984 resultados para Determinação de metais
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This project describes a methodology optimization that would allow for a more efficient microwave assisted digestion process for petroleum samples. With the possible chance to vary various factors at once to see if any one factor was significant enough in the answers, experimental planning was used. Microwave assisted digestion allows, through the application of potency, an increasing number of collisions between the HNO3 and H2O2 molecules, favoring sample opening for complex matrixes. For this, a 24 factorial experimental planning was used, varying potency, time and the volumes for HNO3 65% and H2O2 30%. To achieve the desired answers, several elements were monitored (C, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn and V) through Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). With this initial study it was noticed that the HNO3 was not a significant factor for any of the statistical studies for any of the analytes and the other 3 factors and their interactions showed statistical significance. A Box Behnken experimental planning was used taking in consideration 3 factors: H2O2 volume, time (min) and Potency (W), Nitric Acid kept at 4mL for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The results were extremely satisfying showing higher efficiency in the digestion process and taking in a responsibility between the answers for each analyte and the carbon monitoring was achieved in the following conditions: 7mL of H2O2, 700 Watts of potency and a reaction time of 7 minutes with 4mL de HNO3 for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The optimized digestion process was applied to four different petroleum samples and the analytes determined by ICP-OES
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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In order to enable the reuse of the large surplus volume of petroleum produced water for irrigation of crops inedible, the quality evaluation of this water is very important. This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the diffusive gradient in thin films technique (DGT) for the determination of labile Cu (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) in petroleum produced water destined to reuse in agriculture. Samples were collected at the exit of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (after separation oil/water and flotation) of a Petrobrás onshore production region. Basically, the laboratory experiments with DGT devices involved the evaluation of the behavior of the main variables of the technique for determination of analytes in the samples (diffusion coefficients, immersion time, fractionation of organic and inorganic species, and performance of diffusion gels with different porosities, among others). Also, experiments were conducted based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol with Chelex- 100 resin using previously established protocols to support the study. During the project the possibility of in situ immersions in water treatment plants was evaluated. The DGT technique presented satisfactory results for determination of Mn in produced water, and can be used for in situ determinations. However, the results obtained for Cu and Zn show the need of additional studies
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Não disponível
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IPEN/D
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This project describes a methodology optimization that would allow for a more efficient microwave assisted digestion process for petroleum samples. With the possible chance to vary various factors at once to see if any one factor was significant enough in the answers, experimental planning was used. Microwave assisted digestion allows, through the application of potency, an increasing number of collisions between the HNO3 and H2O2 molecules, favoring sample opening for complex matrixes. For this, a 24 factorial experimental planning was used, varying potency, time and the volumes for HNO3 65% and H2O2 30%. To achieve the desired answers, several elements were monitored (C, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn and V) through Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). With this initial study it was noticed that the HNO3 was not a significant factor for any of the statistical studies for any of the analytes and the other 3 factors and their interactions showed statistical significance. A Box Behnken experimental planning was used taking in consideration 3 factors: H2O2 volume, time (min) and Potency (W), Nitric Acid kept at 4mL for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The results were extremely satisfying showing higher efficiency in the digestion process and taking in a responsibility between the answers for each analyte and the carbon monitoring was achieved in the following conditions: 7mL of H2O2, 700 Watts of potency and a reaction time of 7 minutes with 4mL de HNO3 for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The optimized digestion process was applied to four different petroleum samples and the analytes determined by ICP-OES
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O presente artigo pretende descrever os métodos de determinação dos metais pesados em amostras de água, assim como a ocorrência e toxicidade de compostos metálicos como o chumbo (Pb), arsénio (As) e mercúrio (Hg).
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Aula Prática 5
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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The determination and monitoring of metallic contaminants in water is a task that must be continuous, leading to the importance of the development, modification and optimization of analytical methodologies capab le of determining the various metal contaminants in natural environments, because, in many cases, the ava ilable instrumentation does not provide enough sensibility for the determination of trace values . In this study, a method of extraction and pre- concentration using a microemulsion system with in the Winsor II equilibrium was tested and optimized for the determination of Co, Cd, P b, Tl, Cu and Ni through the technique of high- resolution atomic absorption spectrometry using a continuum source (HR-CS AAS). The optimization of the temperature program for the graphite furnace (HR-CS AAS GF) was performed through the pyrolysis and atomization curves for the analytes Cd, Pb, Co and Tl with and without the use of different chemical modifiers. Cu and Ni we re analyzed by flame atomization (HR-CS F AAS) after pre-concentr ation, having the sample introduction system optimized for the realization of discrete sampling. Salinity and pH levels were also analyzed as influencing factors in the efficiency of the extraction. As final numbers, 6 g L -1 of Na (as NaCl) and 1% of HNO 3 (v/v) were defined. For the determination of the optimum extraction point, a centroid-simplex statistical plan was a pplied, having chosen as the optimum points of extraction for all of the analytes, the follo wing proportions: 70% aqueous phase, 10% oil phase and 20% co-surfactant/surfactant (C/S = 4). After extraction, the metals were determined and the merit figures obtained for the proposed method were: LOD 0,09, 0,01, 0,06, 0,05, 0,6 and 1,5 μg L -1 for Pb, Cd, Tl, Co, Cu and Ni, re spectively. Line ar ranges of ,1- 2,0 μg L -1 for Pb, 0,01-2,0 μg L -1 for Cd, 1,0 - 20 μg L -1 for Tl, 0,1-5,0 μg L -1 for Co, 2-200 μg L -1 and for Cu e Ni 5-200 μg L -1 were obtained. The enrichment factors obtained ranged between 6 and 19. Recovery testing with the certified sample show ed recovery values (n = 3, certified values) after extraction of 105 and 101, 100 and 104% for Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni respectively. Samples of sweet waters of lake Jiqui, saline water from Potengi river and water produced from the oil industry (PETROBRAS) were spiked and the recovery (n = 3) for the analytes were between 80 and 112% confirming th at the proposed method can be used in the extraction. The proposed method enabled the sepa ration of metals from complex matrices, and with good pre-concentration factor, consistent with the MPV (allowed limits) compared to CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 which regulat es the quality of fresh surface water, brackish and saline water in Brazil.
