Hand Gesture Detection & Recognition System

The project introduces an application using computer vision for Hand gesture recognition. A camera records a live video stream, from which a snapshot is taken with the help of interface. The system is trained for each type of count hand gestures (one, two, three, four, and five) at least once. After that a test gesture is given to it and the system tries to recognize it.A research was carried out on a number of algorithms that could best differentiate a hand gesture. It was found that the diagonal sum algorithm gave the highest accuracy rate. In the preprocessing phase, a self-developed algorithm removes the background of each training gesture. After that the image is converted into a binary image and the sums of all diagonal elements of the picture are taken. This sum helps us in differentiating and classifying different hand gestures.Previous systems have used data gloves or markers for input in the system. I have no such constraints for using the system. The user can give hand gestures in view of the camera naturally. A completely robust hand gesture recognition system is still under heavy research and development; the implemented system serves as an extendible foundation for future work.

Extremal graphs for the sum of the two largest signless Laplacian eigenvalues

Let G be a simple graph on n vertices and e(G) edges. Consider the signless Laplacian, Q(G) = D + A, where A is the adjacency matrix and D is the diagonal matrix of the vertices degree of G. Let q1(G) and q2(G) be the first and the second largest eigenvalues of Q(G), respectively, and denote by S+ n the star graph with an additional edge. It is proved that inequality q1(G)+q2(G) e(G)+3 is tighter for the graph S+ n among all firefly graphs and also tighter to S+ n than to the graphs Kk _ Kn−k recently presented by Ashraf, Omidi and Tayfeh-Rezaie. Also, it is conjectured that S+ n minimizes f(G) = e(G) − q1(G) − q2(G) among all graphs G on n vertices.

Radiative decay of the X(3872) as a mixed molecule-charmonium state in QCD sum rules

We use QCD sum rules (QCDSR) to calculate the width of the radiative decay of the meson X(3872), assumed to be a mixture between charmonium and exotic molecular [c (q) over bar][q (c) over bar] states with J(PC) = 1(++). We find that in a small range for the values of the mixing angle, 5 degrees <= theta <= 13 degrees, we get the branching ratio Gamma(X -> J/psi gamma)/Gamma(X -> J/psi pi(+)pi(-)) = 0.19 +/- 0.13, which is in agreement, with the experimental value. This result is compatible with the analysis of the mass and decay width of the mode J/psi(n pi) performed in the same approach.

Bs0 meson and the Bs0BK coupling from QCD sum rules

We evaluate the mass of the B(s0) scalar meson and the coupling constant in the B(s0)BK vertex in the framework of QCD sum rules. We consider the B(s0) as a tetraquark state to evaluate its mass. We get m(Bs0) = (5.85 +/- 0.13) GeV, which is in agreement, considering the uncertainties, with predictions supposing it as a b (s) over bar state or a B (K) over bar bound state with J(P) = 0(+). To evaluate the g(Bs0BK) coupling, we use the three-point correlation functions of the vertex, considering B(s0) as a normal b (s) over bar state. The obtained coupling constant is: g(Bs0BK) = (16.3 +/- 3.2) GeV. This number is in agreement with light-cone QCD sum rules calculation. We have also compared the decay width of the B(s0) -> BK process considering the B(s0) to be a b (s) over bar state and a BK molecular state. The width obtained for the BK molecular state is twice as big as the width obtained for the b (s) over bar state. Therefore, we conclude that with the knowledge of the mass and the decay width of the B(s0) meson, one can discriminate between the different theoretical proposals for its structure.

QCD sum rules for the X(3872) as a mixed molecule-charmonium state

We use QCD sum rules to test the nature of the meson X(3872), assumed to be a mixture between charmonium and exotic molecular [c (q) over bar][q (c) over bar] states with J(PC) = 1(++). We find that there is only a small range for the values of the mixing angle theta that can provide simultaneously good agreement with the experimental value of the mass and the decay width, and this range is 5(0) <= theta <= 3(0). In this range we get m(X) = (3.77 +/- 0.18) GeV and Gamma(X -> J/psi pi(+)pi(-)) = (9.3 +/- 6.9) MeV, which are compatible, within the errors, with the experimental values. We, therefore, conclude that the X(3872) is approximately 97% a charmonium state with 3% admixture of similar to 88% D(0)D*(0) molecule and similar to 12% D(+)D*(-) molecule.

