de um grupo de afecções transmissíveis, em sua maioria causada por protozoários e transmitida por vetores, cujo tratamento é inexistente, precário ou desatualizado. A Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde é apoiada no reconhecimento da relação entre riscos e seus efeitos adversos sobre a saúde. Dessa forma, é possível reconhecer quais os tipos de ação (vigilância em saúde) são disponibilizados para minimizar esses agravos

Doenças Tropicais

O vídeo apresenta cuidados necessários para prevenção das doenças tropicais.