Common service resources in a free society; attempt at a frame of reference.

Cover title.

United States/Soviet military balance : a frame of reference for Congress : a study /

Mode of access: Internet.

The 'Europeanization' of Reference Groups

In this paper we address the question of the relative importance of within and between country differences in income and material deprivation in the European Union in the context of recent suggestions that insufficient attention has been paid to the latter. In particular, we respond to the argument that the 'state bounded' relative income approach obscures the significance of EU-wide reference groups. Making use of EU-SILC 2004, we have sought to quantify the magnitude of relevant within and between country differences and their relative impact. Overall, our analysis supports the view that the predominant frame of reference is a national one. The limited impact of European reference groups observed in our analysis does not require explanation in terms of the emergence of a European social stratification system. Furthermore, the significance of such comparisons depends not only on the expectations of those affected by European inequalities but on the degree of legitimacy afforded to ensuing demands. While an EU-wide income-threshold can provide information regarding progress of the Union towards greater social cohesion, its usage for this purpose does not require a strong sense of European identity. Given the current status of the European Social Model, it would seem unwise to attribute an undue degree of policy relevance to the relatively modest impact of EU-wide reference groups revealed in our analysis.

Social cohesion in Latin America: concepts, frames of reference and Indicators

Includes bibliography

Décisions et perspectives : de la théorie de l'utilité à la philosophie de la volonté.

Les implications philosophiques de la Théorie de la Perspective de 1979, notamment celles qui concernent l’introduction d’une fonction de valeur sur les résultats et d’un coefficient de pondération sur les probabilités, n’ont à ce jour jamais été explorées. Le but de ce travail est de construire une théorie philosophique de la volonté à partir des résultats de la Théorie de la Perspective. Afin de comprendre comment cette théorie a pu être élaborée il faut étudier la Théorie de l’Utilité Attendue dont elle est l’aboutissement critique majeur, c’est-à-dire les axiomatisations de la décision de Ramsey (1926), von Neumann et Morgenstern (1947), et enfin Savage (1954), qui constituent les fondements de la théorie classique de la décision. C’est entre autres la critique – par l’économie et la psychologie cognitive – du principe d’indépendance, des axiomes d’ordonnancement et de transitivité qui a permis de faire émerger les éléments représentationnels subjectifs à partir desquels la Théorie de la Perspective a pu être élaborée. Ces critiques ont été menées par Allais (1953), Edwards (1954), Ellsberg (1961), et enfin Slovic et Lichtenstein (1968), l’étude de ces articles permet de comprendre comment s’est opéré le passage de la Théorie de l’Utilité Attendue, à la Théorie de la Perspective. À l’issue de ces analyses et de celle de la Théorie de la Perspective est introduite la notion de Système de Référence Décisionnel, qui est la généralisation naturelle des concepts de fonction de valeur et de coefficient de pondération issus de la Théorie de la Perspective. Ce système, dont le fonctionnement est parfois heuristique, sert à modéliser la prise de décision dans l’élément de la représentation, il s’articule autour de trois phases : la visée, l’édition et l’évaluation. À partir de cette structure est proposée une nouvelle typologie des décisions et une explication inédite des phénomènes d’akrasie et de procrastination fondée sur les concepts d’aversion au risque et de surévaluation du présent, tous deux issus de la Théorie de la Perspective.

Average Modelling of a Voltage Source Inverter with Dead-Time in a Synchronous Reference Frame

Voltage source inverters are an integral part of renewable power sources and smart grid systems. Computationally efficient and fairly accurate models for the voltage source inverter are required to carry out extensive simulation studies on complex power networks. Accuracy requires that the effect of dead-time be incorporated in the inverter model. The dead-time is essentially a short delay introduced between the gating pulses to the complementary switches in an inverter leg for the safety of power devices. As the modern voltage source inverters switch at fairly high frequencies, the dead-time significantly influences the output fundamental voltage. Dead-time also causes low-frequency harmonic distortion and is hence important from a power quality perspective. This paper studies the dead-time effect in a synchronous dq reference frame, since dynamic studies and controller design are typically carried out in this frame of reference. For the sake of computational efficiency, average models are derived, incorporating the dead-time effect, in both RYB and dq reference frames. The average models are shown to consume less computation time than their corresponding switching models, the accuracies of the models being comparable. The proposed average synchronous reference frame model, including effect of dead-time, is validated through experimental results.

Constructing a frame of cube : connecting 3D shapes with direction, location and movement

With the advancement of new technologies, this author has in 2010 started to engineer an online learning environment for investigating the nature and development of spatial abilities, and the teaching and learning of geometry. This paper documents how this new digital learning environment can afford the opportunity to integrate the learning about 3D shapes with direction, location and movement, and how young children can mentally and visually construct virtual 3D shapes using movements in both egocentric and fixed frames of reference (FOR). Findings suggest that year 4 (aged 9) children can develop the capacity to construct a cube using egocentric FOR only, fixed FOR only or a combination of both FOR. However, these young participants were unable to articulate the effect of individual or combined FOR movements. Directions for future research are proposed.

A Riemann solver for compressible flow of a real gas in a Lagrangian frame

An approximate Riemann solver is presented for the compressible flow equations with a general (convex) equation of state in a Lagrangian frame of reference.

Locating frames of reference for information systems : a position paper

Frame analysis has been applied in Information Systems (IS) research to generate understanding of such issues as organisational change and IS implementation. Frames are the unconscious interpretive schemas that people, or groups of people, use to interpret their surroundings, determine what is important, and guide their actions. While framing has been used as a theoretical lens in IS research into organisations, there has been no analysis to date of how frames may play a role in the IS field itself. This paper argues that is relevant and insightful to examine the IS discourse from a framing perspective. In order to demonstrate the potential value of such an approach, a subset of a collection of articles from six journals in the senior scholars’ basket of journals was analysed in an exploratory attempt to locate the frames of reference that predominate in the IS discourse. Three levels of framing were identified and a provisional schema is proposed. We suggest that further investigation of the schema, the frames and their application will provide opportunity for critical reflection on the nature of Information Systems as an academic discipline. Such critical self-examination may even foster purposive frame breaking, in support of recent calls for transformation in the IS field.

Problems in functioning from the patient perspective using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a reference

We conducted a qualitative, multicenter study using a focus group design to explore the lived experiences of persons with any kind of primary sleep disorder with regard to functioning and contextual factors using six open-ended questions related to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) components. We classified the results using the ICF as a frame of reference. We identified the meaningful concepts within the transcribed data and then linked them to ICF categories according to established linking rules. The six focus groups with 27 participants yielded a total of 6986 relevant concepts, which were linked to a total of 168 different second-level ICF categories. From the patient perspective, the ICF components: (1) Body Functions; (2) Activities & Participation; and (3) Environmental Factors were equally represented; while (4) Body Structures appeared poignantly less frequently. Out of the total number of concepts, 1843 concepts (26%) were assigned to the ICF component Personal Factors, which is not yet classified but could indicate important aspects of resource management and strategy development of those who have a sleep disorder. Therefore, treatment of patients with sleep disorders must not be limited to anatomical and (patho-)physiological changes, but should also consider a more comprehensive view that includes patient's demands, strategies and resources in daily life and the contextual circumstances surrounding the individual.