921 resultados para Documental types
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Decisions are made constantly in organizational contexts; however, a wrong decision can bring undesirable consequences for organizations. In this sense, access to organic information becomes essential considering that decreases the uncertainties of managers in relation to decision making process. In this perspective, the identification of documental types from its production provides a consistent documental cycle, which will result in the recovery of information at the time requested by managers. Based on the above it was intended to verify what documental types recurrently used in the decision making process of a hospital company in the Bauru region, Sao Paulo State. For that, we applied the method 'Case Study' of Yin. We analyzed the information type that provided more security to the decision maker during the decision making. As a result, we elaborated a systematic documental organic types most used and most relevant to the decision-making process of the company, showing that when they are defined from the production of documents, the benefits for both the professional as archivist for the organization are significant.
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Greimas Semiotic offers procedures for the analysis of different types of texts and discourses. For this reason, this study aimed to analyze the production of sense from scientific discourse, explained by Greimas Semiotics and Generative Sense Course, seeking to develop a new perspective on the identification of aboutness in Documentary Content Analysis and Information Science. The method used was exploratory and bibliographic review. Results show that the analysis of scientific discourse contributes to the identification of aboutness in Documentary Content Analysis, using Greimas Semiotics and Generative Sense Course.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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En el día de hoy nos enfrentamos a una serie de desafíos económicos, geopolíticos y ambientales que apuntan hacia una transformación profunda del mundo tal y como lo conocemos. La arquitectura esta – siempre lo ha estado – imbricada en todos estos problemas. En nuestra actual condición de recursos limitados e injusticia global surge la necesidad de superar la dicotomía entre progreso y tradición, entre innovación y preservación – la urgencia de redefinir incluso cada uno de estos términos. Los tipos de crisis que encaramos ahora no se resolverán con mas tecnología y más crecimiento – se necesita también una profunda reevaluación de nuestros sistemas de valores e incluso de nuestra sensibilidad. En este contexto, la humilde contribución de esta tesis consiste en proponer la idea de un realismo en arquitectura, entendido como una actitud progresista y atenta a lo que ya existe, dispuesta a abrir los ojos al presente, a las condiciones y los problemas reales que nos rodean. Pensando en esta idea, resulta evidente que si bien el realismo carece de una definición clara en el campo de la arquitectura hoy, cuenta sin embargo con numerosos precedentes parciales, entre ellos algunos de los más notorios episodios de la historia de la arquitectura reciente. Al intentar confeccionar una lista provisional de arquitectos realistas en el último siglo, otro hecho se nos presenta: muchos, por no decir todos estos arquitectos, comparten una fijación por la fotografía, bien apropiándose del trabajo de fotógrafos contemporáneos, bien tomando sus propias imágenes como una forma de mirar fuera de sus estudios e incorporar la realidad del medio construido a sus proyectos. Parece entonces lógico pensar que la arquitectura, como disciplina visual, ha acudido a otra disciplina visual en búsqueda de su propia respuesta al problema del realismo – dentro de este campo la fotografía reverbera con la arquitectura especialmente, ya que ambas son consideradas simultáneamente como practicas utilitarias y como parte de las bellas artes. Parece entonces lógico el organizar la investigación como una serie de casos, con la esperanza de que la acumulación de diversas instancias en las que la arquitectura ha acudido a la fotografía en su búsqueda de un realismo arrojara luz sobre las ideas más generales a debate. Por tanto, cada uno de los episodios en este texto se examina en sus propios términos, si bien una serie de interconexiones emergen a medida que el estudio procede con un suave orden cronológico. Hacia el final del texto cuestiones más grandes recobran protagonismo, a medida que las repercusiones políticas de nuestro estudio se hacen más patentes y comenzamos a interrogar las implicaciones contemporáneas y el potencial futuro de nuestra discusión sobre el realismo. ABSTRACT Today we are faced with a series of economic, geopolitical and environmental challenges that outline a deep transformation of the world as we know it. Architecture is – it has always been – ingrained in all of these problems. In our current condition of limited resources and global inequalities there is a necessity to overcome the dichotomy between progress and tradition, between innovation and preservation – an urgency to even redefine these terms altogether. The types of crises that we are facing will not be solved with more technology and more growth – a deep reevaluation of our systems of values and our sensibilities are also needed. In this context, the humble contribution of this text is to put forward the idea of an architectural realism, understood as an attitude that is both progressive and attentive to what is already in place, willing to open its eyes to the present and accept the real conditions and problems around us. In thinking about this prospect, it immediately becomes apparent that even if realism lacks a clear definition in the field of architecture today, there are numerous partial precedents for it, among them some of the most notorious episodes in the recent history of architecture. In crafting a tentative list of realist architects in the last century, another realization takes place: many, not to say all of these architects, have had a fixation with photography, either appropriating the work of contemporary photographers or taking photographs themselves as a way to look out their windows and bring the reality of the built environment into their practices. It seems then logical to think that architecture, as a visual discipline, has looked to other visual disciplines in search for its own take on the problem of realism – within this field, photography specially resonates with architecture, since both are regarded simultaneously as utilitarian practices and belonging to the fine arts. The idea then becomes to organize the research as a series of cases, with the hope that the accumulation of diverse instances in which architecture has approached photography in its realist drive will shed some light on the larger ideas at stake. Therefore, each of the episodes in this text is examined on its own terms, with a series of interconnections slowly emerging as our survey proceeds with a soft chronologic order. Towards the end of the study, larger issues regain relevance as the political repercussions of our inquiry become more pressing and we start to question the contemporary implications and future potentials of our discussion on realism.
