Investigação e avaliação da toxicidade aguda dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados no cinturão verde da Grande Natal (RN, Brasil) para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio Hamilton Buchanan, 1822, Teleostei, Cyprinidae

The objectives of this research were to investigate the agrotoxic most used in the Gramorezinho region in the green belt of Natal, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of these, based on the LC50-48h values estimated in tests for Danio rerio, internationally used as test organism. The acute toxicity tests were performed under laboratory conditions, according to standardized methods (ABNT/NBR/15088/04) for this species. The LC50-48h estimated to Tamaron BR was 352.89 mg.L-1, which characterizes that as practically non-toxic, according to toxicological classes cited by Zucker. For Decis 25EC, the LC50-48h estimated was 0.0004156 mg.L-1 (4.156 X 10-4 mg.L-1), which classifies it as highly toxic to this species

Investigação e avaliação da toxicidade aguda dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados no cinturão verde da Grande Natal (RN, Brasil) para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio Hamilton Buchanan, 1822, Teleostei, Cyprinidae

The objectives of this research were to investigate the agrotoxic most used in the Gramorezinho region in the green belt of Natal, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of these, based on the LC50-48h values estimated in tests for Danio rerio, internationally used as test organism. The acute toxicity tests were performed under laboratory conditions, according to standardized methods (ABNT/NBR/15088/04) for this species. The LC50-48h estimated to Tamaron BR was 352.89 mg.L-1, which characterizes that as practically non-toxic, according to toxicological classes cited by Zucker. For Decis 25EC, the LC50-48h estimated was 0.0004156 mg.L-1 (4.156 X 10-4 mg.L-1), which classifies it as highly toxic to this species

Investigação e avaliação da toxicidade aguda dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados no cinturão verde da Grande Natal (RN, Brasil) para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio Hamilton Buchanan, 1822, Teleostei, Cyprinidae

The objectives of this research were to investigate the agrotoxic most used in the Gramorezinho region in the green belt of Natal, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of these, based on the LC50-48h values estimated in tests for Danio rerio, internationally used as test organism. The acute toxicity tests were performed under laboratory conditions, according to standardized methods (ABNT/NBR/15088/04) for this species. The LC50-48h estimated to Tamaron BR was 352.89 mg.L-1, which characterizes that as practically non-toxic, according to toxicological classes cited by Zucker. For Decis 25EC, the LC50-48h estimated was 0.0004156 mg.L-1 (4.156 X 10-4 mg.L-1), which classifies it as highly toxic to this species

Evaluación comparativa de cuatro insecticidas y una mezcla lannate + decis para el control de larvas de heliothis spp Keiferia lycopercicella y adultos de Bemisia tabaci en el cultivo de tomate

El presente estudio de realizó en la Estación experimental Raúl González del valla4e de Sebaco de la D.G:A-MIDINRA entre los meses de febrero y mayo de 1984: la variedad fue UC-82, para determinar en ella el efecto de cuatro insecticidas y una mezcla lannate +Decis en el control de plagas de tomate industrial. Se estudiaron los siguientes insecticidasdas de Elcar 20 PIB PM, Lannate 90 PM. Decis 2.5 EC Lannate 90 PM +Decis 2.5 Ec y cytrolane 250 E más un testigo (sin la aplicación de insecticida). Para el análisis estadístico de los dados se usó parcelas divididas con cinco repeticiones: Los resultados obtenidos revelaron diferencias significativas únicamente entre los diferentes insecticidas en relaciona con el testigo sobre el número de larvas de Heliothis Spp y Keiferia Lycopercicella encontrados en el follaje lo mismo que para el número de frutos dañados por estas mismas plagas: en el caso del porcentaje de frutos dañados por Heliothis spp y K lycopercicella se detectó diferencia significativa en los tratamientos Lannate +Decis (102 gr/mz+240 cc/mz) y Decis (540cc/mz)en relación con el testigo, siendo los otros tratamientos insecticidas significativamente iguales al testigo. Para B. tabaci los resultados no detectaron diferencia significativas entre los insecticidas y el testigo

Decis. Capelle Tholos. Decisiones materiaru[m] quotidianaru[m] et que quotidie in practica obveniuu[nt] in capella sedis archiepiscopalis Tholose decise /

Mode of access: Internet.