Width of exotics from QCD sum rules : Tetraquarks or molecules?

We investigate the widths of the recently observed charmonium like resonances X(3872), Z(4430), and Z(2)(4250) using QCD sum rules. Extending previous analyses regarding these states as diquark-antiquark states or molecules of D mesons, we introduce the Breit-Wigner function in the pole term. We find that introducing the width increases the mass at the small Borel window region. Using the operator-product expansion up to dimension 8, we find that the sum rules based on interpolating current with molecular components give a stable Borel curve from which both the masses and widths of these resonances can be well obtained. Thus the QCD sum rule approach strongly favors the molecular description of these states.

Kinetic energy sum spectra in nonmesonic weak decay of hypernuclei

We evaluate the coincidence spectra in the nonmesonic weak decay (NMWD) Lambda N -> nN of Lambda hypernuclei (4)(Lambda)He, (5)(Lambda)He, (12)(Lambda)C, (16)(Lambda)O, and (28)(Lambda)Si, as a function of the sum of kinetic energies E(nN)=E(n)+E(N) for N=n,p. The strangeness-changing transition potential is described by the one-meson-exchange model, with commonly used parametrization. Two versions of the independent-particle shell model (IPSM) are employed to account for the nuclear structure of the final residual nuclei. They are as follows: (a) IPSM-a, where no correlation, except for the Pauli principle, is taken into account and (b) IPSM-b, where the highly excited hole states are considered to be quasistationary and are described by Breit-Wigner distributions, whose widths are estimated from the experimental data. All np and nn spectra exhibit a series of peaks in the energy interval 110 MeV < E(nN)< 170 MeV, one for each occupied shell-model state. Within the IPSM-a, and because of the recoil effect, each peak covers an energy interval proportional to A(-1) , going from congruent to 4 MeV for (28)(Lambda)Si to congruent to 40 MeV for (4)(Lambda)He. Such a description could be pretty fair for the light (4)(Lambda)He and (5)(Lambda)He hypernuclei. For the remaining, heavier, hypernuclei it is very important, however, to consider as well the spreading in strength of the deep-hole states and bring into play the IPSM-b approach. Notwithstanding the nuclear model that is employed the results depend only very weakly on the details of the dynamics involved in the decay process proper. We propose that the IPSM is the appropriate lowest-order approximation for the theoretical calculations of the of kinetic energy sum spectra in the NMWD. It is in comparison to this picture that one should appraise the effects of the final-state interactions and of the two-nucleon-induced decay mode.

A NEW PROOF OF OKAJI'S THEOREM FOR A CLASS OF SUM OF SQUARES OPERATORS

Let P be a linear partial differential operator with analytic coefficients. We assume that P is of the form ""sum of squares"", satisfying Hormander's bracket condition. Let q be a characteristic point; for P. We assume that q lies on a symplectic Poisson stratum of codimension two. General results of Okaji Show that P is analytic hypoelliptic at q. Hence Okaji has established the validity of Treves' conjecture in the codimension two case. Our goal here is to give a simple, self-contained proof of this fact.

Extremal problems on sum-free sets and coverings in tridimensional spaces

Given a prime power q, define c (q) as the minimum cardinality of a subset H of F 3 q which satisfies the following property: every vector in this space di ff ers in at most 1 coordinate from a multiple of a vector in H. In this work, we introduce two extremal problems in combinatorial number theory aiming to discuss a known connection between the corresponding coverings and sum-free sets. Also, we provide several bounds on these maps which yield new classes of coverings, improving the previous upper bound on c (q)

Exact solution of the A(n-1)((1)) trigonometric vertex model with non-diagonal open boundaries

The A(n-1)((1)) trigonometric vertex model with generic non-diagonal boundaries is studied. The double-row transfer matrix of the model is diagonalized by algebraic Bethe ansatz method in terms of the intertwiner and the corresponding face-vertex relation. The eigenvalues and the corresponding Bethe ansatz equations are obtained.