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La preservación del patrimonio bibliográfico y documental en papel es uno de los mayores retos a los que se enfrentan bibliotecas y archivos de todo el mundo. La búsqueda de soluciones al problema del papel degradado ha sido abordada históricamente desde dos líneas de trabajo predominantes: la conservación de estos documentos mediante la neutralización de los ácidos presentes en ellos con agentes alcalinos, y su restauración mediante el método de laminación fundamentalmente con papel de origen vegetal. Sin embargo, no se ha explorado con éxito la posibilidad de reforzar la celulosa dañada, y el problema sigue sin encontrar una solución satisfactoria. Hasta el día de hoy, el desarrollo de tratamientos basados en biotecnología en la conservación del patrimonio documental ha sido muy escaso, aunque la capacidad de ciertas bacterias de producir celulosa lleva a plantear su uso en el campo de la conservación y restauración del papel. La celulosa bacteriana (CB) es químicamente idéntica a la celulosa vegetal, pero su organización macroscópica es diferente. Sus propiedades únicas (alto grado de cristalinidad, durabilidad, resistencia y biocompatibilidad) han hecho de este material un excelente recurso en diferentes campos. En el desarrollo de esta tesis se ha estudiado el uso de la celulosa bacteriana, de alta calidad, generada por Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans CECT 7291, para restaurar documentos deteriorados y consolidar los que puedan estar en peligro de degradación, evitando así su destrucción y proporcionando al papel que se restaura unas buenas propiedades mecánicas, ópticas y estructurales. Se desarrollan asimismo protocolos de trabajo que permitan la aplicación de dicha celulosa. En primer lugar se seleccionó el medio de cultivo que proporcionó una celulosa adecuada para su uso en restauración. Para ello se evaluó el efecto que tienen sobre la celulosa generada las fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno del medio de cultivo, manteniendo como parámetros fijos la temperatura y el pH inicial del medio, y efectuando los ensayos en condiciones estáticas. Se evaluó, también, el efecto que tiene en la CB la adición de un 1% de etanol al medio de cultivo. Las capas de celulosa se recolectaron a cuatro tiempos distintos, caracterizando en cada uno de ellos el medio de cultivo (pH y consumo de fuente de carbono), y las capas de CB (pH, peso seco y propiedades ópticas y mecánicas). La mejor combinación de fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno resultó ser fructosa más extracto de levadura y extracto de maíz, con o sin etanol, que proporcionaban una buena relación entre la producción de celulosa y el consumo de fuente de carbono, y que generaban una capa de celulosa resistente y homogénea. La adición de etanol al medio de cultivo, si bien aumentaba la productividad, causaba un descenso apreciable de pH. Las capas de CB obtenidas con los medios de cultivo optimizados se caracterizaron en términos de sus índices de desgarro y estallido, propiedades ópticas, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), difracción de rayos-X, espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR), grado de polimerización, ángulos de contacto estáticos y dinámicos, y porosimetría de intrusión de mercurio. Por otro lado hay que tener en cuenta que el material restaurado debe ser estable con el tiempo. Por ello esta misma caracterización se efectuó tras someter a las capas de CB a un proceso de envejecimiento acelerado. Los resultados mostraron que la CB resultante tiene un elevado índice de cristalinidad, baja porosidad interna, buenas propiedades mecánicas, y alta estabilidad en el tiempo. Para desarrollar los protocolos de trabajo que permitan la restauración con esta celulosa optimizada, se comienzó con un proceso de selección de los papeles que van a ser restaurados. Se eligieron tres tipos de papeles modelo, hechos con pasta mecánica, química y filtro (antes y después de ser sometidos a un proceso de envejecimiento acelerado), y tres libros viejos adquiridos en el mercado de segunda mano. Estos ejemplares a restaurar se caracterizaron también en términos de sus propiedades mecánicas y fisicoquímicas. El primer protocolo de restauración con CB que se evaluó fue el denominado laminación. Consiste en aplicar un material de refuerzo al documento mediante el uso de un adhesivo. Se seleccionó para ello la CB producida en el medio de cultivo optimizado con un 1% de etanol. Se aplicó un método de purificación alcalino (1 hora a 90 °C en NaOH al 1%) y como adhesivo se seleccionó almidón de trigo. El proceso de laminación