Transplanting diglossia: attitudes towards Standard and Cypriot Greek among London’s Greek Cypriot community

The linguistic situation in Greek-speaking Cyprus has been traditionally described as a textbook case of diglossia à la Ferguson (1959) with Standard Modern Greek (SModGr) being labelled as the High variety and Cypriot Greek (CypGr), the regional ModGr variety of Cyprus, being labelled the Low variety (Arvaniti, 2011; Moschonas, 1996). More recently, however, it has been proposed that the linguistic repertoire available to speakers features an array of forms of CypGr, which is best described as a continuum ranging from basilectal to acrolectal varieties (Katsoyannou et al., 2006; Tsiplakou et al., 2006). The basilectal end encompasses low prestige varieties predominantly spoken in rural areas. The acrolectal end is occupied by the version of SModGr used in the public domain in Cyprus (Arvaniti, 2006/2010). SModGr is known to carry high prestige in Cyprus. Speakers of CypGr describe speakers of the standard as more attractive, more intelligent, more interesting and more educated than speakers of the Cypriot dialect (Papapavlou, 1998). In this paper, I explore the relation between SModGr and CypGr in a diasporic setting, namely, the Greek Cypriot community of London. The United Kingdom is home to a sizeable Greek Cypriot community, whose population is presently estimated to fall between 200,000 and 300,000 individuals (Christodoulou-Pipis, 1991; National Federation of Cypriots in the UK). Similarly to the Cyprus homeland, the members of the Greek Cypriot parikia (‘community’) share a rich linguistic repertoire, which, in addition to varieties of Greek, crucially includes English. As is often the case with diasporas, the parikia does not form a homogeneous speech community in that not all of its members have an equally good command of Greek or even English. Rather, different types of monolingual and bilingual speakers are found including a large number of heritage speakers in the sense of Benmamoun et al. (2013), Montrul (2008, 2015) and Polinsky & Kagan (2007). Twenty British-born heritage speakers of CypGr were interviewed on their attitudes towards the different varieties of Greek. Results indicate that the prestige relation between SModGr and CypGr that holds in Cyprus has been transplanted to the parikia. SModGr is widely perceived as the prestigious variety and is described in positive terms (‘correct’, ‘proper’). The use of CypGr, on the other hand, enjoys covert prestige: it is perceived as an index of solidarity and in-group membership but at the same time is also viewed by heritage speakers as reminiscent of the hardship and lack of education of the generation that brought CypGr to the UK. In certain cases, the use of CypGr by heritage speakers is actively discouraged by the first generation not only in the public domain but also in private domains such as the home. Active discouragement targets both lexical and grammatical variants that are traditionally associated with basilectal varieties of CypGr, and heritage language features, especially the adoption of morphologically adapted loanwords from English. References Arvaniti, Amalia. 2006/2010. Linguistic practices in Cyprus and the emergence of Cypriot Standard Greek. Mediterranean Language Review 17, 15–45. Benmamoun, Elabbas, Silvina Montrul & Maria Polinsky. 2013. Heritage languages and their speakers: opportunities and challenges for linguists. Theoretical Linguistics 39(3/4), 129–181. Christodoulou-Pipis, Irina. 1991. Greek Outside Greece: Language Use by Greek-Cypriots in Britain. Nicosia: Diaspora Books. Ferguson, Charles A. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15(2), 325–340. Katsoyannou, Marianna, Andreas Papapavlou, Pavlos Pavlou & Stavroula Tsiplakou. 2006. Didialektikes koinotites kai glossiko syneches: i periptosi tis kypriakis [Bidialectal communities and linguistic continuum: the case of Cypriot Greek]. In Mark Janse, Brian D. Joseph & Angela Ralli (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory, Mytilene, Greece, 30 September – 3 October 2004, 156–171. Patras: University of Patras. Montrul, Silvina A. 2008. Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Montrul, Silvina. 2015. The Acquisition of Heritage Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Moschonas, Spiros. 1996. I glossiki dimorfia stin Kypro [Diglossia in Cyprus]. In “Ischyres” – “Astheneis” Glosses stin Evropaiki Enosi: Opseis tou glossikou igemonismou [“Strong” – “Weak” Languages in the European Union: Aspects of Linguistic Imperialism], 121–128. Thessaloniki: Kentro Ellinikis Glossas. Polinsky, Maria & Olga Kagan. 2007. Heritage languages: in the ‘wild’ and in the classroom. Languages and Linguistics Compass 1(5), 368–395. Tsiplakou, Stavroula, Andreas Papapavlou, Pavlos Pavlou & Marianna Katsoyannou. 2006. Levelling, koineization and their implications for bidialectism. In Frans L. Hinskens (Eds.), Language Variation – European Perspectives: Selected Papers from the Third International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 3), Amsterdam, June 2005, 265–279. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Perubahan bahasa dalam perspektif Pre neogrammarian dan Neogrammarian dan Pengajaran bahasa dalam konteks EFL (Pre-Neogrammarian and Neogrammarians’ language change and English language pedagogy in EFL contexts)

