Avaliação da cobertura e monitoramento do branqueamento de corais nos

Coral bleaching has been increasingly the focus of research around the world since the early 1980s, when it was verified to be increasing in frequency, intensity and amount of areas affected. The phenomenon has been recorded since 1993, associated with elevation of the sea surface temperature due to El Niños and water thermal anomalies, according to most reports around the world. On the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, a mass coral bleaching event was recorded in the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (APARC) during March and April 2010, when the water temperature reached 34°C for several days. About 80% of the corals in Maracajaú reef-complex exhibited partial or total bleaching. The aims of this study were to verify representativeness of coral coverage and how the bleaching dynamic has developed among different species. Coral coverage was estimated according to Reef Check Brazil protocol associated with quadrant method, and bleaching was evaluated from biweekly visual surveys in 80 colonies of Favia gravida, Porites astreoides, Siderastrea stellata and Millepora alcicornis. At the same time temperature, pH, salinity and horizontal transparency, as well as mortality and disease occurrence were monitored. Analysis of variance and Multiple Regression from the perspective of time lag concept were used to evaluate the bleaching dynamics among species and the relationship between variation of means of bleaching and variations of abiotic parameters, respectively. Species showed significant differences among themselves as to variation of means of bleaching over time, but the dynamic of variation exhibited similar patterns

Densidade de Enterococcus sp em águas recreacionais e areias de praias do município de São Vicente-SP, Brasil e sua relação com parâmetros abióticos

Coastal cities attract a large number of tourists for their beautiful landscape and recreational activities, increasing the municipalities' income source. Thus, a need is clear for the establishment of beach quality monitoring programs to ensure bathers health. Although there is an effective monitoring program for recreational waters in Brazil there are no programs to certify the quality of beach sands. In this sense, the aim of this work was to analyze the density of bacteria from the genus Enterococcus in both sand and water from two beaches from São Vicente, São Paulo (Brazil) and correlate these densities to abiotic parameters such as: temperature, salinity, particle size, organic matter and tides). Water and sand samples were collected during February 2006 on the beaches of Gonzaguinha e Ilha Porchat and bacterial densities were determined by membrane filter technique. Temperature and salinity were measured in situ with a thermometer and a refractometer while particle size and organic matter were determined according to methods described by Suguio and Dean. There were significant differences between densities found in water and sand (p=0.004), being approximately 20 times higher in Gonzaguinha's beach sands. Similar results were found for Ilha Porchat beach samples, being the densities found in sand 3 times greater than those found in water. Both beaches showed a negative correlation between bacterial densities and salinity and temperature, suggesting a deleterious effect of these parameters on the bacterial community. On the other hand, no correlation was found between organic matter and particle size and bacterial densities. This work demonstrates that there is a great necessity for monitoring beach sand since the evaluation of beach quality is an important part of integrated coastal management programs.

Avaliação dos parâmetros abióticos e caracterização da comunidade planctônica em um viveiro de cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) no município de Curuçá - Pará

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar durante um ciclo de cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei com periodicidade quinzenal de 20/09/08 a 05/12/08 a comunidade planctônica e os parâmetros abióticos em duas estações dentro de um viveiro no município de Curuça, Estado do Pará. Foram medidos transparência, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade e temperatura, sendo os quatro últimos registrados na superfície e próximo ao fundo e realizadas coletas para o estudo do microfitoplâncton, zooplâncton e clorofila “a”. A temperatura variou de 31,5ºC a 35ºC. O oxigênio dissolvido variou de 4,2 mg/l a 15,5 mg/l. O pH manteve-se ligeiramente alcalino, entre 8,1 e 9,4. A menor salinidade foi 26,9 e a maior, 30 ppm. A transparência diminuiu de 55 cm para 17 cm. Clorofila a teve um mínimo de 2,33mg/m³ e um máximo de 471,34 mg/m³. Foram identificados 95 taxa e Bacillariophyta foi o grupo mais importante, sendo Navicula, Pleurosigma e Nitzschia os principais responsáveis pela sua dominância. A maior densidade registrada para o microfitoplâncton foi de 104.400 org/l no início do cultivo (20/09) e a menor foi 3.600 org/l na última coleta (05/12). A média de diversidade para o fitoplâncton na Estação 01 foi 1,49 bits/ind e na Estação 02, 1,43 bits/ind. Foram identificados 34 taxa zooplanctônicos, sendo Copepoda o grupo mais importante e Acartia lilljeborgi, Euterpina acutifrons, Oithona hebes, Oithona oswaldocruzzi e Parvocalanus crassirostris os principais responsáveis pela sua dominância. A maior densidade registrada para o zooplâncton foi de 162.000 org/m³ no início do cultivo (20/09) e a menor foi 375 org/m³ no dia 05/11. A diversidade também foi baixa tendo médias de 1,34 bits/ind e 1,10 bits/ind nas estações 01 e 02, respectivamente. Entre as principais conclusões: a comunidade microfitoplanctônica foi dominada pelas diatomáceas, sendo os principais gêneros responsáveis por esta dominância: Pleurosigma, Nitzschia e Navicula e a divisão Bacillariophyta foi o grupo mais importante tanto em termos de riqueza quanto de densidade; a classe dinophyceae revelou estar melhor adaptados em águas mais claras; os copépodos foram dominantes, sendo Acartia lilljeborgi, Oithona hebes, Oithona oswaldocruzzi, Parvocalanus crassirostris e Euterpina acutifrons as espécies que mais contribuíram para esta dominância; Clorofila “a” respondeu aos maiores aportes de ração durante o cultivo, aumentando com o tempo; as variáveis físico-químicas que sofreram influência do cultivo, variando significativamente ao longo do tempo foram: pH, oxigênio dissolvido e transparência e o viveiro investigado foi considerado homogêneo avaliando sua profundidade e área.