se efectuó también con papel japonés (PJ), un material habitualmente utilizado en conservación, para comparar ambos materiales. Se concluyó que no hay diferencias significativas en las características estudiadas entre los dos tipos de materiales de refuerzo. Se caracterizó el material reforzado y, también, después de sufrir un proceso de envejecimiento acelerado. Los papeles laminados con CB mostraban diferencias más marcadas en las propiedades ópticas que los restaurados con PJ, con respecto a los originales. Sin embargo, el texto era más legible cuando el material de restauración era la CB. La mojabilidad disminuía con ambos tipos de refuerzo, aunque en los papeles laminados con CB de manera más marcada e independiente del material a restaurar. Esto se debe a la estructura cerrada de la CB, que también conduce a una disminución en la permeabilidad al aire. Este estudio sugiere que la CB mejora la calidad del papel deteriorado, sin alterar la información que contiene, y que esta mejora se mantiene a lo largo del tiempo. Por tanto, la CB puede ser utilizada como material de refuerzo para laminar, pudiendo ser más adecuada que el PJ para ciertos tipos de papeles. El otro método de restauración que se estudió fue la generación in situ de la CB sobre el papel a restaurar. Para ello se seleccionó el medio de cultivo sin etanol, ya que el descenso de pH que causaba su presencia podría dañar el documento a restaurar. El método de purificación elegido fue un tratamiento térmico (24 horas a 65 °C), menos agresivo para el material a restaurar que el tratamiento alcalino. Se seleccionó la aplicación del medio de cultivo con la bacteria mediante pincel sobre el material a restaurar. Una vez caracterizado el material restaurado, y éste mismo tras sufrir un proceso de envejecimiento acelerado, se concluyó que no hay modificación apreciable en ninguna característica, salvo en la permeabilidad al aire, que disminuye de manera muy evidente con la generación de CB, dando lugar a un material prácticamente impermeable al aire. En general se puede concluir que ha quedado demostrada la capacidad que tiene la celulosa generada por la bacteria Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans CECT 7291 para ser utilizada como material de refuerzo en la restauración del patrimonio documental en papel. Asimismo se han desarrollado dos métodos de aplicación, uno ex situ y otro in situ, para efectuar esta tarea de restauración. ABSTRACT The preservation of bibliographic and documentary heritage is one of the biggest challenges that libraries and archives around the world have to face. The search for solutions to the problem of degraded paper has historically been focused from two predominants lines of work: the conservation of these documents by the neutralization of acids in them with alkaline agents, and their restoration by lining them with, basically, cellulose from vegetal sources. However, the possibility of strengthening the damaged cellulose has not been successfully explored, and the problem still persists. Until today, the development of biotechnology-based treatments in documentary heritage conservation has been scarce, although the ability of certain bacteria to produce cellulose takes to propose its use in the field of conservation and restoration of paper. The bacterial cellulose (BC) is chemically identical to the plant cellulose, but its macroscopic organization is different. Its unique properties (high degree of crystallinity, durability, strength and biocompatibility), makes it an excellent resource in different fields. The use of high-quality BC generated by Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans CECT 7291 to restore damaged documents and to consolidate those that may be at risk of degradation, has been studied in this thesis, trying to prevent the document destruction, and to get reinforced papers with good mechanical, optical and structural properties. Protocols that allow the implementation of the BC as a reinforcing material were also developed. First of all, in order to select the culture medium that provides a cellulose suitable for its use in restoration, it has been evaluated the effect that the carbon and nitrogen sources from the culture medium have on the generated BC, keeping the temperature and the initial pH of the medium as fixed parameters, and performing the culture without shaking. The effect of the addition of 1% ethanol to the culture medium on BC properties was also evaluated. The cellulose layers were collected at four different times, characterizing in all of them the culture medium (pH and carbon source consumption), and the BC sheets (pH, dry weight and optical