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Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB
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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ
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O Estuário do rio Maracanã localizado na mesoregião Nordeste do Pará, esta situado na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Maracanã (Lei 9.985/00), ao qual tem como principal objetivo garantir o uso sustentável e conservação dos recursos renováveis, protegendo as condições de vida e cultura da população que, em geral, são pescadores, pequenos comerciantes e a própria comunidade local. Devido as suas características geoambientais, representar um importante pólo de desenvolvimento regional, buscou-se nesta dissertação, o formalismo geoquímico para a interpretação de resultados analíticos relacionados com a geoquímica dos sedimentos superficiais de fundo do estuário do rio Maracanã para a determinação de metais pesados (MP) (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), nas frações granulométricas menores que 0,64 11m, por espectrometria de absorção atômica de maneira a conhecer os níveis de background atualmente inexistentes para realização de futuros trabalhos de monitoramento ambiental na região nordeste do estado do Pará. Neste estuário, registrou-se a predominância das frações silte-argila em relação a fração areia, além de identificar semelhança mineralógica, indicando a presença de caulinita, ilita e esmectita. De um modo geral o teor de matéria orgânica (MO) (5,4:t0,70%) nos sedimentos foi distribuído de forma homogênia, e o pH não sofreu grandes variações, oscilando entre fracamente ácidos (6,48) e fracamente alcalinos (7,13). Com relação aos MP, verificou-se que: 1) no estuário do rio Maracanã as concentrações de cádmio ficar~m abaixo do limite de detecção do aparelho (0,009 ppm); 2) o cobalto variou de 46 a 55 ppm (50,97:t2,31 ppm) na fração total, e de de 5 a 7 ppm (6:tO,37 ppm) na fração biodisponível; 3) o cromo variou de 126 a 152 ppm (140,33:t6,56 ppm) na fração total, e de 17 a 24 ppm (20,73:t1, 7 ppm) na fração biodisponível; 4) o cobre variou de 17 a 21 ppm (18,97:t1, 19 ppm) na fração total, e de 6 a 9 ppm (7,0 :t 0,69 ppm) na fração biodisponivel; 5) o Ferro variou de 3,4 a 4,6% (4,14:t 0,24 %) na fração total, e de 1,5 a 1,9 % (1,66:t 0,1 %) na fração biodisponível; 6) o manganês variou de 293 a 545 ppm (423,53:t74,63 ppm) na fração total, e de 168 a 499 ppm (335,1 :t91,3 ppm) na fração biodisponível; 7) o níquel variou de 44 a 53 ppm (48,77 :t: 2,27 ppm) na fração total, e de 7 a 9 ppm (8,03:t:O,56 ppm) na fração biodisponível; 8) o chumbo variou de 42 a 48 ppm (45,63:t:1,69 ppm) na fração total, e de 14 a 17 ppm (15,13:t:O,78 ppm) na fração biodisponível; 9) o zinco variou de 72 a 85 ppm (78,83:t:3,44 ppm) na fração total, e de 26 a 32 ppm (29,43:t:1,65 ppm) na fração biodisponível. A concentração dos MP biodisponíveis analisados para o Estuário do rio Maracanã encontram-se abaixo dos VGQS (valores guias de qualidade de sedimentos) estabelecidos pela Agência Ambiental do Canadá (AAC) , pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratíon (NOM) indicando que raramente devem ocorrer algum efeito adverso para biota da região. Considerando que a região é uma Reserva Extrativista e que não foram encontradas evidências de contaminação antrópica associadas aos MP selecionados nas suas frações total e biodisponível no estuário do rio Maracanã, é possível considerar que os dados obtidos para as concentrações de MP selecionada nas duas frações geoquímicas analisadas, representam o valor próximo ao "background" característico desta região. Desta forma o estuário do rio Maracanã torna-se um sítio de referência para estudos biogeoquímicos e de ecotoxicologia de sedimentos de ambientes similares na costa paraense, além do mais, os dados obtidos nesta dissertação poderão servir como subsídio para futuras investigações geoquímicas e ambientais na região, uma vez que se estabeleceram faixas de concentração e relações de referências para vários MP presentes nos sedimentos de fundo deste estuário.