Diversidade de macroalgas marinhas bentônicas dos recifes de Maracajaú, área de preservação ambiental dos recifes de corais, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Despite the importance of coral reefs to humanity, these environments have been threatened throughout the world. Several factors contribute to the degradation of these ecosystems. The Maracajaú Reef Complex, in Rio Grande do Norte state is part of the Coral Reefs Environment Preservation Area in northeastern Brazil. This area has been receiving an increasing influx of tourism and the integrity of the local reefs is a matter of concern. In this study, the reef macroalgae communities were studied and compared within two areas distinguished by the presence or absence of tourism activities. Two sample sites were chosen: the first one, where diving activities are intense; and the other, where these practices do not occur. Samples were collected at both sites within a quadrate of 625 cm2 of area randomly thrown 5 times along a 10 meters transect line. Richness, Shannon-Hill diversity and Simpson dominance indices were determined based on biomass data. Similarity between sites was analyzed with Bray-Curtis similarity and distance index. Fifty-eight macroalgae species were observed, including 7 Chlorophyta, 13 Phaeophyta and 38 Rhodophyta. In the non-disturbed site, 49 species were found, while at the disturbed site, there were 42 species. Dictyotaceae and Corallinaceae were the most representative families at the non-disturbed site, and Rhodomelaceae and Dictyotaceae at the disturbed site. The non-disturbed site presented a higher biomass and the greatest richness and diversity indices. In the disturbed site the dominance index was greater and Caulerpa racemosa was the dominant species. The dendogram based on similarity index showed two major clusters, and an isolated element at the center that corresponds to a sample from the disturbed site. In the first cluster, samples from the non-impacted site were predominant and fleshy brown algae were more conspicuous. The second cluster was composed primarily of samples from the impacted site, where C. racemosa and red filamentous and erect calcareous algae associations (turf forming) were observed covering large extensions. These associations are represented by groups of algae adapted to environments where disturbances are frequent. They can grow rapidly on substrate where benthic community was removed and do not allow the establishment of other species. The results of the present study show that tourism activity is an impacting factor that has been causing shifts in macroalgae communities in the Maracajaú Reef Complex