and mechanical properties). The best combination of carbon and nitrogen sources proved to be fructose plus yeast extract and corn steep liquor, with or without ethanol, which provided a good balance between the cellulose production and the consumption of carbon source, and generating BC sheets homogeneous and resistant. The addition of ethanol to the culture medium increased productivity but caused a noticeable decrement in pH. The BC layers generated with these optimized culture media, have been characterized in terms of tear and burst index, optical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), polymerization degree, static and dynamic contact angles, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Moreover it must be kept in mind that the restored materials should be stable over time. Therefore, the same characterization was performed after subjecting the layers of BC to an accelerated aging process. The results showed that the BC sheets obtained have a high crystallinity index, low internal porosity, good mechanical properties, and high stability over time. To develop working protocols to use this optimized BC in paper restoration, the first step was to select the samples to restore. Three types of model papers, made from mechanical pulp, chemical pulp and filter paper (before and after an accelerated aging process), and three old books purchased in the second hand market, were chosen. These specimens to be restored were also characterized in terms of its mechanical and physicochemical properties. The first protocol of restoration with BC to be evaluated is called linning. It consists on applying a reinforcing material to the document using an adhesive. The BC produced in the optimized culture medium with 1% ethanol was selected. An alkali purification method (1 hour at 90 °C in 1% NaOH) was applied, and wheat starch was selected as adhesive. The linning process was also carried out with Japanese paper (JP), a material commonly used in conservation, in order to compare both materials. It was concluded that there are no significant differences in the characteristics studied of the two types of reinforcing materials. The reinforced materials were characterized before and after undergoing to an accelerated aging. Papers lined with BC showed more marked differences in the optical properties that papers restored with JP. However, the text was more readable when BC was the reinforcing material. Wettability decreased with both types of reinforcement, although in the papers linned with BC it happened more marked and independently of the sample to restore. This is due to the closed structure of BC, which also leads to a decrement in air permeance. This study suggests that BC improves the deteriorated paper quality, without altering the information on it, and that this improvement is maintained over time. Therefore, the BC may be used as reinforcing material for linning, being more suitable than the JP to restore certain types of papers. The other restoration method to be evaluated was the in situ generation of BC over the paper to restore. For this purpose the culture medium without ethanol was selected, as the pH decrement caused by his presence would damage the document to restore. As purification method a heat treatment (24 hours at 65 °C) was chosen, less aggressive to the material to restore than the alkaline treatment. It was decided to apply the culture medium with the bacteria onto the material to restore with a brush. The reinforced material was characterized before and after an accelerated aging process. It was concluded that there was no substantial change in any characteristic, except for air permeance, which decreases very sharply after the generation of BC, getting a substantially air impermeable material. In general, it can be concluded that the ability of BC produced by Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans CECT 7291 for its use as a reinforcing material in the restoration of paper documentary heritage, has been demonstrated. Also, two restoration methods, one ex situ and another in situ have been developed.
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The identification of archival records depends on description, being this last process summed up in designation. The title given to dif-ferent groups of documents will have a great incidence in archival func-tions. Taking this premise as our starting point, this paper presents theo-retical contributions made in Spain related to designation of documen-tary types, series and units. The status of the issue presented here tries to delimitate the concept of “documentary typology”, essential for Ar-chival Science.