Quæstiones criminales in actu practico frequentiores et maxime conducibiles et in sacro regio criminali concilio Cathaloniæ pro maiori earum parte decisæ.

Mode of access: Internet.

Evaluación preliminar de insecticidas químicos, botánicos y biológicos en el control de la mosquita del sorgo (Contarinia sorguicola Coq) y los rendimientos de granos en la variedad pinolero - 1

Con el propósito de determinar el producto más eficaz en el control de la mosquita del sorgo (Contarinia sorghicola Coq). Se realizó un experimento en el periodo comprendido entre los meses de septiembre a diciembre de 1996, en el Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (CNIA/INTA), cuyos suelos pertenecen a la serie Sabana Grande con drenaje moderadamente rápido y textura que varia de franco a franco arenoso. El disefto utilizado fue un bloque completo al azar con cuatro repeticiones y seis tratamientos. Los tratamientos estudiados fueron insecticidas a base de (deltametrina) Decis 2.5 EC, (metamidophos) MTD 60 SL, (azadiractina) Nim 20%,(azadhiractina) Nim 80%, EM-5 (microorganismos efectivos) y un testigo absoluto (sin aplicación). La variedad utilizada fue Pinolero-1. Los resultados demuestran que no se presentaron diferencias significativas para ninguna de las variables evaluadas por lo que no hubo efecto de los tratamientos evaluados. Sin embargo el análisis económico de los tratamientos refleja que el testigo absoluto (sin aplicación) presentó la mayor tasa de rentabilidad.

Efectividad de cuatro insecticidas en el control de larvas de Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) y Leptophobia aripa (Boisd) en el cultivo del repollo (Brassica oleracea var. superette)

Las plagas de foliadores como plutella y leptophobia constituyen uno de los principales problemas fitosanitarios en el cultivo del repollo en Nicaragua. Fundamentalmente contra plutella se han aplicado de forma irracional diversos insecticidas; solos y en combinaciones, lo que posiblemente ha hecho que esta plaga desarrolle resistencia a algunos productos plaguicidas, En este estudio se evaluo la efectividad de cuatro insecticidas: Dipel Decis, Lannate y Tamaron , contra las larvas de estos dos lepidópteros; encontrándose que estos tienen buen control sobre Leptophobia: sin embargo, contra Plutella el único efectivo fue Dipel, resultando los productos químicos en efectivo contra ella, esa diferencia de efectividad podría estar asociada al factos resistencia que plutella podría tener hacia dichos productos; a pesar de estos resultados los productores continúan utilizando estos insecticidas debido al bajo costo de los mismos. Producto de la política de subsidio del estado para los agroquímicos y al alto precio que reciben por el repollo debido a la inflación; lo que genera un desequilibrio entre el valor económico del repollo y los costos de aplicación de los insecticidas lo que les permite tener siempre ganancias aunque realicen numerosas aplicaciones teniendo esto como resultado una alteración en el ecosistema, por tanto , se debe discutir ampliamente el impacto que tiene la policía de subsidio de los agroquímicos en la agricultura nacional. El ingreso económico en repollo es una función del número de cabezas formadas y el precio /cabeza; leptophobia influye el rendimiento, afectando el número de cabezas formadas; el precio/cabezas esata afectado por las poblaciones de plutella y leptophobia por lo que la efectividad de los insecticidas se evalúa en base al ingreso económico que combina el rendimiento y la calidad del repollo en relación con la población de plagas que permaneces en el cultivo.