Diversidade de macroalgas marinhas bentônicas dos recifes de Maracajaú, área de preservação ambiental dos recifes de corais, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Despite the importance of coral reefs to humanity, these environments have been threatened throughout the world. Several factors contribute to the degradation of these ecosystems. The Maracajaú Reef Complex, in Rio Grande do Norte state is part of the Coral Reefs Environment Preservation Area in northeastern Brazil. This area has been receiving an increasing influx of tourism and the integrity of the local reefs is a matter of concern. In this study, the reef macroalgae communities were studied and compared within two areas distinguished by the presence or absence of tourism activities. Two sample sites were chosen: the first one, where diving activities are intense; and the other, where these practices do not occur. Samples were collected at both sites within a quadrate of 625 cm2 of area randomly thrown 5 times along a 10 meters transect line. Richness, Shannon-Hill diversity and Simpson dominance indices were determined based on biomass data. Similarity between sites was analyzed with Bray-Curtis similarity and distance index. Fifty-eight macroalgae species were observed, including 7 Chlorophyta, 13 Phaeophyta and 38 Rhodophyta. In the non-disturbed site, 49 species were found, while at the disturbed site, there were 42 species. Dictyotaceae and Corallinaceae were the most representative families at the non-disturbed site, and Rhodomelaceae and Dictyotaceae at the disturbed site. The non-disturbed site presented a higher biomass and the greatest richness and diversity indices. In the disturbed site the dominance index was greater and Caulerpa racemosa was the dominant species. The dendogram based on similarity index showed two major clusters, and an isolated element at the center that corresponds to a sample from the disturbed site. In the first cluster, samples from the non-impacted site were predominant and fleshy brown algae were more conspicuous. The second cluster was composed primarily of samples from the impacted site, where C. racemosa and red filamentous and erect calcareous algae associations (turf forming) were observed covering large extensions. These associations are represented by groups of algae adapted to environments where disturbances are frequent. They can grow rapidly on substrate where benthic community was removed and do not allow the establishment of other species. The results of the present study show that tourism activity is an impacting factor that has been causing shifts in macroalgae communities in the Maracajaú Reef Complex

Diversidade de macroalgas marinhas bentônicas dos recifes de Maracajaú, área de preservação ambiental dos recifes de corais, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Despite the importance of coral reefs to humanity, these environments have been threatened throughout the world. Several factors contribute to the degradation of these ecosystems. The Maracajaú Reef Complex, in Rio Grande do Norte state is part of the Coral Reefs Environment Preservation Area in northeastern Brazil. This area has been receiving an increasing influx of tourism and the integrity of the local reefs is a matter of concern. In this study, the reef macroalgae communities were studied and compared within two areas distinguished by the presence or absence of tourism activities. Two sample sites were chosen: the first one, where diving activities are intense; and the other, where these practices do not occur. Samples were collected at both sites within a quadrate of 625 cm2 of area randomly thrown 5 times along a 10 meters transect line. Richness, Shannon-Hill diversity and Simpson dominance indices were determined based on biomass data. Similarity between sites was analyzed with Bray-Curtis similarity and distance index. Fifty-eight macroalgae species were observed, including 7 Chlorophyta, 13 Phaeophyta and 38 Rhodophyta. In the non-disturbed site, 49 species were found, while at the disturbed site, there were 42 species. Dictyotaceae and Corallinaceae were the most representative families at the non-disturbed site, and Rhodomelaceae and Dictyotaceae at the disturbed site. The non-disturbed site presented a higher biomass and the greatest richness and diversity indices. In the disturbed site the dominance index was greater and Caulerpa racemosa was the dominant species. The dendogram based on similarity index showed two major clusters, and an isolated element at the center that corresponds to a sample from the disturbed site. In the first cluster, samples from the non-impacted site were predominant and fleshy brown algae were more conspicuous. The second cluster was composed primarily of samples from the impacted site, where C. racemosa and red filamentous and erect calcareous algae associations (turf forming) were observed covering large extensions. These associations are represented by groups of algae adapted to environments where disturbances are frequent. They can grow rapidly on substrate where benthic community was removed and do not allow the establishment of other species. The results of the present study show that tourism activity is an impacting factor that has been causing shifts in macroalgae communities in the Maracajaú Reef Complex