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Este trabalho é um estudo sobre o sistema de informação Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios, como nasceu e como se desenvolveu, através do estudo orgânico-funcional, análise da produção e tramitação documental, desde a sua criação (1930) até à sua extinção (1976), através da aplicação do método de investigação quadripolar. Este método vai desenrolar-se mediante três actividades, cujo exercício se integra numa abordagem sistémica: a) Estudo da natureza da instituição a partir da análise dos seus fins, dos seus órgãos, das suas funções e da sua prática administrativa, tendo em conta tanto a evolução destes elementos ao longo do tempo como as relações que se estabelecem entre eles, através da análise de leis orgânicas e outros diplomas legais. b) Identificação e delimitação das séries documentais a partir da análise dos modos de produção documental, as características externas e internas destes tipos de documentos e as operações de conservação, descrição e organização arquivística. c) Apresentação do quadro de classificação: estrutura hierárquica e lógica que reflicta as funções deste sistema de informação. Pretende-se dar resposta às seguintes questões: 1- como classificar arquivisticamente a documentação acumulada no Arquivo Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios? 2- Classificar arquivisticamente os processos de infracções/crimes do Tribunal de Recurso da Intendência-Geral da Segurança Pública e os processos de infracções/crimes até 1936 no sistema Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios. 3- A produção e o circuito documental do Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios são semelhantes à produção documental dos tribunais de jurisdição ordinária? 4- Quais a(s) especificidade(s) a nível processual e de tipologias documentais. ABSTRACT: This thesis is a study on the information system of the Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios: how it started and how it was developed, and we do so proceding with the study of the organizational system, of the channeling of the proceedings and documents, since its creation (1930) until its ending (1976), using the quadripolar research method. This method will develop into three different steps, following a systemic approach and using the Quadripolar Method: a) A study of the nature of the institution supported by the analysis of its purposes, its organs, its functions and its administrative practices, bearing in mind the evolution of these elements throughout time and the connections that are established between them, with the support of some organic laws and other legal diplomas. b) Identification and caracterization of the document series; the method that it will be used will include an analysis of the process of document production, and also of both the internal and external characteristics of that type of documents and the archival conservation, description and organization. c) Demonstration of the classification board: hierarchic structure and the logic that is behind the institution of this documental base. This work intends to answer the following questions: 1. How to classify archival documentation accumulated in the Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios? 2. How to classify the offense/crimes processes at the Tribunal de Recurso at Intendência-Geral da Segurança Pública and the offense/crimes processes until 1936 at Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios? 3. Are the circuit and the document production of the Tribunal Colectivo dos Géneros Alimentícios similar to the production of documents in regular jurisdiction courts? 4. What are the specific level procedural and documentary types?
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Many factors affect the airflow patterns, thermal comfort, contaminant removal efficiency and indoor air quality at individual workstations in office buildings. In this study, four ventilation systems were used in a test chamber designed to represent an area of a typical office building floor and reproduce the real characteristics of a modern office space. Measurements of particle concentration and thermal parameters (temperature and velocity) were carried out for each of the following types of ventilation systems: a) conventional air distribution system with ceiling supply and return; b) conventional air distribution system with ceiling supply and return near the floor; c) underfloor air distribution system; and d) split system. The measurements aimed to analyse the particle removal efficiency in the breathing zone and the impact of particle concentration on an individual at the workstation. The efficiency of the ventilation system was analysed by measuring particle size and concentration, ventilation effectiveness and the Indoor/Outdoor ratio. Each ventilation system showed different airflow patterns and the efficiency of each ventilation system in the removal of the particles in the breathing zone showed no correlation with particle size and the various methods of analyses used.
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This paper introduces friendwork as a new term in social networks studies. A friendwork is a network of friends. It is a specific case of an interpersonal social network. Naming this seemingly well known and familiar group of people as a friendwork facilitates its differentiation from the overall social network, while highlighting this subgroup's specific attributes and dynamics. The focus on one segment within social networks stimulates a wider discussion regarding the different subgroups within social networks. Other subgroups also discussed in this paper are: family dependent, work related, location based and virtual acquaintances networks. This discussion informs a larger study of social media, specifically addressing interactive communication modes that are in use within friendworks: direct (face-to-face) and mediated (mainly fixed telephone, internet and mobile phone). It explores the role of social media within friendworks while providing a communication perspective on social networks.
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People have adopted various formats of media such as graphics, photo and text (nickname) in order to represent themselves when communicate with others online. Avatar is known as a visual form representing a user oneself and one's identity wished. Its form can vary from a two-dimensional model to a three-dimensional model, and can be visualised with various visual forms and styles. In general, two-dimensional images including an animated image are used in online forum communities and live chat software; while three-dimensional models are often used in computer games. Avatar design is often regarded as a graphic designer's visual image creation or a user's output based on one's personal preference, yet it often causes the avatar design having no consideration of its practical visual design and users' interactive communication experience aspects. This paper will review various types and styles of avatar and discuss about avatar design from visual design and online user experience perspectives. It aims to raise a design discourse in avatar design and build up a well-articulated set of design principles for effective avatar design.