Embryogenesis of Heterobranchus longifilis (Curvier and Valenciennes, 1840)

Studies on development of H. longifilis (Curvier and Valenciennes, 1840) were conducted at a temperature of 25EC ( 1Ec) in aquaria tanks continuous development were monitored with the use of wild Heerbrugy photomacroscope and length of yolk and larva were monitored using Stereo Olympus microscope with ocular micrometer. The division into animal and vegetal poles was observed 22 minutes after activation. The first cleavage occurred 65 minutes after activation while the second division which was perpendicular to the first line of division occurred 74 minutes after activation. This was quickly followed by the third and fourth cleavage at 80th and 82nd minutes after activation respectively. Morular stage was reached at 4 hours 20 minutes with formation of optic bud at 14 hours 35 minutes. (DBO) Developing embryo hatched after 27 hours of activation at a mean length of 6.63 and mean yolk length of 2.17. Yolk size decrease at an average rate of 38.5 % till the 5th day of total absorption. Growth of larvae proceeded faster in tail-anus region than in anus-snout portion of the body. The rate of yolk absorption and larva development (survival) as monitored in this work gives important information in Research and development programme for H. longifilis larva - an important aspect of Research development and implementation of appropriate technologies in small scale fisheries

Can prospect theory explain risk-seeking behavior by terminally ill patients?

Patients with life-threatening conditions sometimes appear to make risky treatment decisions as their condition declines, contradicting the risk-averse behavior predicted by expected utility theory. Prospect theory accommodates such decisions by describing how individuals evaluate outcomes relative to a reference point and how they exhibit risk-seeking behavior over losses relative to that point. The authors show that a patient's reference point for his or her health is a key factor in determining which treatment option the patient selects, and they examine under what circumstances the more risky option is selected. The authors argue that patients' reference points may take time to adjust following a change in diagnosis, with implications for predicting under what circumstances a patient may select experimental or conventional therapies or select no treatment.

Risk communication in clinical trials: a cognitive experiment and a survey.

BACKGROUND: A Royal Statistical Society Working Party recently recommended that "Greater use should be made of numerical, as opposed to verbal, descriptions of risk" in first-in-man clinical trials. This echoed the view of many clinicians and psychologists about risk communication. As the clinical trial industry expands rapidly across the globe, it is important to understand risk communication in Asian countries. METHODS: We conducted a cognitive experiment about participation in a hypothetical clinical trial of a pain relief medication and a survey in cancer and arthritis patients in Singapore. In part 1 of the experiment, the patients received information about the risk of side effects in one of three formats (frequency, percentage and verbal descriptor) and in one of two sequences (from least to most severe and from most to least severe), and were asked about their willingness to participate. In part 2, the patients received information about the risk in all three formats, in the same sequence, and were again asked about their willingness to participate. A survey of preference for risk presentation methods and usage of verbal descriptors immediately followed. RESULTS: Willingness to participate and the likelihood of changing one's decision were not affected by the risk presentation methods. Most patients indicated a preference for the frequency format, but patients with primary school or no formal education were indifferent. While the patients used the verbal descriptors "very common", "common" and "very rare" in ways similar to the European Commission's Guidelines, their usage of the descriptors "uncommon" and "rare" was substantially different from the EU's. CONCLUSION: In this sample of Asian cancer and arthritis patients, risk presentation format had no impact on willingness to participate in a clinical trial. However, there is a clear preference for the frequency format. The lay use of verbal descriptors was substantially different from the EU's.

Development of a decision aid to inform patients' and families' renal replacement therapy selection decisions.

BACKGROUND: Few educational resources have been developed to inform patients' renal replacement therapy (RRT) selection decisions. Patients progressing toward end stage renal disease (ESRD) must decide among multiple treatment options with varying characteristics. Complex information about treatments must be adequately conveyed to patients with different educational backgrounds and informational needs. Decisions about treatment options also require family input, as families often participate in patients' treatment and support patients' decisions. We describe the development, design, and preliminary evaluation of an informational, evidence-based, and patient-and family-centered decision aid for patients with ESRD and varying levels of health literacy, health numeracy, and cognitive function. METHODS: We designed a decision aid comprising a complementary video and informational handbook. We based our development process on data previously obtained from qualitative focus groups and systematic literature reviews. We simultaneously developed the video and handbook in "stages." For the video, stages included (1) directed interviews with culturally appropriate patients and families and preliminary script development, (2) video production, and (3) screening the video with patients and their families. For the handbook, stages comprised (1) preliminary content design, (2) a mixed-methods pilot study among diverse patients to assess comprehension of handbook material, and (3) screening the handbook with patients and their families. RESULTS: The video and handbook both addressed potential benefits and trade-offs of treatment selections. The 50-minute video consisted of demographically diverse patients and their families describing their positive and negative experiences with selecting a treatment option. The video also incorporated health professionals' testimonials regarding various considerations that might influence patients' and families' treatment selections. The handbook was comprised of written words, pictures of patients and health care providers, and diagrams describing the findings and quality of scientific studies comparing treatments. The handbook text was written at a 4th to 6th grade reading level. Pilot study results demonstrated that a majority of patients could understand information presented in the handbook. Patient and families screening the nearly completed video and handbook reviewed the materials favorably. CONCLUSIONS: This rigorously designed decision aid may help patients and families make informed decisions about their treatment options for RRT that are well aligned with their values.