Estudo de Fractalidade e Evolução Dinâmica de Sistemas Complexos

In this work, the study of some complex systems is done with use of two distinct procedures. In the first part, we have studied the usage of Wavelet transform on analysis and characterization of (multi)fractal time series. We have test the reliability of Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima method (WTMM) in respect to the multifractal formalism, trough the calculation of the singularity spectrum of time series whose fractality is well known a priori. Next, we have use the Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima method to study the fractality of lungs crackles sounds, a biological time series. Since the crackles sounds are due to the opening of a pulmonary airway bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which was initially closed, we can get information on the phenomenon of the airway opening cascade of the whole lung. Once this phenomenon is associated with the pulmonar tree architecture, which displays fractal geometry, the analysis and fractal characterization of this noise may provide us with important parameters for comparison between healthy lungs and those affected by disorders that affect the geometry of the tree lung, such as the obstructive and parenchymal degenerative diseases, which occurs, for example, in pulmonary emphysema. In the second part, we study a site percolation model for square lattices, where the percolating cluster grows governed by a control rule, corresponding to a method of automatic search. In this model of percolation, which have characteristics of self-organized criticality, the method does not use the automated search on Leaths algorithm. It uses the following control rule: pt+1 = pt + k(Rc − Rt), where p is the probability of percolation, k is a kinetic parameter where 0 < k < 1 and R is the fraction of percolating finite square lattices with side L, LxL. This rule provides a time series corresponding to the dynamical evolution of the system, in particular the likelihood of percolation p. We proceed an analysis of scaling of the signal obtained in this way. The model used here enables the study of the automatic search method used for site percolation in square lattices, evaluating the dynamics of their parameters when the system goes to the critical point. It shows that the scaling of , the time elapsed until the system reaches the critical point, and tcor, the time required for the system loses its correlations, are both inversely proportional to k, the kinetic parameter of the control rule. We verify yet that the system has two different time scales after: one in which the system shows noise of type 1 f , indicating to be strongly correlated. Another in which it shows white noise, indicating that the correlation is lost. For large intervals of time the dynamics of the system shows ergodicity

A manutenção do equilíbrio econômico de contratos de obras públicas empreitadas: parâmetros para o estudo de riscos vinculados a atrasos no encaixe do preço

Dentre os diversos segmentos do Setor da Construção Civil, um dos principais é o de obras por empreitada global, que são aquelas contratadas por preço certo e total. As obras públicas, que têm como finalidade atender a uma utilidade pública e cujos contratos são regidos pela Lei 8.666/93, são geralmente contratadas sob esse regime de execução. O artigo 58 desta Lei determina que deva ser mantido o equilíbrio econômicofinanceiro dos contratos celebrados com o Poder Público. A fundamentação teórica trata dos conceitos de obras públicas, dos principais aspectos da Lei 8.666/93, de análise econômico-financeira e de análise de riscos. Este trabalho apresenta também uma sistemática e uma simulação numérica para formação de preços para obras empreitadas de Construção Civil. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é a criação de parâmetros para o estabelecimento de margens de proteção para a dilatação do prazo e respectivos encaixes de preços, visando, como determina a Lei 8.666/93, a manutenção do equilíbrio original. Com base na análise dos resultados de 63 obras, verifica-se a manutenção do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro, comparando-se a taxa de retorno restrita esperada pelas empresas no momento das licitações com a realmente alcançada na operação. A partir dos desvios detectados nas taxas de retorno nesses dois momentos, cria-se, pelo processo de simulação e análise de sensibilidade, parâmetros para cobertura dos referidos riscos. No momento da licitação, a taxa de retorno restrita média das obras analisadas é de 9,45% ao mês. No segundo momento, essa taxa cai para em média para 5,16% ao mês. Isto representa, em média, uma variação de 45,39%. A taxa média de atratividade das obras públicas analisadas está dentro do intervalo de 6% a 13% ao mês. Como parâmetro de cobertura de riscos quanto aos desvios de prazo e encaixe do preço, tem-se o intervalo de 1,5% a 11,5% do preço. Portanto, entre as obras analisadas, não existe o equilíbrio econômico-financeiro.

Dinâmica das transições quiral e de desconfinamento da cromodinâmica quântica com o modelo Polyakov-Nambu-Jona-Lasinio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Bonito, municípios de Avaré e Itatinga-SP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Distribuição e uso de habitat por peixes recifais em um gradiente ambiental: estudo de caso em recifes areníticos

There are several abiotic factors reported in the literature as regulators of the distribution of fish species in marine environments. Among them stand out structural complexity of habitat, benthic composition, depth and distance from the coast are usually reported as positive influencers in the diversity of difentes species, including reef fish. These are dominant elements in reef systems and considered high ecological and socioeconomic importance. Understanding how the above factors influence the distribution and habitat use of reef fish communities are important for their management and conservation. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the influence of these variables on the community of reef fishes along an environmental gradient of depth and distance from shore base in sandstone reefs in the coast of state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. These variables are also used for creating a simple predictive model reef fish biomass for the environment studied. Data collection was performed through visual surveys in situ, and recorded environmental data (structural complexity of habitat, type of coverage of the substrate, benthic invertebrates) and ecological (wealth, abundance and reef fish size classes). As a complement, information on the diet were raised through literature and the biomass was estimated from the length-weight relationship of each species. Overall, the reefs showed a low coverage by corals and the Shallow reefs, Intermediate I and II dominated by algae and the Funds by algae and sponges. The complexity has increased along the gradient and positively influenced the species richness and abundance. Both attributes influenced in the structure of the reef fish community, increasing the richness, abundance and biomass of fish as well as differentiating the trophic structure of the community along the depth gradient and distance from the coast. Distribution and use of habitat by recifas fish was associated with food availability. The predictor model identified depth, roughness and coverage for foliose algae, calcareous algae and soft corals as the most significant variables influencing in the biomass of reef fish. In short, the description and understanding of these patterns are important steps to elucidate the ecological processes. In this sense, our approach provides a new understanding of the structure of the reef fish community of Rio Grande do Norte, allowing understand a part of a whole and assist future monitoring actions, evaluation, management and conservation of these and other reefs of Brazil.