Off-diagonal long-range order in a supersymmetric integrable model of correlated electrons

A new model for correlated electrons is presented which is integrable in one-dimension. The symmetry algebra of the model is the Lie superalgebra gl(2\1) which depends on a continuous free parameter. This symmetry algebra contains the eta pairing algebra as a subalgebra which is used to show that the model exhibits Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order in any number of dimensions.

New integrable model of correlated electrons with off-diagonal long-range order from so(5) symmetry

We present a new integrable model for correlated electrons which is based on so(5) symmetry. By using an eta-pairing realization we construct eigenstates of the Hamiltonian with off-diagonal long-range order. It is also shown that these states lie in the ground state sector. We exactly solve the model on a one-dimensional lattice by the Bethe ansatz.

Non-diagonal solutions of the reflection equation for the trigonometric A((1)) (n-1) vertex model

We obtain a class of non-diagonal solutions of the reflection equation for the trigonometric A(n-1)((1)) vertex model. The solutions can be expressed in terms of intertwinner matrix and its inverse, which intertwine two trigonometric R-matrices. In addition to a discrete (positive integer) parameter l, 1 less than or equal to l less than or equal to n, the solution contains n + 2 continuous boundary parameters.

The diagonal band of Broca is involved in the pressor pathway activated by noradrenaline microinjected into the periaqueductal gray area of rats

Aims: The dorsal periaqueductal gray area (dPAG) is involved in cardiovascular modulation. Previously, we reported that noradrenaline (NA) microinjection into the dPAG caused a pressor response that was mediated by vasopressin release into the circulation. However, the neuronal pathway that mediates this response is as yet unknown. There is evidence that chemical stimulation of the diagonal band of Broca (dbB) also causes a pressor response mediated by systemic vasopressin release. In the present study, we evaluated the participation of the dbB in the pressor response caused by NA microinjection into the dPAG as well as the existence of neural connections between these areas. Main methods: With the above goal, we verified the effect of the pharmacological ablation of the dbB on the cardiovascular response to NA microinjection into the dPAG of unanesthetized rats. In addition, we microinjected the neuronal tracer biotinylated-dextran-amine (BDA) into the dPAG and looked for efferent projections from the dPAG to the dbB. Key findings: The pharmacologically reversible ablation of the dbB with local microinjection of CoCl(2) significantly reduced the pressor response caused by NA microinjection (15 nmol/50 nL) into the dPAG. In addition, BDA microinjection into the dPAG labeled axons in the dbB, pointing to the existence of direct connections between these areas. Significance: The present results indicate that synapses within the dbB are involved in the pressor pathway activated by NA microinjection into the VAG and direct neural projection from the dPAG to the dbB may constitute the neuroanatomic substrate for this pressor pathway. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diagonal band of Broca modulates the cardiac component of the baroreflex in unanesthetized rats

The diagonal band of Broca (DBB) is involved in cardiovascular control in rats, In the present Study, we report the effect of acute and reversible neurotransmission inhibition in the DBB by bilateral microinjection of the nonselective neurotransmission blocker CoCl(2) (1 mM, 100 nL) on the cardiac baroreflex response in unanesthetized rats. Local DBB neurotransmission inhibition did not affect baseline values of either blood pressure or heart rate, Suggesting no tonic DBB influence oil cardiovascular system activity. However, CoCl(2) microinjections enhanced both the reflex bradycardia associated with blood pressure increases caused by i.v. infusion of phenylephrine and tachycardiac response evoked by blood pressure decreases caused by i.v. infusion of sodium nitroprusside. An increase in baroreflex gain was also observed. Baroreflex returned to control values 60 min after CoCl(2) microinjections, confirming its reversible effect. In conclusion, our data suggest that synapses within DBB have a tonic inhibitory influence on both the cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic components of the baroreflex. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.