This article describes different perspectives in response to language change, and aligns the perspectives of language change to English language pedagogy in non-English speaking contexts. The Pre-Neogrammarian and Neo-grammarian linguists that believe the change leads to respectively language decay or language existence will be outlined. This article suggests that the theories derived from both perspectives can be applied to any language. Once there is cultural contact between languages, the dominant language tends to suppress the non-dominant language. Hence, besides focusing on changes that happen in English and the effects of the changes into this language, this article also considers that other language—in this case EFL teachers’ “local language”—experiences an adverse change as the result of the speakers’ interaction with English. Then, this article also describes how the changes might lead to EFL teachers’ adaptation in their practice and cause teachers’ dilemmas.

O Léxico do crioulo guineense e as suas relações com o português: ensino bilingue português-crioulo guineense

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários á obtenção do grau de Doutor em Linguística, especialidade de Lexicologia, Lexicografia e Terminologia

Les festivals francophones en Ontario : vecteurs de la vitalité culturelle d’une communauté minoritaire – une étude de cas multiples

Cette recherche consiste en un examen du rôle du festival dans une communauté linguistique en contexte minoritaire confrontée à des enjeux spécifiques tels que l’assimilation, l’exogamie, la diglossie, l’inégal accès aux services dans sa langue, de même que l’accès limité aux produits culturels de son groupe linguistique. Le cas des festivals francophones en milieu minoritaire sert à interroger concrètement et empiriquement les possibilités, les conditions, les limites et les contraintes de cette forme particulière d’événement en tant que vecteur de la vitalité culturelle d’une communauté minoritaire. Le festival est aussi exploré en lien aux grandes finalités de développement culturel et de démocratie culturelle, soit des mécanismes culturels à la source des politiques culturelles modernes, ainsi qu’en lien à son rôle aux niveaux de l’affirmation et de la consolidation identitaires. Une étude de cas multiples a été menée afin de comparer et d’analyser trois festivals francophones en milieu minoritaire ontarien qui sont mis sur pied dans différentes régions, et ont des objectifs à la fois similaires et différenciés : 1) La Nuit sur l’étang (Sudbury) ; 2) le Festival franco-ontarien (Ottawa) ; et 3) le Festival du Loup (Lafontaine-Penetanguishene). En focalisant sur chaque cas étudié, nous sommes en mesure de donner une vue d’ensemble du phénomène « festival » dans un tel contexte. Cette recherche présente, par le biais de sources documentaires, d’observations sur le terrain et d’entretiens auprès des organisateurs, des festivaliers et des artistes de ces événements, les perceptions qu’en ont et l’utilisation qu’en font ces différentes catégories d’acteurs impliqués. Elle fait plus précisément état de la contribution du festival au niveau des mécanismes culturels proposés ci-dessus. En outre, elle permet de déterminer si les acteurs directement impliqués dans ce type d’événement le perçoivent comme un enjeu important pour la francité. Bref, l’ensemble des contributions qu’apportent les festivals francophones en Ontario montrent en quoi ces événements agissent comme des vecteurs de la vitalité culturelle d’une communauté minoritaire.

Mar cruzado e terra bilingue: uma breve abordagem sociolinguística das línguas de Cabo Verde