Determinação de cenários futuros de uso e cobertura do solo e sua influência na vulnerabilidade ambiental : o caso do município de Formosa – GO

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Ambiental e Recursos Hídricos, 2015.

Distribuição espacial e temporal de espécies de Bledius (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) em praias arenosas no sul do Brasil

Besouros da família Staphylinidae são comuns em zonas costeiras inundáveis pelas marés, como praias arenosas, manguezais, estuários e marismas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a distribuição espacial e a variação temporal da abundância ao longo de um ano, das espécies ocorrentes em duas praias arenosas (Assenodi e Cem) no Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brasil. Coletas semanais com um cilindro de PVC com 15 cm de diâmetro (0,017 m²) enterrado a 5 cm de profundidade, foram realizadas de janeiro a dezembro de 2012. A praia Assenodi apresentou altos valores de umidade de sedimento no supralitoral e pós-praia. Nesta praia, Bledius bonariensis foi dominante, mas também houve registro de B. fernandezi, ambas distribuídas nas porções superiores do perfil praial e ocorreram ao longo de todo o ano. A praia Cem apresentou valores altos de umidade do sedimento apenas no mesolitoral, em decorrência da subida e descida da maré, neste estrato B. hermani, foi a espécie dominante. Bledius bonariensis teve ocorrência ocasional em alguns meses do outono e inverno, associada a um aumento nas precipitações. A variação na abundância de B. hermani foi grande, sendo os maiores valores associados às altas temperaturas do verão. As espécies de Bledius mostraram uma clara separação espacial relacionada a distintos requerimentos ambientais, o que possibilita a coocorrência das três espécies na mesma praia em função de variações ambientais ao longo do ano.

Variações do carbono orgânico dissolvido e de atributos físicos do solo sob diferentes sistemas de uso da terra na Amazônia central

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre C orgânico dissolvido (COD) e atributos físicos do solo em diferentes sistemas de uso da terra na Amazônia central. Quantificaram-se as concentrações de COD sob floresta primária, em três posições topográficas, e em áreas de pastagem, sucessão secundária e sistema agroflorestal (SAF) até a profundidade de 2 m. Instalaram-se extratores de solução do solo para coleta e análise do C da solução na fase orgânica durante um ciclo hidrológico. As concentrações médias de C orgânico dissolvido (COD) na solução do solo seguiram a ordem SAF ou sucessão secundária > floresta (platô) > pastagem (períodos seco e chuvoso-seco), exceto nos períodos chuvoso e seco-chuvoso, em que a pastagem iguala ou ultrapassa as concentrações de COD dos outros ambientes em determinadas profundidades. Os resultados demonstraram a capacidade do SAF e sucessão secundária em recuperar e, ou, disponibilizar o C na solução do solo, sendo formas de utilização do solo recomendadas para manter o C no ambiente terrestre. O COD apresentou variação temporal, espacial e em profundidade, decrescendo nesta última. A ação da estruturação do solo, representada pela agregação, C orgânico total (COT) e porosidade, exerce grande influência nas concentrações de COD nas camadas do solo e, aliada à matéria orgânica mais lábil do solo, determinam a manutenção do C na solução do solo. As concentrações de COD obtidas sob os diferentes ambientes estudados refletem a importância do manejo adequado do solo para a permanência do C no ecossistema do solo.

Monitorización biofísica intraparto

En este artículo se presenta la situación actual del control biofísico fetal intraparto, que comprende los siguientes aspectos: métodos de control de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal y de la dinámica uterina, los parámetros que hay que valorar y la relación entre ellos durante el parto. Se analizan los diferentes tipos de deceleraciones: precoces, tardías y variables, y se comentan otros métodos complementarios de control fetal intraparto.