A construção jurisprudencial do direito comunitário europeu

Conferência proferida no XV Seminário Roma-Brasília, UnB / Universidade La Sapienza, de Roma, em Brasília, em 29 de agosto de 1998

Recepção do Direito Comunitário Europeu Pelo Ordenamento Jurídico Interno dos Estados-Membros : análise comparativa das constituições da Alemanha e Holanda

Inclui notas explicativas, bibliográficas e bibliografia

O direito de exoneração do acionista minoritário

This study specifically addresses the situation of minority shareholders after the transfer of control in an listed company. The various underlying interests and reasons that shareholders have for investing in a company can demonstrate shareholders’ reasoning for taking radically different positions on issues relating to the transfer of control of the referred company. This study analyses the current legal system in Portugal and in the European Union in order to assess whether, in the event of a takeover bid of a listed company where there is a transfer of control, minority shareholders have the same appraisal rights as other shareholders to sell their shares and leave the company. The study then examines the European Court of Justice decision on whether a general principle of equal treatment of minority shareholders exists upon a transfer of control (Audiolux) and the Portuguese Securities Market Commission decision regarding the delisting of Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal, S.A. based on the principle of investor protection. The study concludes that although the principle of equality amongst shareholders has made progress in the European legal system e.g. it is laid down in Directive 2004/25/EC of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids and the Portuguese Securities Market Code, there is also a need for further improvement, which can be accomplished by allowing minority shareholders to exercise an appraisal right in similar unregulated situations.

O direito de exoneração do acionista minoritário

This study specifically addresses the situation of minority shareholders after the transfer of control in an listed company. The various underlying interests and reasons that shareholders have for investing in a company can demonstrate shareholders’ reasoning for taking radically different positions on issues relating to the transfer of control of the referred company. This study analyses the current legal system in Portugal and in the European Union in order to assess whether, in the event of a takeover bid of a listed company where there is a transfer of control, minority shareholders have the same appraisal rights as other shareholders to sell their shares and leave the company. The study then examines the European Court of Justice decision on whether a general principle of equal treatment of minority shareholders exists upon a transfer of control (Audiolux) and the Portuguese Securities Market Commission decision regarding the delisting of Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal, S.A. based on the principle of investor protection. The study concludes that although the principle of equality amongst shareholders has made progress in the European legal system e.g. it is laid down in Directive 2004/25/EC of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids and the Portuguese Securities Market Code, there is also a need for further improvement, which can be accomplished by allowing minority shareholders to exercise an appraisal right in similar unregulated situations.

Múltiplos de Cidadania : o modelo da neojurisdição comunitário-européia

Inclui notas explicativas e bibliografia

A execução das normas ambientais comunitárias na UE

Este últimos anos aumentaram as dificuldades quer relativamente à execução correcta e em tempo da legislação comunitária do ambiente, quer na prática, a sua aplicação adequada. Esta situação reflecte-se no número de queixas que a Comissão recebeu em cada ano e número de processos de infracção por ela intentados. Tal como nos anos precedentes o sector do Ambiente representou no último ano mais de 1/3 dos casos de infracção analisados pela Comissão. A Comissão recorreu ao Tribunal de Justiça intentando 65 processos contra os Estados Membros e enviou 137 pareceres fundamentados nos termos do art.226 do Tratado. O número de novas queixas, as quais se referem sobretudo à “má aplicação” presumida do direito comunitário do ambiente é muito elevado, desde 1996, data em que a Comissão publicou a sua comunicação intitulada “Execução do Direito Comunitário do Ambiente”. Só em 2002 registaram-se 555 novas queixas por violação do direito comunitário do ambiente. Um número considerável das queixas em questão deram também origem a questões escritas e petições ao Parlamento Europeu. O processo previsto no art. 228 que pode levar a sanções pecuniárias revelou-se eficaz em última instância para obrigar os Estados Membros a tomar as medidas necessária à execução dos Acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça. Em 2002 a Comissão por exemplo dirigiu aos Estados Membros 17 notificações de incumprimento, pareceres fundamentados nos termos do art. 228. O objectivo é sempre melhorar a aplicação do direito comunitário do ambiente e é evidente que as queixas e o Tribunal não são suficientes pra tal. Tem de existir uma maior colaboração entre os Estados Membros e a Comissão durante as etapas do ciclo de execução, a elaboração de novos métodos de trabalho e a implementação duma consciência cívica ambiental. E isto é especialmente importante na perspectiva do alargamento, se se pretender como pretende, que os novos Estados Membros transponham e executem correctamente a “Legislação Comunitária” nos prazos acordados.

A harmonização fiscal europeia

With this dissertation we aim to analyze the most relevant aspects of the excise duties harmonized regime, considering Community origins, but having also in attention all legal specifications of its implementation in Portugal. The legal regime of excise duties is presented as an ambitious theme, considering the challenge of different branches of law that influence this subject, such as Tax, Economic and Community laws, the inescapable influence of customs procedures, or regarding environmental objectives. In the European context, the harmonization of excise duties was seen as a condition for the implementation of the internal market, contributing to undo secular tax barriers between Member States and, since so, ensure fair competition and free movement of services and goods. Along with VAT, the excise duties harmonization process could represent a potential European tax system, essential for a full and integrated single market. In this context, it is essential to pay special attention to specific characteristics of excise duties regime, such as ‘duty suspension arrangement’ applicable during the production phase, storage and movement in certain conditions. The growing importance of excise duties, as for revenue or extra-fiscal purposes, recommends new academic studies on this subject, seeking new opportunities and challenges.

A harmonização fiscal europeia

With this dissertation we aim to analyze the most relevant aspects of the excise duties harmonized regime, considering Community origins, but having also in attention all legal specifications of its implementation in Portugal. The legal regime of excise duties is presented as an ambitious theme, considering the challenge of different branches of law that influence this subject, such as Tax, Economic and Community laws, the inescapable influence of customs procedures, or regarding environmental objectives. In the European context, the harmonization of excise duties was seen as a condition for the implementation of the internal market, contributing to undo secular tax barriers between Member States and, since so, ensure fair competition and free movement of services and goods. Along with VAT, the excise duties harmonization process could represent a potential European tax system, essential for a full and integrated single market. In this context, it is essential to pay special attention to specific characteristics of excise duties regime, such as ‘duty suspension arrangement’ applicable during the production phase, storage and movement in certain conditions. The growing importance of excise duties, as for revenue or extra-fiscal purposes, recommends new academic studies on this subject, seeking new opportunities and challenges.

A proteção subsidiária na nova lei do asilo: o sentido e alcance da figura

Dissertação de mestrado em Direitos Humanos