O objetivo da presente dissertação de Mestrado consiste em refletir sobre o conjunto das representações e atitudes dos cabo-verdianos perante as línguas: o Crioulo e o Português. Como surgiu o Crioulo cabo-verdiano (daqui em diante Ccv)? Em que medida se pode falar da sua unidade e diversidade? Qual o futuro dessa língua nacional? Como convive com a Língua portuguesa (Lp daqui para frente), a língua oficial do país? Na verdade, pretendo retratar, usando os dados de todos conhecidos, a situação sociolinguística de Cabo Verde, sabendo-se que esse Arquipélago, situado ao largo da costa ocidental da África, era desabitado até à chegada dos portugueses no século XV. Com a colonização e importação de escravos do continente, desenvolveu-se no Arquipélago uma língua crioula de base lexical portuguesa, que é hoje a língua materna da grande maioria dos seus habitantes. Este “olhar de fora” sobre a situação linguística cabo-verdiana, elaborado por um estrangeiro não-residente em Cabo Verde, fruto da investigação desenvolvida no âmbito do mestrado em Estudos Regionais e Locais, tem como objetivo questionar o presente e o futuro do convívio entre o Crioulo e o Português nessa sociedade e cultura insulares de conformação mestiça. Para o efeito, o estudo faz um levantamento de algumas questões associadas a esta área da Linguística (Sociolinguística e Política linguística) e dos resultados da investigação ressaltam o bilinguismo com diglossia e o debate aceso entre alguns intelectuais falantes do Crioulo, em torno da oficialização da língua materna em paridade com a língua portuguesa, passados que foram trinta e oito anos (1975-2014), após a independência política do arquipélago de Cabo Verde.

Estudo diacrônico do uso das preposições: documentos latino-portugueses e português paulista moderno

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Línguas em contato no Oiapoque: as comunidades indígenas karipuna

Esta pesquisa está direcionada à análise da situação sociolingüística de cinco aldeias nas Terras Indígenas Uaçá no município do Oiapoque no Estado do Amapá: Espírito Santo, Taminã, Cutiti, Santa Isabel e Txipidon. Nesse contexto duas línguas estão presentes, quais sejam, língua crioula e língua portuguesa. O objetivo deste trabalho está centrado no reconhecimento da real situação sociolingüística desse espaço de lingüístico-geográfico, vislumbrando a língua materna da etnia, as comunidades, a situação dos sujeitos bilíngües, os usos sociais das línguas e situação escolar em contexto bilíngüe. A análise é embasada na concepção de diglossia sem estabilidade e de bilingüismo como fenômeno não estável, situado, com definição de sujeito bilíngüe relacionado ao contexto em que as línguas se encontram. A situação escolar é vista tendo por base os planejamentos lingüísticos de Hamel. Os dados são analisados sob a ótica da metodologia descritivo-interpretativa, com dados quantitativos auxiliando na descrição qualitativa da pesquisa. Moradores das cinco aldeias e professores índios e não índios fazem parte do corpus da pesquisa. Os resultados confirmam a língua portuguesa como a mais representativa, no repertório verbal das aldeias Santa Isabel e Txipidon e a língua crioula como língua materna de Espírito Santo, Taminã e Cutiti, aldeias de uma etnia em comum, a Karipuna.. Essas comunidades estão em conflito diglóssico, com a língua portuguesa ocupando espaço da língua crioula em alguns domínios lingüísticos. Confirma-se o bilingüismo apresentado pelos falantes como relativo ao contexto, com graus diferenciados de bilinguidade em cada aldeia, considerando-se as quatro habilidades lingüística: compreender, falar, ler e escreve. Essa é a situação que deve ser considerada pela escola em seus planejamentos lingüísticos e não somente as diferentes línguas maternas das comunidades.

"Mi bèl pawòl, mi!" Rappresentazione delle lingue e della parola nella narrativa di Patrick Chamoiseau e Raphael Confiant (1986-1994)

From 1986 to 1994, Patrick Chamoiseau and Raphaël Confiant published a series of fictional and non-fictional writings focusing on language issues. Interest in these themes can certainly in part be explained by the "surconscience linguistique" that Lise Gauvin attributes to Francophone authors: a linguistic over-awareness which, in the case of these two Martiniquais writers, may be attributed to their Creole-French diglossia. Although we might believe that the idea of Gauvin is right, it doesn't seem enough to explain why the linguistic theme plays such a central role in Chamoiseau's and Confiant's works. Deeply influenced by Glissant's theories on Creole popular culture and Antillean literature (Le discours antillais), they conceived a "Créolité" poetics based on a primarly identity-based and geopolitical discourse. Declaring the need to build an authentically Creole literary discourse, one that finally expresses the Martiniquais reality, Chamoiseau and Confiant (as well as Bernabé, third and last author of Éloge de la créolité) found the «foundations of [their] being» in orality and its poetics in the Creole language. This belief was maily translated into their works in two ways: by representing the (diglossic) relationships occurring between their first languages (Creole and French) and by representing the Creole parole (orality) and its function. An analysis of our authors' literary and theoretical writings will enable us to show how two works that develop around the same themes and thesis have in fact produced very divergent results, which were perhaps already perceivable in the main ambiguities of their common manifestos.