Implementation of automated reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate among Veterans Affairs laboratories: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Automated reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a recent advance in laboratory information technology (IT) that generates a measure of kidney function with chemistry laboratory results to aid early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Because accurate diagnosis of CKD is critical to optimal medical decision-making, several clinical practice guidelines have recommended the use of automated eGFR reporting. Since its introduction, automated eGFR reporting has not been uniformly implemented by U. S. laboratories despite the growing prevalence of CKD. CKD is highly prevalent within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), and implementation of automated eGFR reporting within this integrated healthcare system has the potential to improve care. In July 2004, the VHA adopted automated eGFR reporting through a system-wide mandate for software implementation by individual VHA laboratories. This study examines the timing of software implementation by individual VHA laboratories and factors associated with implementation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study of laboratories in VHA facilities from July 2004 to September 2009. Using laboratory data, we identified the status of implementation of automated eGFR reporting for each facility and the time to actual implementation from the date the VHA adopted its policy for automated eGFR reporting. Using survey and administrative data, we assessed facility organizational characteristics associated with implementation of automated eGFR reporting via bivariate analyses. RESULTS: Of 104 VHA laboratories, 88% implemented automated eGFR reporting in existing laboratory IT systems by the end of the study period. Time to initial implementation ranged from 0.2 to 4.0 years with a median of 1.8 years. All VHA facilities with on-site dialysis units implemented the eGFR software (52%, p<0.001). Other organizational characteristics were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The VHA did not have uniform implementation of automated eGFR reporting across its facilities. Facility-level organizational characteristics were not associated with implementation, and this suggests that decisions for implementation of this software are not related to facility-level quality improvement measures. Additional studies on implementation of laboratory IT, such as automated eGFR reporting, could identify factors that are related to more timely implementation and lead to better healthcare delivery.

Desigualdades na diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial: um estudo ao nível de freguesia

RESUMO - Introdução: A diabetes mellitus e a hipertensão arterial são problemas de saúde de elevada prevalência em Portugal. A sua distribuição geográfica e social é pouco conhecida, comprometendo o desenho e implementação de políticas de saúde. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a existência das desigualdades socioeconómicas na prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e de hipertensão arterial, na população residente na região Norte de Portugal, no ano de 2013. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico que analisou as 2028 freguesias da região Norte. Os dados foram obtidos através do Sistema de Informação das Administrações Regionais de Saúde e do Censos 2011. A associação entre os indicadores socioeconómicos e a prevalência destas doenças foi medida através da diferença de prevalências, do risco atribuível populacional, do índice relativo de desigualdades e pelo coeficiente de regressão. Resultados: A prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e hipertensão arterial foi de 6,16% e 19,35%, respetivamente, e apresentou uma distribuição heterogénea entre freguesias (variando entre 0%-23,7% para a diabetes e 2,8%-66,7% para a hipertensão). A prevalência de ambas as doenças estava significativamente associada com o baixo nível educacional, baixa atividade em sector terciário, desemprego e baixo rendimento (com diferença de prevalências entre decis opostos de até 1,3% na diabetes e até 5,3% na hipertensão). Os determinantes socioeconómicos foram responsáveis até 20% da prevalência destas doenças na população. Conclusão: Estes resultados demonstram a existência de uma distribuição socioeconómica e geográfica heterogéneas e a necessidade de criação de políticas de saúde que atuem nas freguesias menos favorecidas.