Spagnolo, inglese e spanglish a new york. Analisi sociolinguistica della comunita portoricana

L'elaborato intende proporre un'analisi sociolinguistica della comunità portoricana di New York. Il lavoro di ricerca, condotto proprio nella città di New York, ha lo scopo di fornire una prospettiva, il più ampia possibile, sull'uso dell'inglese, dello spagnolo e delle pratiche linguistiche legate allo Spanglish da parte di questa specifica comunità ispanofona. Lo studio si è concentrato prevalentemente sull'analisi del comportamento linguistico di due generazioni di portoricani, i cui usi linguistici variano in relazione a specifici parametri riscontrati all'interno dell'organizzazione sociale.

Retirement as a “language related major life event” and its consequences on the multilingualism of migrants

The present study investigates life stories of established Italian workforce migrants living in the city of Berne, Switzerland, in regard to “language related major life events” (De Bot, 2007). These events are important in terms of changes happening in the linguistic setting during the life span and influence language development. In this sense, during the process of retirement, a new phase of life begins, which, amongst other things, has to be reorganized in relation to social contact and language use. One of my main questions is how the subjects handle the changes happening within and after the process of retirement in respect to the use of different languages and how this “language related major life event” is constructed and described by the migrants. One of these changes happens due to the fact that, after retirement, the social network at the workplace (the primary source of language input) can get (partially) lost and with it, the use of the local language. The fact that migrants living in Berne are confronted with diglossia (Standard German and Swissgerman), that the Canton of Berne is bilingual (German and French) and that the migrants' mother tongue (Italian) is one of the Swiss national languages, makes this question even more interesting. A second question will consider the influence of the fact that most of the subjects in question lived with the idea of return migration, but as shown in a previous study (Alter/Vieillesse/Anziani, NFP 32, 1999), only a third returned back while another third remained in the host country and the final third chose the commuting option. I will first examine these processes, changes and influences by using quantitative questionnaires in order to obtain general information on demographic data, the social situation, and a self-assessment of linguistic skills. Secondly, I will use qualitative interviews to get in-depth information of the subjects’ life stories and language biographies. The results of this project are meant to deliver insight into different aspects that have not been looked at in detail to this point: which factors of the life stories of Italian workforce migrants, who decided to remain in Switzerland after retirement, influence the linguistic changes in general and the ones happening around retirement in particular.

“Jo wunderbar so im apriu kann man nicht mehr erwarten, capisci?” Multilingualism in a German language class for retired Italian migrants in Berne

Our proposal presents some aspects and results of a project of the University of Bern dealing with the consequences of retirement on multilingual competences. Referring to De Bot (2007), who defined "language related major life events" as moments in life relevant for changes in multilingual competences, we assume that retirement can be a turning point in a language biography. Firstly, there are phenomena, such as the cessation of the use of a foreign language, which was formerly related to work. Secondly, retirement might elicit the improvement of foreign language skills as a way to spend excess time after retirement or as a “cognitive exercise”. Many language schools have identified the people of advanced age as a group of major interest and increasingly offer so-called 50+ (fifty plus) courses in their curriculum. Furthermore, the concept of lifelong learning is increasingly gaining importance, as the reference by the European commission (LLP) indicates. However, most of the programs are intended for educated middle-class people and there are considerably fewer offers for people who are less familiar with learning environments in general. The present paper aims at investigating the multilingual setting of an offer of the second kind: a German language course designed for retired, established Italian workforce migrants living in the city of Berne, Switzerland. The multilingual setting is given by the facts that migrants living in Berne are confronted with diglossia (Standard German and Swissgerman dialects), that the Canton of Berne is bilingual (German and French) and that the migrants' mother tongue, Italian, is one of the Swiss national languages. As previous studies have shown, most of the Italian migrants have difficulties with the acquisition of Standard German due to the diglossic situation (Werlen, 2007) or never even learnt any of the German varieties. Another outcome of the linguistic situation the migrants are confronted with in Berne, is the usage of a continuum of varieties between Swissgerman dialect and Standard German (Zanovello-Müller, 1998). Therefore, in the classroom we find several varieties of German, as well as the Italian language and its varieties. In the present paper we will investigate the use of multilingual competences within the classroom and the dynamics of second language acquisition in a setting of older adults (>60 years old), learning their host country’s language after 40 years or more of living in it. The methods applied are an ethnographic observation of the language class, combined with qualitative interviews to gain in-depth information of the subjects’ life stories and language biographies.